major-word-formation-(supplementary)PPT课件

1 Majorprocessesofwordformation supplementary 1 Thefeaturesofthecompounds2 Thefeaturesofprefixesandsuffixes3 Conversion4 Theclarificationofsometerms5 Exercises 2 1 GeneralFeaturesofCompounding 1 1 PhoneticfeaturesIncompounds thewordstressoccursonthefirstelement Infreephrases onthesecondelement a darkhorse adark horse oramainstressonthefirstelementandasecondarystressonthesecondelement black list whereasasecondarystressonthefirstelementandthemainstressonthesecondelement a blue pencil Butstressdoesnotalwaysfollowtherulesforcompounds E g minced meat inverted comma bottle greenalwayshavephrasestress Short sighted twoleveledstress 3 1 2 SemanticfeaturesEverycompoundshouldexpressasingleidea whichmayberelatedtobutcannotalwaysbeinferredfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts e g blackmail blueblood redmeat greenhorn greenroom darkhorse redtape hotline redcarpet workingcapital flatfoot whiteman blackstranger playboy Frenchwindow dead letter halfwayhouse ghost writer white elephant 4 1 3 GrammaticalfeaturesAcompoundtendstoplayasinglegrammaticalroleinasentence functionasaseparatelexicalunit forexample averb anoun oranadjective bad mouthusedasaverb Hebad mouthedme Inadjective nouncompounds theadjectiveelementcannottakeinflectionalsuffixes redtape 官样文章 reddesttape 最红的带子 hotline 美苏首脑联系的电话 hotterlineAcompoundshowspluralformsbytakinginflectional s attheend new borns three year olds majorgeneralsexceptions brothers in law lookers on 5 1 4 orthographicalfeature Inmostcases compoundsarewritten solid silkworm hyphenated honey beeand open teargas However theyarenotreliable flowerpot Differentorthographicalformsarelargelyapersonalpreference BritishspeakerstendtohyphenatecompoundswhileAmericansliketowritecompoundslikefreephrases 6 discussion Arethereanyruleswhenwe lluseahyphenandwhenwedon tneedto 1 Don tuseahyphenwhenacompoundhasbecomeapermanentandsolidword Theycanbefoundinthedictionary workshopclassmatefieldworkhousework 7 2 Ifit susedasanadj unitbeforeanoun thenyoumayneedtouseahyphentocombinethem Whenitappearsafteranoun hyphenshouldn tbeused brown eyedgirlfur linedcoatstone deafviolinistThegirlwasbrowneyed Thecoatwasfurlined Theviolinistwasstonedeaf 8 3 Upoundswithanumericalfirstelement Don tuseahyphenwithnumericalcompoundsusedasnouns 10 hourday20th centurynovelThe20thcenturywasaturningpoint 4 Useahyphenwhenconfusioncouldexistbetweenamodifierandtheworditmodifies alight weight greenjacketalight greenjacket 9 Reduplicativecompounds Acompoundhaseithertwoormoreidenticalorslightlydifferentelements Thesecompoundsareveryinformal goody goodypretty prettywalkie talkiecriss crosswishy washydilly dallyshilly shallytip topflip flopsee sawtick tack tock teeny weeny 10 2 Featuresofprefixes 2 1Prefixesmodifythelexicalmeaningofthebase Theydonotgenerallychangetheword classofthebase However ithasbeenfoundthattherearequiteanumberofprefixesincurrentEnglishwhichdoconvertwordstoadifferentwordword class e g be adj v becalm belittlede n v deform debugen n v enslave endanger encourageun n v unleash unearthanti n adj anti war anti aircraft antiaginginter n adj interstate inter laboratory post n adj post war postliberationpre n adj precalculus preplant prewar preschool 11 Negativeprefixes a amoralasexualuni mono bi di tri multi poly 12 2 2 FeaturesofsuffixesTheymainlychangethewordclass Theyhaveasmallsemanticrole But Child childhoodTall tallishbluish 13 icand ical Theybearadifferenceinmeaning historic al comic al economic al electrica al classic al womanlywomanishmanlyboyish 14 3 conversion AdjectivetonounWordspartiallyconverted thepoor agroupofthekind thedeceased asingleperson Wordsfullyconverted 1 Commonadjectives awhite anative 2 Participlesandothers agiven newly weds aChinese Miscellaneousconversion thehavesandhave nots analso ran anever was amust isms upsanddowns insandouts prosandcons ifsandbuts ifsandtherefores 条件和结果 howsandwhys 情况和原因 has been 15 4 Clarificationofsometerms Functionalshift Thisisamethodofturningwordsofonepartofspeechtothoseofadifferentpartofspeech Thewordsdonotchangeinmorphologicalstructure Theyarenewonlyinagrammaticalsense e g Hewasknockedoutinthefirstround Anyroundplatewilldo Somedriversroundcornerstoorapidly Thesoundgoesroundandround Helivesroundthecorner Zero derivation noadditionofanaffixwhenconversion E g single simple 16 5 Exercises 1 Analyzethefollowingcompoundwordsandexplaintheirinternalgrammaticalrelationship heartbeatboyfriendbrainwashingpeace lovingeasychair 17 2 FormcompoundsusingthefollowingeitherasthefirstorthesecondelementofthecompoundandtranslatethewordsintoChinese well work worthy mindedonce home ever relatedhalf self woman in law 18 3 TranslatethefollowingcompoundingnounsintoChinese 1 greenbeltgreengrocergreenhorngreenhousegreenroomgreenthumbgreenhand2 runningmaterunninghandrunningheadrunningboard 19 3 sleepingbagsleepingcarsleepingpillsleepingpartner4 alion ssharepigtailcat spawdog earass kisserfox ssleepdog ssleep 20 4 TranslatethefollowingintoEpoundsofthenoun adj type1 齐肩高的2 防水的3 无忧无虑的4 漆黑的5 疲惫不堪的6 晶莹剔透的7 齐腰深的8 海洋绿的9 完全聋的10 栩栩如生的Keys 1 shoulder high2 watertight3 carefree4 pitch dark5 dog tired6 crystal clear7 waist deep8 oceangreen9 stone deaf10 lifelike 21 1 areboundmorphemesbecausetheycannotbeusedasseparatewords A RootsB StemsC AffixesD Compounds2 Themeaningsofmanycompoundsandderivativesarethetotalofthecombined A morphsB allomorphsC rootsD morphemes 22 3 Whenweuse agreenhand tomean aninexperiencedperson ablackhorse tomean anunexpectedwinner weshouldreadthemas A agreen hand a blackhorseB a greenhand a blackhorseC agreen hand ablack horseD a greenhand ablack horse 23 4 Sometimes themeaningofacompoundcanbeinferredfromitsseparateelements forexample A hotdogB redmeatC flowerpotD fathead 24 5 Thefollowingcanbechangedintopluralformsbyaddinginflectional sdirectlytotheirends except A brother in lawB three year oldC majorgeneralD new born 25 6 Whichofthefollowingstatementsisfalse A Conversionreferstotheuseofwordsofoneclassasthatofadifferentclass B Wordsmainlyinvolvedinconversionarenouns verbsandadverbs C Partialconversionandfullconversionareconcernedwithadjectiveswhenconvertedtonouns D Theconversionbetweennounsandverbsmayinvolveachangeofstress 26 7 P