高二英语暑假专题 定语从句知识精讲 外研社

高二英语暑假专题 定语从句知识精讲 外研社一. 本周教学内容：暑假专题：定语从句二. 教学目标：复习高二内容，本期着重高考重点难点语法知识的回顾。如何掌握好定语从句定语从句是中学英语教学中的一个重点，也是一个难点。所谓定语从句，就是一种由关系词引导的从句形式的后置修饰语，用来修饰被限定的词先行词。引导定语从句的关系词包括关系代词和关系副词，其作用是代替先行词，引导定语从句，同时在定语从句中充当某一句子成分。常用的关系代词有whowhom（指人），whose（指人或物），which（指物），that（指人或物），as（指人或物）；关系副词有when（指时间），where（指地点），why（指原因）。要掌握好定语从句，首先要掌握好定语从句的词序和关系代词的选择。I. 定语从句的词序根据关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中所充当的不同成分，定语从句的词序有以下几种：一、关系代词引导的定语从句有以下七种常见词序。1. 关系代词谓语关系代词作定语从句的主语。关系代词主要有who，that，which，as。如：（1）Aqiao told her father all that had happened.（2）On the ground lay an old sick goat，which had gone into the cave to die.（3）People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly.（4）He married her，as was natural.（5）He does not have such a mind as is necessary to a scientist.2. 关系代词名词谓语关系代词作定语从句的主语的定语。常用的关系代词是whose，有时也用which。如：（1）Wei Fang is the student whose home caught fire last night.（2）Engels，whose native language was German，could read and write in several foreign languages.（3）The house whose roof was broken has now been repaired.这种词序的定语从句，如果whose指具体事物或抽象概念时，可用of which代替，但不如whose普通，of which可置于其所修饰的名词前或后。如：That is a book，（whose cover/the cover of which is blue. /of which the cover）3. 关系代词主语谓语关系代词作定语从句的宾语或表语。若为限制性定语从句，作宾语或表语的关系代词在非正式文体中省略。常用的关系代词有 who（m），that，which，as。如：（1）Pay attention to everything（that）I do.（2）This is the book（which）he is looking for.（3）His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818.（4）He isnt the man（that）he used to be.（5）This elephant is like a snake，as anybody can see.4. 关系代词名词主语谓语关系代词作定语从句的宾语的定语。常用的关系代词是whose，有时也用which。如：（1）Thats the boy whose drawing we were looking at just now.（2）There are some students whose questions I cant answer.（3）The book whose cover my brother tore off is not mine.（4）I told him to see the doctor，which advice he took.如果whose指具体事物或抽象概念时，可用of which代替，但不如whose普通。of which可置于其所修饰的名词前或后。如：In front of the village there is a river whose namethe name of whichof which the name I have forgotten.5. 介词关系代词主语谓语关系代词作定语从句中的介词宾语，介词可以是简单介词，也可以是复杂介词。关系代词有which，whom。如：（1）He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.（2）These worms then weave silk cocoons around themselves，inside which they change from that worms to ants.（3）Wu Dong ，with whom I went to the concert，enjoyed it very much.（4）The person to whom I spoke just now is our schoolmaster.（5）He works in the middle school，in front of which there is a river.这种词序的定语从句有时也采用倒装语序，即将主语置于从句的谓语动词之后，形成“介词关系词谓语主语”，其目的是为了句子平衡或强调。如：（1）They arrived at a farmhouse，in front of which sat a small boy.（2）For that day the master had prepared some cards on which were written，“Alsace，France. Alsace，France. ”6. 介词关系代词名词主语谓语关系代词作定语从句中介词宾语的定语。关系代词有which，whose。如：（1）His mother may come，in which case Ill ask her.（2）It rained all night and all day ，during which time a wall of his house fell down.（3）Where is the boy in whose bag I put my book by mistake？（4）This is the student to whose father you took the message yesterday.7. （a）代词或数词of关系代词谓语（b）代词或数词of关系代词主语谓语代词或数词与关系代词之间表达部分与整体的关系，“代词或数词of关系代词”在（a）词序中作定语从句的主语，在（b）词序中作定语从句的宾语。关系代词有which，whom，一般为非限制性定语从句。如：（a）Here are some letters，one of which is Li Mings.She had three sons，two of whom died in the war.（b）I talked with the boys，some of whom you know very well.He gave me five novels，three of which I think you have never read.二、关系副词引导的定语从句的词序为：关系副词主语谓语。关系副词在定语从句中作状语。关系副词主要有when，why，where，通常可用“介词关系代词which”代替。如：（1）I still remember the day when（on which）I first came to Beijing.（2）Galileo lived in the city of Pisa，where（in which）there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high.（3）I dont know the reason why（for which）Tom was absent.（4）The shop where（at which）I bought the piano isnt far from here.（5）The time when（at which）they had to leave finally arrived.II. 关系代词的选择关系代词的选择，主要是指who和that，that和 which，as和which这三对关系代词的选择。一、关系代词who和that的选择关系代词who和that都可以指人，有时使用场合有区别。（一）关系代词who的使用场合1. who可以代表人、人格化了的动物、神话故事中的人物或有生命的事物。如：（1）The dog who is barking is our pet.（2）Those who want to go please sign their names here.2. 在从句中，作主语倾向于用who。如：（1）The girl who dances beautifully gave us a performance that day.（2）Do you know the comrade who spoke just now？3. 当先行词泛指代词he，they或指示代词those等时，常用who。如：（1）He who does no work gets no pay.（2）We are badly in need of those who can work in real earnest.4. 先行词前出现不定冠词时，多用 who。如：（1）I have found a man who can do this work.（2）He is a man who should learn from others.5. 在there be句型中，既作主语又表示人时多用who，或省略。如：（1）There is someone outside the office who wants to see you.（2）Theres a man who lives in that village.6. 不定代词one，ones，anyone等作先行词时，多用who。如：One who works without complain is welcome here.7. 定语从句和先行词分隔，用that可能引起歧义时，应用who。如：I saw a man in the street who was surrounded by many people.这个句子如用that，就可能被人认为是定语从句修饰street。8. 在非限制性定语从句中，一般要用 who，不用that。如：The soldiers，who may have felt sorry for the boy，had him stand with his back to his father.9. 有两个定语从句出现在一个句子中，第一个关系代词用that的话，第二个就用 who。如：The man that I like is the one who is both competent and diligent.但在平行结构中，应根据平行结构的原则重复同一个关系代词。如：I met a Greek who traveled a lot in the world，but who knew very little about his own country.注意：关系代词前如有介词或在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词要用 whom。如：（1）In the dark street，there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.（2）The brave man，whom the tiger was shot by，is a good hunter.（二）关系代词that的使用场合1. 在以疑问词who开头的句子中，避免两个who重复，用that。如：Who is the man that is shouting there？2. 关系代词在从句中作表语时，多用 that。如：She is not the girl that she was three years ago.3. 先行词被形容词最高级、only等修饰时，应用that。如：Tang Guoqiang has become one of the best actors that appear on Chinese screens.4. 先行词人和物两者都有时，要用that。如：He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.5. 关系代词与the same（指同一人）连用时，只能用that。如：This is the same person that I met yesterday.6. 一个句子中有两个定语从句时，如第一个从句中已用who，第二个从句中宜用that。如：The man who is at table is his brother that has been serving in the army.二、关系代词that和which的选择关系代词that和which都可以指物，在很多场合两者都通用。但有时that和which的使用场合并不相同。（一）关系代词which的使用场合1. 如果先行词是that，关系代词应用 which。如：What was that which you said about him ？2. 先行词和定语从句之间被其它较长的成分分隔，用which较好。如：I have some interests outside my professional work which gives me great pleasure.3. 一个句子中如有两个定语从句，第一个定语从句用了关系代词that，第二个从句宜用which。如：This is the book that you bought which you have lost.但在平行结构中，应重复同一个关系代词。如：I have a house which is located on the hillside，which faces the south.4. 非限制性定语从句中关系代词一般要用which。如：I will buy a book，which tells about the use of English idioms.5. 相当于并列句和状语从句的定语从句，用which引导。如：（1）We went to the nearest port which we reached safely.（2）He persisted in having a bicycle which he actually had no use for.6. 关系代词前如有介词，关系代词要用 which。如：They had a meeting at which he spoke on the current economic situation.如把介词移至句末，可用that（或省略）。如：This is the book（that）she was looking for.（二）关系代词that的使用场合1. 一般来说，先行词是all，anything，everything，nothing，much，little，few等，关系代词应用that。如：（1）Thats all（that）I know.（2）Everything that can be done is done.2. 先行词之前有all，any，every，no，little，much，only，very等修饰时，关系代词应用that。如：（1）Hell read all the books that are sold here.（2）Ask any questions（that）you dont understand.3. 先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，关系代词应用that。如：（1）This is the most wonderful film that I have ever seen.（2）The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan.4. 当先行词是to be的表语，或关系代词本身是从句的表语时，关系代词应用that。如：（1）Its a song that is very popular.（2）My hometown is no longer the place that it used to be.5. 当主句以There be开头时，关系代词应用that。如：There is a seat in the corner that is still free.6. 当一个句子中含有两个定语从句时，如前一个已用关系代词which，后一个关系代词宜用that。如：Ill borrow a book which tells about the heroic deeds that the PLA did in the battles against the invaders.但两个定语从句的结构如果平行，一个定语从句中用关系代词that，另一个定语从句也应重复that。如：He told me to read a book that is very short，and that is very interesting.7. 与the same（指同一物）连用，构成the samethat 结构时，关系代词只能用that。如：This is the same museum that you once visited.注意：the same that结构中的that不能用as代替，因为the same as 与the same that 的含义不同。三、关系代词as和which的选择关系代词as和which的选择是指它们引导非限制性定语从句的区别。尽管都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，代表整个主句的意思，但两者在用法上是有区别的。as引导的非限制性定语从句常用来表示说话人关于某事的依据、态度、解释或评论等，含有“正如”的意思。as从句放在主句的前面、中间或句末都可以。如：She is working hard，as everyone can see. 或：As everyone can see，she is working hard.which引导的非限制性定语从句，一般表示某事的状况或结果，只能放在主句的后面。如：She married him, which was natural. 但不能说：Which was natural, she married him.单项选择：1. -_ leave at the end of this month.- I dont think you should do that until _ another job.A. Im going to; youd found B. Im going to; youve foundC. Ill; youll find D. Ill; youd find2. The room _ white last year is my study.A. to be painted B. being paintedC. painted D. having been painted3. When we heard the gun fire, we all stood still and shook with _.A. fear B. a fear C. fears D. the fear4. Their plan was _. With it we had little trouble in finishing the work.A. success B. succeed C. a success D. a successful5. Ive won a holiday for two days to Florida. I _ my mum.A. am takingB. have takenC. take D. will have taken6. Though he is ill, he has not quit _.A. smoke B. to smoke C. smoked D. smoking7. If you dont go, _.A. So do I B. So will IC. nor do I D. nor will I8. He left his hometown, _ never to come back again.A. was determined B. being determinedC. determined D. and determined9. He told us that the desk wanted _.A. repair B. to repair C. repairing D. repaired10. _ from his accent, he must be from Britain.A. Judged B. To judge C. Being judgedD. Judging11. My mobile phone has broken. I must _.A. get down to repair it B. have it repairC. get down to repairing it D. have it to be repaired12. _ it is to go for a camp on such a fine day!A. What a fun B. What funC. How funny D. How a fun13. Excuse _ you, but I have an important message for you.A. me to interrupt B. for my being interruptedC. my interrupting D. me of interrupting14. - Why hasnt Jenny turned up?- Oh! She called me just now and said that she was _ the way.A. by B. in C. at D. on15. A large sum of money has been raised for the _ of the poorly educated children in the mountainous districts.A. profit B. favor C. advantageD. benefit完形填空：One afternoon I was sitting at my favorite table in a restaurant, waiting for the food I had ordered to arrive. Suddenly I 16 that a man sitting at a table near the window kept glancing(瞥视) in my direction , 17 he knew me . The man had a newspaper 18 in front of him , 19 he was pretending(假装) to read , but I could 20 that he was keeping an eye on me .When the waiter brought my 21 the man was clearly puzzled (困惑) by the 22 way in which the waiter and I 23 each other . He seemed even more puzzled as 24 went on and it became 25 that all the waiters in the restaurant knew me. Finally he got up and went into the 26 . When he came out, he paid his bill and 27 without another glance in my direction.I called the owner of the restaurant and asked what the man had 28 . “Well,” he said , “that man was a detective (侦探) . He 29 you here because he thought you were the man he 30 .” “What?” I said, showing my 31 . The owner continued, “He came into the kitchen and showed me a photo of the wanted man. I 32 say he looked very much like you! Of course, since we know you, we told him that he had made a 33 .” “Well, its really 34 that I came to a 35 where Im known,” I said. “otherwise(否则), I might have been in trouble .”16. A. knew B. understood C. noticed D. recognized17. A. since B. even if C. though D. as if18. A. flat B. open C. cut D. fixed19. A. whyB. what C. whichD. that20. A. see B. find C. guess D. learn21. A. menu B. bill C. paper D. food22. A. direct B. familiar C. strange D. funny23. A. chatted with B. looked at C. laughed at D. talked about24. A. the waiter B. time C. I D. the dinner25. A. true B. hopeful C. clear D. possible26. A. restaurant B. washroom C. office D. kitchen27. A. left B. acted C. sat down D. calmed down28. A. wanted B. tried C. ordered D. wished29. A. met B. caught C. followed D. discovered30. A. was to beat B. was dealing with C. was to meet D. was looking for31. A. care B. surprise C. worry D. regret32. A. must B. can C. need D. may33. A. discovery B. mistake C. decision D. fortune34. A. a pity B. natural C. a chance D. lucky35. A. post office B. cinemaC. restaurant D. bookshop阅读理解：AA young woman carrying a three-year-old child got on a bus. The conductor hurried to give her a warm welcome and then kindly asked the other passengers to make more room for the woman and her child. On seeing this, people began to talk. “You know this conductor used to be very rude. Now suddenly he has changed his bad behavior,” said a middle-aged man.“Yes, he should be praised and we must write a letter to the company,” said a second passenger. “Thats right,” another lady said, “I wish a newspaper reporter were here so that more people could learn from this conductor.”Just then a gentleman who looked like a teacher turned to the conductor and said, “Excuse me, but can I know your name, please? Your excellent service must be praised”Before he could open his mouth, the three-year-old child sitting on the young womans lap interrupted, “I know his name. I call him Dad.”36. One passenger suggested writing a letter to the company to _.A. make a demand for more busesB. thank the conductor for his good serviceC. criticize the conductor for his rude behaviorD. invite a newspaper reporter to write about the conductor37. What was the gentleman?A. A teacher.B. A newspaper reporter.C. Not known from the story.D. The conductors friend from his company.38. The word “him” in the last paragraph refers to _.A. the gentleman B. the conductorC. the middle-aged man D. the three-year-old child39. It is clear from the story that the conductor _.A. has changed his attitude towards his workB. has now been kind and polite to all passengersC. has not changed his rude behavior to passengersD. has now been kind and polite to women with childrenBWill it matter if you dont take your breakfast? Recently a test was given in the United States. Those tested included people of different ages, from 12 to 83. During the experiment, these people were given all kinds of breakfasts, and sometimes they got no breakfast at all. Special tests were set up to see how well their bodies worked when they had eaten a certain kind of