American-Character.ppt

Unit2,TheAmericanCharacter,UnitGoalsTounderstandbasicvaluesandbeliefsofAmericanspeopleTolearnsomeculturalconceptsconcerningAmericancharacterTolearnusefulwordsandexpressionsthatdescribeAmericancharacterandimprovelanguageskills,PickoutthreequalitiesyouassociatemostwithAmericans,BeforeYouRead,Energetichonestindustrioussophisticatedintelligentfriendlygreedyinventiverudeadventurousextroverted(外向性的,喜社交的)introverted(内向的,含蓄的)fast-pacedout-goingmodestreserved(内向的；寡言少语的)self-reliantaggressivematerialisticromanticoptimistic,Section1TheAmericanCharacter,WhatdoAmericansbelievein?WhatistheAmericancharacter?Thesequestionsarehardtoanswer,becausetherearesomanyAmericansandtheybelieveinsomanydifferentthings.However,thehistoryoftheUnitedStatesdoesprovidesomeunderstandingofcertainbasiccharacteristicsthatmanyAmericansshare.,OneofthemainreasonswhytheearlysettlerscametoAmericawastoescapethecontrolstheyhadexperiencedinEurope.There,smallgroupsofwealthypeoplepreventedthemfrommovingintoahighersocialpositionorbecomingwealthy,andgovernment-supportedchurchescontrolledtheirreligiouspracticesandbeliefs.Becausetheseearlysettlerswantedtobefreefromsuchcontrols,theybroughttoAmericatheviewthattheindividualwassupremelyimportant.Thesettlerswereagainsttheeffortsofthechurch,thesociety,andparticularlythegovernment,tocontroltheiractions.Thesecontrolscametobeviewedas“un-American”.,InfluenceofPuritanism,Thepuritanshopedtobuild“acityuponhill”（山颠之城）anidealcommunity.Sincethattime,Americanshaveviewedtheircountryasagreatexperiment,aworthymodelforothernations.ThissenseofmissionhasbeenverystronginthemindsofmanyAmericans.ThePuritansalsohaveleftrichculturalheritagetofutureAmericans.TheAmericanvaluessuchasindividualism,hardwork,andrespectofeducationoweeverymuchtothePuritanbeliefs.,BackgroundInformation,ThePuritantheology,TosayPuritanismlayfoundationofAmericanculture,thenwehavetostudyThePuritantheology:Theybelievethebasicsinfulness(有罪)ofhumankind;butGodAlsohaddeterminedthatsomepeople,theelect,wouldbesaveddespitetheirsins.ThePuritanswhoregardthemselvestheelectadheretotheadvocacy(支持,拥护)ofsobriety(节制),diligence,thrift,andlackofostentation(炫耀,卖弄).,ThepioneeringSpirit,ThePuritanregardedcontemplationasmerelaziness,thepovertyeitheraspunishmentforsinorevidencethatonedidnothaveGodsgrace.Theysinghighlyof“entrepreneurship（大企业家/主办人等）-apioneeringspirit”.,开拓创新精神-美国的清教文化传统推崇开拓创新的勇气和积极进取的精神。美国人因此形成了一种不愿受条条框框束缚、不断求变的性格。这种追求新奇和勇于冒险开拓的精神使得美国对新鲜事物的创新和流传之快是世界上其他国家所无法比拟的。,“深受新教的影响，美国文化以个体为本位，个人主义在美国发展到登峰造极的地步，是美国价值观念的核心。它的主要内容是通过自力更生达到自我实现，与它联系最紧密的是自由平等竞争。机会均等和个人主义是实现自我价值的基本保障，而竞争是实现个人价值的根本途径。美国人有较强的个人奋斗意识和竞争意识，他们普遍接受这样的生活信条。”英美文化比较,1.Individualism,ProtestanismBelief:“thebattleofself-realizationisthefundamentalrightforeachbelieverofGod.Thereshouldbenobindingforfreedom,nofasteningforquality,nosuppressionofindividualism”.,Everymanforhimself,andGodforusall.(人人为自己，上帝为大家。)Everymanisthearchitectofhisownfortune.(自己的命运自己设计。)美国人在创造自己文化的同时，也创造了许多表现个人主义的词汇。最有代表性的如：Self-absorption(自我专注)；self-limitation(自我制约)；self-cultivate(自我修养)；self-conquest(自我战胜)；self-admiration(自我赞赏)；self-control(自我控制)；self-dependence(自立)；self-reliance(自我依靠)；self-responsibility(自我负责)；self-advancement(自我发展)；self-salesmanship(自我宣传)；self-fulfilling(自我实现)；self-discipline(自律)；self-centered(自我中心的)；self-protection(自我保护)等。,ThisstrongAmericanbeliefinindividualismhasbothpositiveandnegativesides.Onthepositiveside,ithasstrengthenedAmericansinventivenessandtheirbeliefinhardwork.Onthenegativeside,thebeliefinindividualismhassometimespreventedAmericansfromusingtheirgovernmenttosolvetheircommonproblems.Americansprefernottohavegovernmentsolutionstosocialproblems.,AttitudetoPrivacy,ResidentialPrivacyinfluenceinterpersonalrelationships,whicharemotascomplexasthatinAsiancountries.Loveofprivacycontributestothebeliefinindividualismandfreemovement.个人主义价值观特别重视对个人空间和私生活的保护和尊重。Privacy一词在美国人的生活中占有异常重要的位置。Pokeonesnoseintootherpeoplesbusiness（探听别人的私事）Meddle（管闲事）inotherpeoplesaffairsKeepyourbignoseoutofmybusiness.Mindyourownbusiness.(MYOB),Therearesometopicswhichareusuallyavoided,Theseincludequestionsaboutapersonsage,financialaffairs,costofclothesorpersonalbelongings,religion,andloveorsexlife.IfanAmericanisaskedtheseoranyother,questionswhichseemtobetoopersonal,heneednotanswerthem.HemaysimplysmileorsaypleasantlythathedoesntknoworInmycountrythatwouldbeafunnyquestion,orturnthequestiongentlyasidebysomecomment,orleadtheconversationoffinsomeotherdirection.,ThebeliefinindividualismisabasicpartofAmericancharacter.Thisbeliefhasatleasttwoseparateparts-idealismandmaterialism.Althoughthesetwobeliefsarequitedifferent,mostAmericanstrytolivewiththembothatthesametime.AndidealismandmaterialismarebothverymuchapartoftheAmericancharacter.,idealism,AmericanidealismcomeslargelyfromthenationsProtestant（新教）religiousheritage.EarlyAmericansdidnothavetobelongtoanyparticularchurchtohavethisbelief.ItinfluencedallAmericanssostronglythatidealismcametomeanthateachindividualshouldpossessahighmoralcharacter,andshouldlivebyhisorherownbeliefs.ThisiswhatAmericanidealismmeanstoday.,materialism,Americansalsohaveastrongbeliefinmaterialism,thatis,thateachindividualshouldgainasmuchwealthaspossible.TheAmericanbeliefinmaterialismispartlyaresultofthenationsgreatmaterialabundance.Theearlysettlersfoundacontinentwithgreatforests,rivers,andfertilefarmlandinabundance.ItisnotsurprisingthatmanyviewedAmericaasthelandofopportunity.AstheUnitedStatesgrewanddeveloped,thesupplyofnaturalresourcesseemedendless,andsodidtheopportunitiesforpersonaleconomicadvancement.Eachgenerationhadachancetobecomewealthierthantheirparentshadbeen.Generationaftergenerationofnewimmigrantshadthesameopportunity.Americanseventuallydevelopedthebeliefthatitwasalmostadutytogetrich.,Amilliondollarsaintwhatitusedtobe.MorethanfouroutoftenAmericanmillionairessaytheydonotfeelrich.Indeedmanywouldneedtohaveatleast$7.5millioninordertofeeltheyweretrulyrich,accordingtoaFidelityInvestmentssurvey.Some42percentofthemorethan1,000millionairessurveyedbyFidelitysaidtheydidnotfeelwealthy.Respondentshadatleast$1millionininvestableassets,excludinganyrealestateorretirementaccounts.,美国富翁：身家至少750万美元才算富USmillionairessay$7mlnnotenoughtoberich,百万美金不像过去那么值钱了。超过四成的美国百万富翁说他们并不觉得自己有钱。富达投资集团的一项调查显示，许多人认为至少要拥有750万美元才会觉得自己真的富有。富达集团调查的1000多名百万富翁中，有42%的人说他们并不觉得自己富有。这些被调查者都至少拥有100万美元的可投资资产，不包括不动产和退休金账户。,Everypersoninthesurveyiswealthy,saidSanjivMirchandani,presidentofNationalFinancial,aunitofFidelity.Buttheyarestillworriedaboutoutlivingtheirassets.Theaverageageofrespondentswas56yearsoldwithameanof$3.5millionofinvestableassets.Thethresholdforrichrosewithage.,富达集团的国民金融部部长山吉夫米尔查达尼说：“每个参与调查的人都是富人，但是他们依然担心财产不够用。”被调查者的平均年龄是56岁，平均可投资资产为350万美元。年龄越大，“富人”的门槛也就越高。,Theycomparethemselvestotheirpeergroup.andtheyarealsothinkingaboutthelongperiodtheywillhaveinretirementandwantmoreassetstofundtheirlifestyle,saidMichaelDurbin,presidentofFidelityInstitutionalWealthServices.Still,millionairesareslightlymoreoptimisticnowthantheywerein2009,when46percentdidnotfeelwealthy.富达财富服务机构主席迈克尔德宾说，“他们会和自己的同龄群体相比较他们也会考虑到自己退休后的漫长时光”，他们“需要更多的财产”来支撑他们的生活方式。不过，相比2009年，百万富翁们现在还是乐观一些。2009年46%的百万富翁不认为自己有钱。,RespondentswerealsomoreoptimisticabouttheUSeconomy.WhiletheythoughtthecurrentUSeconomyremainedveryweak,theythinkitwillimprovesoon.Fidelitynotedthewealthiest5percentofAmericansholdmorethan55percentofthenationswealth.被调查者对美国经济前景也更乐观。尽管他们认为当前美国经济依然疲软，但他们相信很快会有所好转。富达集团指出，全美5%最富有的人拥有全国55%以上的财富。,ManyimmigrantshavecometotheUnitedStatestohaveabetterlife,toraisetheirstandardofliving.AcquiringandmaintainingalargenumberofmaterialpossessionsisoneofveryimportanttomostAmericans.MaterialwealthisthemostwidelyacceptedmeasuresofsocialstatusintheUnitedStates.Americanspayapricefortheirwealth:hardwork.,Thebig/ambitiousdreams,Acityuponhill(山巅之城）-anidealcommunity,viewthecountryasagreatexperiment,aworthymodelforothernations.TheGardenofEdenDemocracy（民主）,liberty（自由）,equality（平等）,PursuitofHappiness（追求幸福）,AmericanDream,Theindividualsdreams,ThebeliefofAmericansthattheircountryoffersopportunitiesforagoodandsuccessfullife.Forminoritiesandimmigrants,thedreamalsoincludesfreedomandequalrights.,Americangoldendream,In1848,JamesW.MarshallfoundgoldinCaliforniaandpeoplebeganhavinggoldendreams.That19thcenturyAmericanDreammotivatedtheGoldRushandgaveCaliforniaitsnicknameoftheGoldenState.CaliforniaisfullofforeignimmigrantswhocametotheUStosharetheAmericandream,apopularbeliefthathardworkwillbringforthAmericasbounty(富饶）intheformofmaterialwell-being（物质财富）.,WhatarethemodernpeoplesAmericanDreams?,TodowhattheywantToownahomeorriseoutofpoverty.ToserveGod,country,orcommunity.Towanttolearntoreadorruntheirownbusiness.ToexercisefundamentalAmericanrights:toopenlypracticetheirreligionandtospeakwhatisintheirmindsandhearts.,Theso-calledAmericanDream,isabeliefthataslongastheUnitedStatesafterahardstrugglewillbeabletoachievetheidealofabetterlife,thatis,peoplehavetoworkthroughtheirownhardwork,courage,creativityanddeterminationtomovetowardsProsperity,ratherthanrelyonspecificsocialclassesandotherassistance.Aself-mademan,所谓的美国梦（AmericanDream），是一种相信只要在美国经过努力不懈的奋斗便能获致更好生活的理想，亦即人们必须透过自己的工作勤奋、勇气、创意、和决心迈向繁荣，而非依赖于特定的社会阶级和他人的援助。,U.S.offerseveryonethechanceofsuccess;successdependsontheirtalentsandefforts,ratherthanfamilybackgroundandcontext;everyonehasequalrights;everyonehasfreedomofconscience.,freedom,Equal,+,+,Opportunities,=,AmericanDream,RepresentativesofAmericanDream,Allactivistsaredreamers,WallStreet,TheengineoftheAmericanDream,April4,1968,hewasassassinated.Forfreedom,fortheirAmericanDream.Hesaid,Ihaveadream.Dreamistotheheartsofallregardlessoffaith,evenifthepriceoflife.,Freeatlast!freeatlast!,Asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou;askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.,JohnF.Kennedy,BarackHusseinObamaII,Apersoncanbreakalittledifficult,itisverycommon,youcanbreakabigdifficulty,calledcapacity.However,tochallengethemselves,andthechallengesofsuccess,toseveralpeople?,BillGates,Mantra,Thatsgood,Wakingupeverymorning,thinkingabouttheworkundertakenandthetechnologydevelopedwhichwillhaveatremendousimpactandchangesonhumanlife,Iwillbeextremelyexcitedandagitated.,Lifeisnotfair,getusedtoit,Thedreamofyouthisthefutureprojectionofthereal,Donotrelax,notbelazy,noperseverance,youcannotsucceed.,ArnoldSchwarzenegger,KobeBeanBryant,IdontwanttobethenextMichaelJordan,IonlywanttobeKobeBryant.,PeoplewonderwhyIalwayslikethekidsaroundtheside,itisbecauseIfindinthemsomethingIneverhad.,KingofPop,MichaelJackson,Hollywood,theAmericanDreamstagedrepeatedhere,wherethedirectoroftheAmericandreamontothescreeninmind,thesameasthecatalyst(催化剂)forapowertoeveryone.,ThesuccessfulexamplesofAmericanDreamBenjaminFranklinthefounderofAmerica,theforefatherAbrahamLincolnthe16thPresidentRockefeller-thepetroltycoonCarnegiethesteeltycoonTheyareallself-mademen.(白手起家）,TheGovernorofCalifornia,ArnoldSchwarzenegger（施瓦新格）,themodelofthenewAmericanDream.Afteryearsofhardwork,hegrewfromapooryoungmanfromAustriaintoamoviesuperstarandthengovernor.BillClintonthe42ndUSpresidentBarrackObamathefirstUSblackpresident,AmericanDreamsinLiterature,ForrestGump阿甘正传SisterCarrier嘉里妹妹嘉莉是个俊俏的农村姑娘，她羡慕大都市的物质生活来到了芝加哥谋生。严酷的现实破碎了她的美梦，迎接她的是失业和疾病。在走投无路时，她做了推销员杜洛埃的情妇，后来由于更大的欲望又做了酒店经理赫斯渥的情妇。与赫斯渥私奔后，在纽约由于偶然的机会她成了走红一时的演员，挤上了上流社会，实现了她的幻想。,TheDeathofASalesman:年逾花甲的推销员威利洛曼，拎着两只沉重的、装样品的箱子回到家。他极度疲倦，仿佛已经走到了生命的尽头。只有老伴儿林达了解他、体贴他，尽一切努力来维护他的尊严，希望能给他一些生活下去的勇气和信心。然而，这一切似乎都无济于事壮年时代的威利，一付精明强干的神气，两个儿子比夫和哈皮，是他的骄傲。尽管比夫的学习成绩不及格，也没有引起父亲的重视，因为，他确认比夫将来完全可以当一名体育明星，然而，事与愿违，比夫多次离家出走，宁愿去当农业工人，也不愿留在充满竞争与欺诈的大城市里。在沉重的压力下，威利的精神恍惚不定。为了拯救威利，林达呼吁孩子们要怜爱父亲，甚至把威利要自杀的企图告诉了他们。这时，小儿子哈皮想出一个办法!让比夫向朋友借钱，由洛曼兄弟自家独立经营，以期干出一番事业来。这个令人振奋的没想，使全家人抱着新的希望进入了梦乡为了预祝未来理想的实现，父子们约定在餐馆中聚会。而就在他们见面时，双方带来的都是不幸的消息：比夫没有借到钱，威利也被公司开除了。这使得父子间又发生了激烈的争吵，然而，他们谁也没搞清楚，生活不下去的社会原因。最终，威利还是自杀了为了死后的保险赔偿给家人带来福利。,GreatGatsby了不起的盖次比尼克从中西部故乡来到纽约，在他住所旁边正是主人公盖茨比的豪华宅第，这里每晚都在举行盛大的宴会。尼克和盖茨比相识，尼克对他充满探究的兴趣。探究的结果是：尼克了解到盖茨比内心深处有一段不了之情.年轻时的盖茨比并不富有，他是一个少尉军官。他爱上了一位叫黛茜的姑娘，黛茜对他也情有所钟。后来第一次世界大战爆发，盖茨比被调往欧洲。似是偶然却也是必然，黛茜因此和他分手，转而与出身于富豪家庭的纨绔子弟汤姆结了婚。黛茜婚后的生活并不幸福，因为汤姆另有情妇。物欲的满足并不能填补黛西精神上的空虚。盖茨比痛苦万分，他坚信是金钱让黛茜背叛了心灵的贞洁，于是立志要成为富翁。几年以后，盖茨比终于成功了。他在黛茜府邸的对面建造起了一幢大厦。盖茨比挥金如土，彻夜笙箫，一心想引起黛茜的注意，以挽回失去的爱情。尼克为盖茨比的痴情所感动，便去拜访久不联系的远房表妹黛茜，并向她转达盖茨比的心意。黛茜在与盖茨比相会中时时有意挑逗。盖茨比昏昏然听她随意摆布，并且天真地以为那段不了情有了如愿的结局。,然而真正的悲剧却在此时悄悄启幕。黛茜早已不是旧日的她。黛茜不过将他俩目前的暖昧关系，当做一种刺激。尼克终于有所察觉，但为时已晚。一次黛茜在心绪烦乱的状态下开车，偏偏轧死了丈夫的情妇。盖茨比为保护黛茜，承担了开车责任，但黛茜已打定主意抛弃盖茨比。在汤姆的挑拨下，致使其情妇的丈夫开枪打死了盖茨比。盖茨比最终彻底成为了牺牲品。盖茨比至死都没有发现黛茜脸上嘲弄的微笑。盖茨比的悲剧在于他把一切都献给了自己编织的美丽梦想，而黛茜作为他理想的化身，却只徒有美丽的躯壳。尽管黛西早已移情别恋,尽管他清楚地听出“她的声音充满了金钱”,却仍不改初衷,固执地追求重温旧梦然。人们在为盖茨比举行葬礼，黛茜和她丈夫此时却早已在欧洲旅行的路上。不了情终于有了了结。尼克目睹了人类现实的虚情寡义，深感厌恶，于是怀着一种悲剧的心情，远离喧嚣、冷漠、空洞、虚假的大都市，黯然回到故乡。,Dreamisthefoundationofallhappiness,andrealizethedreamprocessisaextremelydifficultprocess,willundergo(经受)varioustests,courage,passion,dedicationandwisdom.,Butnow,ChinasriseiscreatingaChineseDream,WhatisyourChineseDream?,Perhaps,wedreamedofallkindsofgoodlife,butweallshareacommondream,lettheChinesestandintheworldoftheforest,lettheChinesedreamcometrue.,AfterYouRead,WriteTifthestatementistrueandFifitisfalse.,Asanationofenormousdiversity,theUnitedStatesofAmericadoesnothaveanationalidentity._2.EarlysettlerscametoAmericaforindividualfreedom._3.Americanidealismtakesmaterialwealthundesirable._4.ProtestantbeliefoftheAmericanpeopledemandstheirgreatrespecttothechurches._5.TheAmericanbeliefmaterialismpartlyresultsfromthegreatmaterialabundanceoftheU.S._,F,T,F,F,T,WritedownthemainpointsoutlinedintheText,Americanpeoplehaveastrongbeliefin_,whichhasboth_and_aspects;inaddition,_canbesub-dividedintotwoseparateparts:_and_._iscloselyrelatedtoprotestantbelief,while_encourageseachindividualtogainasmuchwealthaspossible.,A,B,C,A,D,E,D,E,A-individualism,B-positive,C-negative,D-idealism,E-materialism,Section2TypicalAmericanBehaviorsandValues,WhatareAmericanslike?WhatdoAmericanslike?InspiteofthegreatdiversityintheethnicmakeupofAmerica,AmericansdosharesometypicalAmericanvalues,attitudesandbeliefs.WatchingAmericansinaction,foreignerssometimesseebehaviorthatseemsrude,misguided,orjustplainsilly.Amongthemarethefollowingtraits,whicharecharacteristically,butcertainlynotexclusively,American.,Hurry,Hurry,Hurry,AlmosteveryAmericanwearsawatch,andinnearlyeveryroominanAmericanhome,theresaclock.Beontime.Dontwastetime.Timeismoney.Timewaitsfornoone.AllthesefamiliarsayingsreflecttheAmericanobsessionwithpromptnessandefficiency.Studentsdispleasetheirteachersandemployeesdispleasetheirbosseswhentheyarrivelate.ThisdesiretogetthemostoutofeveryminuteoftenmakesAmericansimpatientwhentheyhavetowait.ThepressuretomakeeverymomentcountsometimesmakesitdifficultforAmericanstorelax.,BecauseAmericansbelievetimeisalimitedresource,theytrytoconserveandmanageit.PeopleintheU.S.oftenattendseminars(研讨班,研讨小组)orreadbooksontimemanagement.Itseemstheyallwanttoorganizetheirtimebetter.Professionalscarryaroundpocketplanners-someinelectronicform-tokeeptrackofappointmentsanddeadlines.Peopledoalltheycantosqueezemorelifeoutoftheirtime.TheearlyAmericanheroBenjaminFranklinexpressedthisviewbest:“Doyoulovelife?Thendonotwastetime,forthatisthestufflifeismadeof.”,AttitudetoTime,在以自我利益、自我自由、自我支配和自我约束为中心的个人主义价值观中，时间概念是很强的。美国人以守时著称。做事有计划、遵守期限是他们的习惯。Deadline一词最能体现美国人的时间观念。它的构词意思是dead+line，即“死亡线”。他们的时间观念还在以下的谚语中得到体现。如：Timeismoney.Makehaywhilethesunshines.（机不可失）Taketimebytheforelock.（抓住时机）Timeandtidewaitfornoman.Betterearlythanlate.（宜早不宜迟）Neverputofftilltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday.Tomorrownevercomes.Onetodayisworthtwotomorrows.,ToAmericans,punctualityisawayofshowingrespectforotherpeoplestime.Beingmorethan10minuteslatetoanappointmentusuallycallsforanapology,andmaybeanexplanation.Whenpeopleplananevent,theyoftensetthetimedaysorweeksinadvance.Oncethetimeisfixed,ittakesalmostanemergencytochangeit.Ifpeoplewanttocometoyourhouseforafriendlyvisit,theywillusuallycallfirsttomakesureitisconvenient.Onlyveryclosefriendswilljust“dropby”unannounced.Also,peoplehesitatetocallotherslateatnightforfeartheymightbeinbed.Thetimemayvary,butmostfolksthinktwiceaboutcallingafter10:00p.m.,TheImportanceofMoney,Americansareoftenaccusedofbeingmaterialistic,ofvaluingwealthandpossessionaboveallelse.Moneyisvaluedbothasasymbolofsuccessandalsoforamoreobviousreason-itspurchasingpower.Manyitemswhichdidnotevenexist50yearsagoarenowconsiderednecessitiesintheAmericanhome.Inaddition,purchasesaremadeinorderto“keepupwiththeJoneses,”toshowfriendsthatonecanaffordabiggerhouseorafanciercar.Also,advertisingencouragespeopletokeepbuyingthingsfarbeyondwhattheyneed.,Americanslovetomakealotofmoneyandspenditonthemselves-tobuythingsthatsavetime,givethempleasure,orserveasstatussymbols.However,Americansarealsoverygenerousandverywillingtodonatemoneytogoodcauses.TheAmericancharacterincludesastrongsenseofobligationtohelpthoseinneed.,SayWhatYouMean,andMeanWhatYouSay,Americansbelievethat“Honestyisthebestpolicy.”theyaredirectandassertive.Theyaskforwhattheywant.Inmanycultures,respectforthoseinpositionsofauthoritykeepspeoplefromexpressingtheirtruefeelingsorintentions.IntheU.S.A.,however,childrenoftenarguewiththeirparentsandcitizensexpressoppositiontoactionsofthegovernment.Ifthesoupiscoldorthemeatistough,thedinercancomplaintothewaiter.Ifateacherisw