成考英语总复习

全国成人高考英语专题复习,阅读理解,阅读技巧,主旨大意题,推断题,细节理解题,词义理解题,练习,一、如何做主旨大意题,1.要搞清的是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。2.如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。3.任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。,1).主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式:ThemainideaofthepassageisThepassageismainlyaboutWhichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?2).目的类主旨大意题Thepassageismeantto.Thepurposeofthisarticleisto3).标题类主旨大意题Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe,应试技巧如何寻找主题句,Sample1Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaventeatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast-foods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.,（1）主题句在段首一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。,Sample2Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.,（2）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据,层层推理论证,最后自然得出结论,即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。,练中学,Sample3Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.,（3）在短文中间当主题句被安排在段中间时,通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释,支撑或发展.,return,二、推断题,1.解推断题应注意：(1)不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点；(2)推理的根据来自于上下文。,2.推断题的常见形式：(1)Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat_.(2)Fromthetextweknowthat_.(3)Thestoryimpliesthat_.(4)Theparagraphfollowingthepassagewillmostprobablybe_.(5)Thewritersattitudetowardis_.,3.解推断题的方法：解推断题最主要的方法是根据词义关系推断具体细节。,Example1Onedayamanwalkedintoapetshopandsaidtotheshopassistant，“Ineedtwosmallmiceandaboutfivedozenroaches(蟑螂)andtwospiders.”“Whatdoyouneedthesethingsfor?”theshopassistantwasverysurprised.“Well，”repliedtheman，“ImmovingoutofmyapartmentandthelandlordinsiststhatIshouldleavethehouseinexactlythesameconditionasIfoundit.”Q：Thepassagesuggeststhatwhenthewritermovedintothehouse,itwas_.A.verycleanB.justcleanedbythelandlordC.tidyandcomfortableD.dirtyandfullofinsects,解析：他要搬出所租的房子，而房东要求房屋必须是他租进来时的原样，所以他须买些老鼠和蟑螂等昆虫对房屋进行“恢复”，因此推出答案为D。,Example2Somepeopleareneverright.Theyneverhavegoodluck.Theyusuallydothewrongthingandsaythewrongthing.AndevenifwhattheysayordoisOK，theyasarulesayitordoitatthewrongtime.Sothesepeoplealwayshaveproblems.Theyoftenbreakdishes.Theysometimesmissbusesandairplanes.Mr.Neffisdifferent.Heisalwaysright.Heisneverwrong.Heusuallyhasgoodluck.Heseldomhasproblems.Heneverbreaksdishes.Henevermissesbusesorairplanes.Evenifhedoesmissthem，itisalwaysthefaultofthebusesorairplanes.Mr.Neffknowsalmosteverything.Hedoesntaskquestions；heanswersquestions.Heneversays，“Idontknow.”Q：WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthewritersattitudetoMr.Neff?A.HefindsMr.Neffhardtounderstand.B.HethinksMr.Neffwonderful.C.HefeelspityforMr.Neff.D.HedoesnotlikeMr.Neff.,解析：从作者的语气中我们可以体会他的态度，特别是Evenifhedoesmissthem，itisalwaysthefaultofthebusesortheairplanes.误了车或飞机本该是人的失误怎能归咎于车或飞机呢？明显是讥讽，也是暗示他对Mr.Neff的讨厌之情。答案为D。,return,三、细节理解题：细节理解题就是我们常见的wh-题，它们大多是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。做此类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子，再对相关的部分进行细读，找出正确答案。,AgiantdamwasbuiltmanyyearsagotocontroltheColoradoRiverintheU.S.Thisdamwasbuilttoprotectthelandandhousesaroundtheriver.ThishugedamisintheBlackCanyon.Itispossibletodriveacarfromonesideoftherivertotheotheronaroad，whichisonthetopofthedam.Thisdamissobigthatthereisanelevatorinside.Theelevatorgoesdownforty-fourstoriesfromtheroadtothebottom.ThereisenoughconcreteinthisdamtobuildahighwayfromNewYorktoSanFrancisco.Thousandsofpeopleworkedonthisdamforfiveyears.ThishugedamwascalledBoulderDamwhenitwasfinishedin1936.LateritwasrenamedHooverDaminhonorofapresidentoftheUnitedStates.HooverDam，oneofthehighestdamsintheworld，issituatedbetweenthestatesofArizonaandNevada.Q：HooverDamlies_.A.betweenArizonaandNevadaB.intheBlackCanyonC.betweenNewYorkandSanFranciscoD.bothAandB,1.直接事实题,在解答这类问题时要求抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读。,2.间接事实题:InvitedbyMr.YeHuixian,hostofthewellreceivedTVprogramme“StarsTonight”，MissLuoLin,MissAsiaof1991，appearedastheguesthostessontheShanghaiTVscreenlastSunday.BorninShanghaiandtakentoHongKongwhenshewasonlysixyearsold，LuoLinhasneverdreamedofbeingMissAsia.Herchildhooddreamwastobeanairhostess.Beforeshetookpartinthecompetition,shehadbeenanairhostessinCathayAirlineforsevenyears.However，itstilltookherthreemonthstolearntheartofwalkingonthestage,dancing,singing,making-upandotherpropermanners,designedbytheAsiaTVStation.“Itsreallyahardjobforme.Iwontenterforsuchcompetitionanymore.Anyhow,Iamquitelucky.IamalsogladtohavehadmorechancetoworkforthesocialwelfaresinceIwonthetitle.Thistime,inShanghai,IdlovetomakeadeepimpressiononmyTVaudience,saidLuoLinwithasweetsmile.Q：WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.LuoLinisanativeofShanghai.B.LuoLinmovedtoHongKongwithherparents.C.LuoLinwonthetitleofMissAsiain1991.D.AsiaTVStationhelpedLuoLintobecomeMissAsia.,解析：A、C和D都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文列的是：takentoHongKong可判断不是movedtoHongKongwithherparents，因此选B。,return,解此类题需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断。,四、词义理解题做此类题时，应尽可能地利用生词所在的上下文来猜测词义，即利用我们所熟悉的词或短语和上下文中的已知部分进行逻辑上的推理，有时还需依靠构词法。,Example1RainforestsliketheAmazonareimportantformoppingupCO2fromtheatmosphereandhelpingtoslowglobalwarming.CurrentlythetreesintheAmazontakeinaround500milliontonnesofCO2eachyear:equaltothetotalamountofCO2givingoffintheUKeachyear.QTheunderlinedphrase“moppingup”inthesecondparagraphmeans_.AcleaningupBtakinginCwipingoutDgivingout,析：这是一段介绍热带雨林吸收二氧化碳的说明文。此题猜测词义。根据CurrentlythetreesintheAmazontakeinAround500milliontonnesofCO2eachyear句中的takein可猜测正确答案为B。,Example2Towardstheevening,therecomesthegrandfinaleoftheopeningday,anextremelyexcitinghorserace.Alltheridersrunveryfastonhorseback.Someridershangoffthesideoftheirsaddles.Someevenrideupsidedown-theirlegsandfeetstraightupintheair-allatfullspeed.Q:Theunderlinedword“finale”inthefourthparagraphmostprobablymeansthe_oftheopeningday.AfirstpartBmiddleClastpartDwhole,析：这是一篇叙述文，叙述了撒哈拉节日第一天的活动。此题猜测词义。根据“final”的派生可猜测finale为”终场”的意思。因此正确答案为C。,return,练中学,I:Englishisclearlyaninternationallanguage.Itisspokenbypilotsandairportcontroloperatorsonalltheairwaysoftheworld.Over70percentoftheworldsradioprogramsareinEnglish.,本段主题句为首句,其后的内容均说明首句。,EX1Pleasefindoutthekeysentenceofthefollowingpassages.,主旨题,II.JustasIsettledowntoreadorwatchtelevision,hedemandsthatIplaywithhim.IfIgetatelephonecall,hescreamsinthebackgroundorknockssomethingover.Ialwayshavetohanguptofindoutwhatswrongwithhim.Baby-sittingwithmylittlebrotherisnofun.Herefusestoletmeeatasnackinpeace.UsuallyhewantshalfofwhateverIhavetoeat.Then,whenhefinallygrowstired,ittakesaboutanhourforhimtofallasleep.,有时段落是先介绍背景和细节，接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例，然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论。这种文章的主题句往往会在段落中间出现，但不一定就是在正中间。,练中学,Excise2:Ifyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset,thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlyattractyourattention:ColorTV,only$79.Two-daysale.Hurry.However,whenyougotothestorereadytobuy,youmaydiscoverthattheadvertisedsetsaresoldout.Butthesalesmanisquicktoreassureyouthathehasanothermodel,amorereliablesetwhichisjustrightforyou.Itcosts$359.Thissalestacticiscalledbaitandswitch.Buyersarebaitedwithasalesoffer,andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermorecostlyitem.Buyingitemsonsalerequirescarefulconsiderationofthemerchandise（商品）andthereasonsforthesale.1.Whichsentencebestexpressesthemainidea?A)Thecustomermustbeonhisguardwhenpurchasingitemsonsale.B)Colortelevisionsetswhichsellfor$79aresoldoutquickly.C)Manystoresusethebaitandswitchtechniquetoattractcustomers.D)Anyoneplanningtobuyatelevisionsetshouldlookforasale.2.Theparagraphcouldbeentitled_.A)BuyerBeawareB)CloseoutSaleC)CrimePaysD)BuyingaTVSet,作者从一则电视机的广告入手,介绍了降价推销的惯用手段,称为“baitandswitch”（廉售某种不打算出卖的商品,意在诱人购买昂贵的物品）。最后笔锋一转,点出作者的真正意图,即本段的主题句,告诫人们在购买降价商品时要警惕中圈套。,推理题exercise1Daylightsavingtime(DST)hasbeenintroducedthissummerThisyearDSTbeganonMay4.Butnextyear,“SummerTime”willbeginonthefirstSundayinApril.Clocksandothertimepiecesweresetaheadonehourat2:00AMonSunday,May4sothat2:00AMbecame3:00AM.Theyshouldturnbackonehourat2:00AMonSunday,September14.Thenewtimeisexpectedtosaveoneandahalfbillionkilowatthours（千瓦小时）ofelectricityperyearacrossthecountry.Thenewsystemcouldalsohelppeopleformthegoodhabitofgettingupandgoingtobedearly,thusraisingtheirworkandstudyefficiency(效率).DuringtheDSTperiod,theactualdeparture(发车)timeoftrainsremainsunchanged,buttheirscheduleshavebeensetonehourlate.Q:Accordingtothepassage,weknowthat_peopleshouldturntheirclocksbackonehourthatyear.A.in132daysB.in133daysC.in134daysD.in4months,解析：应根据基本的日历常识来进行推算。5月剩27天，6月30天，7月31天，8月31天，9月14天。即：27+30+31+31+14=133（天）,return,Exercise2,WhenIwassmallandmygrandmotherdied,IcouldntunderstandwhyIhadnotears.Butthatnightwhenmydadtriedtocheermeup,mylaughturnedintocrying.Soitcameasnosurprisetolearnthatresearchersbelievecryingandlaughingcomefromthesamepartofthebrain.Justaslaughinghasmanyhealthad-vantages,scientistsarediscoveringthatso,too,doescrying.Justascryingcanbehealthy,notcryingholdingbacktearsofanger,painorsuffering-canbebadforphysicalhealth.Studieshaveshownthattoomuchcontrolofemotionscanleadtohighbloodpressure,heartproblemandsomeotherillnesses.Ifyouhaveahealthproblem,doctorswillcertainlynotaskyoutocry.Butwhenyoufeellikecrying,dontfightit.Itsnatural-andhealthy-emotionalresponse.,Q:Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat_.AtherearetwowaystokeephealthyBcryingdoesmoregoodtohealththanlaughingCcryingandlaughingplaythesamerolesDemotionalhealthhasacloserelationshiptophysicalhealth,Exercise3,BabbagecontinuedhisworkinLondonforfouryears.Thenhishealthbrokedown,andhehadtotakealongholidayabroad.WhenhereturnedtoLondonin1828,hewasat