初中英语语法---句子的种类

初中英语语法-句子的种类A英语中的句子按其使用目的，句子可分为：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、和感叹句。Eg:陈述句：This is a dog. 疑问句：Is this a dog?祈使句：Open your eyes!感叹句：What a beautiful building it is!简单句：I am studying.并列句：I was born in a small village and I lived there for nearly ten years.复合句：As soon as I get there, Ill call you.1 陈述句凡是说明一件事情，提出一个看法，或者是表达一种心情的句子都是陈述句。大多数的句子都是陈述句，陈述句可以用肯定式和否定式。陈述句句末用句号“.”，通常用降调。Eg： We live in Beijing. We dont live in Beijing.(1) be 动词、一般动词（实义动词）、情态动词的否定句I am not a student.I dont know him.He cant speak English.be 动词的否定句句型： 主语 + be动词 + not + I wasnt good at English.They werent at home yesterday.He isnt my cousin.进行时和被动语态都有be 动词，它们的否定句与be动词的否定句同形。Eg：They arent cleaning the room.The child was not looked after by anybody.将来时（will，shall）、完成时及情态动词的被动语态不能用be动词否定句型。They will not be sent to the front.They will be not sent to the front. 情态动词的否定句句型：主语 +情态动词 + not + 动词原形Eg：I cant do it myself.You mustnt take the books out.You must not go there alone.一般动词的否定句句型：主语 + do/does/did + not + 动词原形Eg:They didnt live in Shanghai.He doesnt do his homework every day.They didnt have the class-meeting yesterday afternoon.现在完成时的否定句句型：主语 + have/has+ not + 动词的过去分词+I havent finished reading the book yet.He hasnt had his breakfast yet.过去完成时的否定句句型：主语 + had+ not + 动词的过去分词+He hadnt finished reading the book by the end of last month.(2).否定结构应注意事项使用not 的部分否定含有not的句子，如果使用了very, always以及不定代词all, both, every及every的复合词，则表示部分否定。Eg:I dont play football very well.It isnt always hot here in summer. not的其他否定表示1. not at all 一点也不Im not tired at all.I dont like it at all.2. notany more, not any longer 再也不I dont live here any longer. = I no long live here.I can not eat any more. = I can eat no more. 使用not 以外的否定词表示否定1.用no表示：no+名词= not any 一点也不There is no wind. = There is not any wind.2. never 绝不I will never forget you.He has never been abroad.3. few / little 几乎没有He has few friends.Few people understand the difference.I have little money.There is little water in the glass.4. no one = nobody 无人No one knows the answer.= Nobody knows the answer.5.nothing = not anything 什么也没有I have nothing to do today.6. none of 没有任何人；什么也没有None of them can answer it.I eat none of the food.7.含有否定副词seldom /hardly的句子He can hardly write his name.We seldom watch TV. tooto(太以至于不.) 的句型表示否定He is too old to work.不定代词的肯定和否定形式肯定否定肯定否定allnone, nosomenot any, noeveryone, each no onesomethingnot anything, nothingeverythingnothinga fewfewEach, both, either neither, not eithera littlelittle2 祈使句表示请求、命令。建议等。句子没有时态变化，谓语动词一律用原形。句子中通常不用主语，句末用感叹号或者句号，用降调。1. 含有第二人称主语的祈使句Be careful！Dont make such a noise. 肯定的祈使句型 动词原形+ +（省略主语）Stand up.Be quiet, please.1. 有时，为了加强语气，可以在动词之前加do.Do sit down.Do study hard.2. 用客气的语气表示祈使句时，可在句首或句尾加上please,但如果在句尾加 please时，那在please之前一定要加一个逗号“，”。Go this way, please.3. 祈使句中如果有唤语，一定要用逗号“，”隔开，放在句首或句尾。Li Ming, come here.Come here, Li Ming. 否定的祈使句句型 Dont +动词原形+Dont swim in the river.Dont be late.Please dont be noisy.句型转换 之 祈使句和陈述句的改写祈使句= You mustCome here. = You must come here.Dont do that again. = You mustnt do that again.Please + 祈使句= Will you (please)?Please help me. = Will you (please) me ?2 含有第一、第三人称主语的祈使句Lets say goodbye here.Dont let him do that again. 肯定的祈使句句型 let+第一人称(me, us)+动词原形+ let+第三人称代词（him/her/it/them）或名词+动词原形+let me try again.Lets go at once.Let Tom go there himself. 否定的祈使句Lets + not + 动词原形+Dont let + 第三人称代词的宾格或名词+动词原形+Lets not say anything about it.Dont let them play with fire.句型转换Use your head and you will find a way.If you use your head, you will find a way.3 感叹句表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情时用感叹句。感叹句分为两种：一种以what引导，一种以how引导。句尾用感叹号，通常用降调。What a clever boy he is.How clever the boy is.1 what 引导的感叹句句型 what + 名词（或形容词+名词）+陈述句（主语+谓语）What a beautiful city it is!What a fine day!What an honest man he is!What big apples these are!What a tall boy Tom is!What fools they are!2 how 引导的感叹句句型 How+形容词或副词+陈述句（主语+谓语）！How hot it is today!How high the kite is flying!How beautiful the girl is!How fast he runs!How I want to be a teacher!How well she can skate!感叹句：How busy you are!疑问句：How busy are you?3 if only 引导的感叹句用if only 引导的感叹句通常表示一种强烈的愿望，特别是表示对一些不能实现的或没有实现的愿望的遗憾感。句型 if only +主语 + 一般过去时/wereIf only I knew her telephone number!If only he were here!句型 if only +主语 + could / would + have +过去分词If only we could have gone to the party!4 其他形式的感叹句感叹句除用what和how引导外，还有许多其他形式，如可用陈述句，疑问句，祈使句等，有时甚至一个单词或一个短语也可构成感叹句。The garden looks so lovely today!Isnt it a lovely day!Fire!Very good!陈述句用作感叹句时，句中通常有so, such, really等加强语气的词语，疑问句用作感叹句时，句子多为否定疑问句。B句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。复合句中包含宾语从句、状语从句或定语从句等。一 简单句简单句就是只包含一个主谓结构的句子，其句式结构主要有五种：主 + 谓。He works in a big company .他在一家大公司工作。主 + 系 + 表。She is a kind girl .她是一个善良的女孩。主 + 谓 + 宾。Ann eats junk food twice a week .安一周吃两次垃圾食品。主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾。He gave me a pen .他给我一支钢笔。主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补。He kept me waiting for two hours .他让我等了两小时。 二 并列句并列句由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句同等重要，没有从属关系，是并列的关系，之间用并列连词连接。1. 表示顺承的并列连词有and / not only but (also)等。 如：She not only gave us a lot of advice, butalso helped us to overcome difficulties .他不仅给了我们很多建议，而且还帮助我们克服困难。2. 表示选择的并列连词有or , either or 等。如：Either you or Maria will have to go .你或玛丽亚得去一趟。3. 表示转折的并列连词有but , yet , however 等。如：It is hot in summer here , but its not cold in winter .这里夏天热，但冬天不冷。4. 表示因果关系的并列连词有so . 如：He works hard , so he is one of the top students in our class .因为他学习努力，所以他是我们班最优秀的学生之一。 三复合句 （一）宾语从句1. 宾语从句的引导词宾语从句的引导词有that(可省略)，if , whether , who , whose , what等。如：He tells me (that) he is going shopping this Sunday .他告诉我这个星期天他要去购物。She asked me if / whether she could join us .她问我她是否可以加入我们。Do you know who broke the door .你知道谁弄坏了门吗?2. 宾语从句的语序在含有宾语从句的复合句中，宾语从句都要使用陈述语序。如：I want to know when the train left .我想知道火车是什么时候离开的。Could you tell me what your name is ?你能告诉我你叫什么名字吗?3. 宾语从句的时态如果主句是一般现在时、一般将来时或祈使句，宾语从句可以根据实际需要用各种时态。如：He tells us that he has been able to look after himself .他告诉我们他已经能够照顾自己了。如果主句是一般过去时，宾语从句应该使用对应的过去时态的一种。如：They said that they had already finished the work .他们说他们已经完成了工作。宾语从句叙述的是客观事实、格言等时，用一般现在时。如：Everyone knows there are sixty minutes in an hour .大家都知道1小时有60分钟。4. 否定前移在宾语从句中，当主句的主语为I或we，谓语动词为think , believe , suppose等时，否定应前移。如：I dont think he is right . 我认为他不对。We dont suppose he will come .我们猜测他不会来。（二） 状语从句状语从句在复合句中作状语，修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词等。1. 时间状语从句在时间状语从句中，常用的引导词有when / while / before / after / until(till) / as soon as / since / as等。如：She was cooking when someone knocked at the door . 有人敲门时，她正在煮饭。What will you do after you finish your homework ? 你做完作业后准备做什么?2. 条件状语从句在条件状语从句中，常用的引导词有if / unless等。如：If it doesnt rain , I will go fishing .如果不下雨，我将去钓鱼。They will have a picnic unless it rains next Sunday .如果下星期日不下雨，他们要进行野炊活动。 If 引导的条件状语从句，若主句用一般将来时，则从句应用一般现在时表将来。3. 原因状语从句在原因状语从句中，常用的引导词有because / as / since 等。如：He didnt come because he was ill . 他没有来，因为他生病了。As you are sorry , Ill forgive you . 既然你悔悟了，我就原谅你。4. 结果状语从句结果状语从句主要由sothat / suchthat引导。so后接形容词或副词;such后接名