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APPLICATIONNOTEXTALOSCILLATORSON8BITMICROCONTROLLERSAN96103SUMMARYDESIGNINGIN8BITMICROCONTROLLERSOCCASIONALLYRAISESQUESTIONSREGARDINGTHECRYSTALOSCILLATORCIRCUITTHESUPPORTGROUPSINEINDHOVENANDZUERICHHAVEGAINEDSOMEEXPERIENCEINRESPONDINGTOTHESEKINDOFCUSTOMERQUESTIONSTHISREPORTREFLECTSSOMEOFTHISEXPERIENCEFORENGINEERSINTHEFIELDASWELLASDEVELOPMENTENGINEERSINVOLVEDINMICROCONTROLLERBASEDPRODUCTSTHATDONOTHAVESPECIFICOSCILLATORKNOWLEDGE,READINGTHISREPORTMAYRESULTINSOMEAWARENESSOFTHEOSCILLATORISSUESMAKINGITEASIERTOAPPROACHQUESTIONSONTHISSUBJECT1WHATTHISNOTEISANDWHATITISNOTINTHEEARLYDAYSOFELECTRONICSITWASQUITEACHALLENGETODESIGNACIRCUITTHATDIDNOTOSCILLATEALLKINDSOFUNFORSEENCOMPONENTCHARACTERISTICSWERETHEMAINREASONFORTHIS,ASWELLASLIMITEDKNOWLEDGEOFTHEOSCILLATIONPHENOMENAELECTRONICSHAVECOMEALONGWAYSINCETHOSEDAYSANDTODAYCOMPONENTSCHARACTERISTICSAREWELLDEFINEDOSCILLATIONHASBECOMEASCIENCEANDINTEGRATINGOSCILLATORSEVENMOREONTHESUBJECTOFOSCILLATIONANDOFINTEGRATIONOFCRYSTALXTALOSCILLATORSTHEREAREMANYSCIENTIFICPUBLICATIONSANDCOURSESTHATPROVIDEHIGHLEVELKNOWLEDGEONTHISSUBJECTTHISREPORTWILLNOTREPEATTHATINMANYDIGITALCIRCUITS,OSCILLATORCIRCUITSAREALSOINTEGRATEDONTHESAMECHIPJUSTTOPROVIDETHECLOCKSIGNALFORTHEDIGITALELECTRONICSUSUALLYONLYTHEACTIVEPARTSOFTHEOSCILLATORPARTISEMBEDDEDANDNOTTHEPASSIVEFREQUENCYDETERMININGPARTSTHESEPARTSAREUSUALLYTRADITIONALCOMPONENTSSUPPLIEDBYOTHERMANUFACTURERSTHISSITUATIONISALSOVALIDFORMOSTCURRENTLYSUPPLIEDMICROCONTROLLERS“HOWTOASSUREOSCILLATION”AVERYLEGALQUESTIONFROMTHEAPPLICATIONPOINTOFVIEWTHISREPORTISBASEDONAPPLICATIONFEEDBACKFROMTHEFIELD,PROVIDINGSOMEBACKGROUNDANDPRACTICALKNOWLEDGETOCOMECLOSERTOTHEULTIMATEANSWERTOTHISQUESTIONACRYSTALORQUARTZINACIRCUITDIAGRAMISVERYOFTENINDICATEDASXTAL2THEOSCILLATORSTAGEMOSTMICROCONTROLLERDEVICESHAVEANOSCILLATORCIRCUITXTAL1,XTAL2THATWILLOSCILLATEWITHANEXTERNALCRYSTALANDEXTERNALCAPACITORSTHEOSCILLATORSTAGEISBASICALLYANINVERTERTYPEGATECONSISTINGOFANCHANNELANDAPCHANNELTRANSISTORTHEMAINDIFFERENCEWITHADIGITALINVERTERSTAGEISANINTEGRATEDBIASRESISTORALSOCALLEDFEEDBACKRESISTORCONNECTEDBETWEENOUTPUTANDINPUTTHISSEMICONDUCTORRESISTORFEEDSBACKTHEOUTPUTVOLTAGETOTHEINPUTWHICHWILLBALANCEBIASTHESTAGEINITSANALOGWORKINGAREAINTHEQUIESCENTSITUATIONTHISWILLGENERATEADCINPUTANDOUTPUTLEVELOFABOUT1/2VDDFORCMOSDEVICESFORTTLCOMPATIBLEVERSIONSITISJUSTALITTLELESS21TRANSCONDUCTANCEWHENTHISOSCILLATORSTAGEISDRIVENWITHANINPUTVOLTAGEVARIATIONTHENTHISWILLRESULTINANOUTPUTCURRENTVARIATIONTHROUGHANEXTERNALLOADTHISRELATIONDVI/DIOISDEFINEDASTHETRANSCONDUCTANCEOFTHEOSCILLATORSTAGETHISTRANCONDUCTANCE,INDICATEDWITH“GM”ISDEFINEDASTHEAMOUNTOFCURRENTCHANGEASARESULTOFTHEINPUTVOLTAGECHANGETHEUNITISA/VOLTORSSSIEMENS22THEPIERCEOSCILLATORTHESTANDARDCIRCUITFORTHEOSCILLATORISGIVENINFIGURE3ACRYSTALISCONNECTEDBETWEENTHEOUTPUTXTAL2ANDTHEINPUTXTAL1OUTPUTANDINPUTHAVEACAPACITORCONNECTEDTOTHEGROUNDTHISISBASICALLYAPIERCEOSCILLATORCIRCUITWITHAPROPERDIMENSIONINGOFTHEEXTERNALCOMPONENTSTHECIRCUITSHOULDGENERATEANALMOSTSINEWAVESHAPESIGNALONTHEXTAL2OUTPUTPINONEOFTHEPARAMETERSRELATEDTOTHEOSCILLATORSTAGETHATAFFECTSTHEOSCILLATIONISTHETRANSCONDUCTANCEACERTAINVALUEOFGMISNEEDEDTOASSURESTARTUPDURINGPOWERONANOISESIGNALORATRANSIENTSHOULDRESULTINANAMOUNTOFENERGYFEDINTOTHEXTALTOMAKEITSTARTANDRESONATETHISISONEOFTHEBASICREQUIREMENTSFORANYOSCILLATORSTAGE3THEEXTERNALCOMPONENTSTHEFREQUENCYDETERMININGELEMENTINTHEEXTERNALCOMPONENTSISTHECRYSTALXTALBASICALLYACRYSTALBEHAVESASANLCCIRCUITFORSERIALRESONANCEFIGURE4SHOWSACOMMONLYUSEDEQUIVALENTCIRCUITTHERESONANTFREQUENCYISDETERMINEDBYTHEVALUEOFLANDC,SOTHISISSERIESRESONANCEC0REPRESENTSTHETOTALPARALLELCAPACITANCEOFTHECRYSTALANDITSVALUEISUSUALLYMUCHHIGHERTHENTHEONEOFCHOWEVERITSINFLUENCEONTHERESONATINGFREQUENCYISVERYSMALLSOMETYPICALVALUESFORTHESEEQUIVALENTCOMPONENTSBASEDONA10MHZCRYSTALAREL001H,C0026PF,RX10OHMS,CO85PFNOTETHATINANAPPLICATIONTHETOTALEQUIVALENTVALUEOFCOISALSOHIGHLYINFLUENCEDBYTHETWOEXTERNALCAPACITORSINTHEBASICPIERCEOSCILLATORCIRCUITFIGURE3INFACTTHETWOCAPACITORSINSERIESSHUNTTHECRYSTAL,MEANINGTHECOISINFACTINCREASED4OSCILLATIONCONDITIONANOSCILLATORSTAGEANDEXTERNALCOMPONENTSARESUPPOSEDTHEGENERATETHECLOCKSIGNALISJUSTCONNECTINGTHEEXTERNALCOMPONENTSTOTHEOSCILLATORSTAGETHEONLYCONDITIONFOROSCILLATIONAGAIN,THEREARETHEORIESONTHEOSCILLATIONCONDITIONANDTHEBARKHAUSENRULECOVERSTHEOSCILLATIONCONDITIONBASICSINAPRACTICALSITUATIONHOWEVERTHEREAREMANYCIRCUITPARAMETERSTHATWILLDETERMINEWHETHERANOSCILLATORCIRCUITWILLSHOWRELIABLEOSCILLATIONHEREAREJUSTSOMEOFTHEMVDD,SUPPLYVOLTAGEFOSC,OSCILLATORFREQUENCYGM,OSCILLATORSTAGETRANSCONDUCTANCERX,EQUIVALENTRESISTORVALUEC0,EQUIVALENTTOTALPARALLELCAPACITYCLOSEDLOOPGAINONLYFORTHECRYSTALTHEREAREMORETHENTENPARAMETERSFORAPRACTICALEVALUATIONITISALMOSTIMPOSSIBLETOINCLUDEALLOFTHEMASECONDREASONFORTHISISTHATMANYPARAMETERVALUESARENOTKNOWNTOTHOSEENGINEERSAPPLYINGTHECOMPONENTDOESTHISMEANTHATOSCILLATIONWILLBEAMATTEROFLUCKWITHOUTGOINGINMUCHTHEORETICALDETAILTHEIMPEDANCEAPPROACHCANBEUSEDTOGIVEANINDICATIONONTHEEXPECTEDOSCILLATIONTHEIDEABEHINDITISTHATTHEEFFECTIVETRANSCONDUCTANCE1/OHMSHOULDATLEASTMAKEUPFORTHELOADOHM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