川大学高分子材料加工工程专业外语 纯英文.docx

川大学高分子材料加工工程专业外语polyethylene 聚乙烯 polypropylene 聚丙烯polyisobutene 聚异丁烯 polybutadiene 聚-1,4丁二烯polyisoprene 聚-1,4异戊二烯 polystyrene 聚苯乙烯polyvinyl chloride polymer 聚氯乙烯 polytetrafluoroethylene 聚四氟乙烯polyvinyl acetate 聚乙酸乙烯酯 polyvinyl alcohol 聚乙烯醇polyacrylonitrile 聚丙烯腈 PolymethylMethacrylate 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯Polymaleic anhydride 聚马来酸酐polyethylene glycol terephthalate 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯Polyamide 66 聚己二酸己二酰胺Polyformaldehyde 聚甲醛 Epoxy resin 环氧树脂Phenol Formaldehyde 酚醛树脂 Polyurethane 聚氨酯Polyimide 聚酰亚胺 Polycarbonate 聚碳酸酯Polyphenylene sulfide 聚苯硫醚Materialpolyethylene聚乙烯 polypropylene聚丙烯 polyamide(聚酰胺)尼龙, polyester聚酯polystyrene聚苯乙烯polycarbonate聚碳酸酯, polyvinylchloride聚氯乙烯,polymethylmethacrylate（PMMA）有机玻璃聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯synthesis合成,polymerization聚合, catalyst催化剂,chemicalreactivity化学反应性, monomer单体单体结构thermoplastic热塑性塑料,thermoset热固性塑料,elastomer弹性体2.Structuredoublebond双键, repeatunit重复单元, conformation构象configuration构型 pendantgroup侧基, branchchain支链,coil线团 numberaveragemolecularweight数均分子量intermolecularattraction分子间的吸引力,hydrogenbonding氢键,entanglement纠缠、纠结,orientation取向amorphous非晶,crystalline晶区, crosslinked交联的nucleation成核,foldedchainmodel折叠连模型,sphereulite球晶blend混合, composite复合, morphology形态,Composition组成,component组分, matrixphase聚集相Infraredspectroscopy红外吸收光谱法differentialscanningcalorimetry差示扫描量热法 X-raydiffractionX射线衍射3.Propertyglasstransitiontemperature玻璃化转变温度,meltingpoint熔点,decomposition分解, degradation降解,thermalstability热稳定性,coefficientofthermalexpansion热膨胀系数impacttoughness冲击韧性,tensilestrength抗张强度,reinforcement强化, meltindex熔融指数modulus模数,stress-straincurve应力-应变曲线,elongationatbreak断裂伸长率,deformation变形creep蠕变,stressrelaxation应力松弛, annealing退火shear-thinning/thickening剪切稀释/增稠pseudoplastic假塑性体,viscoelasticity粘弹性4.Processingtwin-screwextruders双螺杆挤出机injectionmolding注塑die冲模,mold模,cavity型腔processingaids/additives加工助剂,filler填料melt,熔融plasticizing塑化,solidify固化Becauseofthecloseconnectionbetweenthetermsresins,plastics,andpolymers,theyaresometimesusedinterchangeably,althoughcorrectlyusedtherearedifferences.Tosummarize,polymersareanymaterialmadeupofmolecularchains;plasticsaresynthetic,long-chainpolymersthatcanbeorhavebeenshaped;andresinsaresolidsorliquidsthataresubsequentlyshapedintoaplasticpart.因为树脂、塑料、和聚合物这些术语之间密切的联系,它们有时可以互换使用,虽然准确地使用有差异。总之,聚合物是由分子链构成的物质,塑料是合成的,长链的可以成形的聚合物,而树脂是以后可以形成一个塑料零件的固体或液体高聚物。Thecomplexityinpolymersarisesbecausesolidpolymericmaterialscanexist,intwoverydistincttypesofstructure.Inonetype,thepolymermoleculesarerandomlycoiledabouteachotherwithentanglement.Thisstructuretypeiscalledamorphous.Inthesecondtype,thepolymermoleculescanpacktogetherintoregular,repeatingstructuralpatterns.Theseregularlypackedregionsarecalledcrystalsorcrystallineregions.在聚合物的复杂性的产生是因为固体聚合物材料可以存在于两个非常不同的类型的结构中。在一个类型的结构中,聚合物分子随机盘绕互相纠缠，这种结构类型被称为非晶。在第二个类型的结构中、聚合物分子可以折叠成常规,重复的结构模式，这些结构区域经常被称为晶体或晶区。Themostimportant(butnottheonly)featureofapolymerthatdetermineswhetheritwillbeamorphousorcrystallineistheshapeofthepolymerrepeatunit.Iftherepeatunitiscomplex,especiallywithlargependantgroups,thepolymercannotpacktightlytogetherandwillbeamorphous.Someofthemostcommonamorphouspolymersarepolystyrene,acrylic,polycarbonate,andmostcopolymers.最重要的(但不是唯一的)决定一种聚合物是否是非晶态或晶态的一个重要特征是聚合物重复单位的形状。如果重复单位是复杂的,尤其是有大侧基,聚合物不能紧紧的折叠在一起,即是非晶态。一些最常见的非晶态高分子聚合物有聚苯乙烯、丙烯、聚碳酸酯和大多数共聚物。Inadditiontothesestructuralfactors,thecrystallinityofpolymersalsodependsuponmoldingorprocessingconditions.Crystallizationinpolymerstakestimetooccur.Therefore,factorssuchascoolingratecanhavestronginfluencesontheamountofthematerialthatcrystallizes,sincebelowcertaintemperaturesthereisnotsufficientmolecularmotiontoallowthemoleculestorearrangeintoaclosepackingconfiguration.除了这些结构性的本质因素之外，聚合物的结晶度还取决于成型或加工条件。聚合物的结晶需要时间。因此,冷却速率等因素可以对材料的结晶度产生很大影响影响,因为在一定的温度以下分子运动将减小到不足以使分子链重新排列一个紧密的折叠晶体构型。Mostpolymermaterialshavesomecharacteristicsthataresimilartoviscousliquidsandsomethataresimilartoelasticsolids.Thesematerialsarethereforeknownasviscoelastic.Viscoelasticmaterialscanbeeitherliquidorsolid,althoughthedistinctionbetweenliquidsandsolidsinthesematerialsisnotaclearone.Thetimedependenceofviscoelasticmaterialsisanimportantconsiderationthatsignificantlyaffectstheirbehavior.Mostpolymerviscoelasticliquidsexhibitshear-thinning,andmanyarethixotropic.大多数聚合物材料有一些特征,既类似于粘性液体又跟弹性固体相似。因此这些材料的这种性质被称为粘弹性。粘弹性材料可以是液体或固体,尽管液体和固体的区别在这些材料中并不明确。这些粘弹性材料的时间依赖性的是一个重要的考虑因素,很大程度上影响材料的性质。大多数聚合物粘弹性液体表现剪切稀释特性,而且许多是触变。Theviscousnatureofapolymersolidcanbeassociatedwithlongrangemovements.Theviscousmaterialwillmovemorefreelythananelasticsolidwhenaforceisimposed,andalltheenergyinputintothematerialmaynotbereturnedbecauseofpermanentdeformationsorthecreationofinternalheating.Thelongrangemovementsrequiremoreenergytoactivatethandotheshortrangemovements.Hence,aboveacertainlevelofinternalenergy,thebehaviorofthematerialwillmorelikelybedominatedbylongrangemovements,andbelowthischaracteristicenergylevel,thematerialwillexhibitonlyshort-rangemovements.聚合物固体的粘性与协同运动有关。当施加力的时候粘性材料将比弹性固体材料运动的更加自由,所有输入材料的能量将不能返回来全部被吸收，用于使粘性材料产生永久变形或产生内能的增加。协同运动比短程运动需要更多的能量来激发。因此,超过一定水平的内部能量，材料的行为将更倾向于分子链的协同动作,低于这一特定能级,材料会只展出分子内琏段的短程运动。Themolecularinterpretationofelasticandplasticbehavioristhatintheelasticregionthestrainresultsfromrecoverablemovement-stretchingoutofthetwistedmoleculesintheamorphousregionsandminordeformationsinthecrystallineregions.Attheyieldpoint,nonrecoverablemovementsbeginthatresultinpermanentdeformation.Someofthemostcommonaredisentanglementofthemolecules,slipofonemoleculepastanotherinawaythattheslipcouldnotberecovered,slipalongacrystalplane,andformationofacrack.弹性和塑性行为的分子水平的解释就是，在弹性区，应变来自于在非晶区和小变形的结晶区的分子的可恢复的伸展和扭曲。在屈服点,不可恢复的运动开始,导致永久变形。最常见有分子解缠,不可恢复的分子间滑动，沿晶面滑移,形成一个裂缝。Highmolecularweightfavorshightoughness.Thisresultsfromthecombinationofhigherstrengthandbettersharingoftheimpactforcealongthepolymerchainbycausingmoreatomstorotate,vibrate,andstretchtoabsorbtheenergyoftheimpact.Crystallinitygiveshigherstrengthbutlowertoughnessunlessthenatureofthebackbonechanges.Crosslinkingofabrittlepolymerwillusuallydecreasetoughnessbecauseoftheincreasedlimitationofmotionwithinthepolymermasscausedbytheintermolecularbonds.高分子量与高韧性城正比。这个是由高强度的分子间结合，和通过沿着聚合物链引起更多的原子旋转,震动,并延伸来吸收能量吸收冲击的能量，以更好的分担冲击力导致的。结晶度可以导致高强度同时降低韧性，除非分子链的主链改变。脆性聚合物的交联通常会降低韧性，因为分子间键会增加聚合物运动的限制。Thedifferencesbetweenthecommoditythermoplasticsarisefromthedifferencescausedbythesubstitutionofonefunctionalgroup(atom)onthecarbon-carbondoublebond.Oneofthemostimportanteffectsissteric,thatis,theconsequencesofdifferencesinthesizeofthefunctionalgroups.Whenthefunctionalgroupsaresmall(suchashydrogen),littlesterichindrance(interferencebecauseofsize)isencountered.Withoutsterichindrancethepolymersarerelativelyfreetorotate,bend,andpacktogether.不同商品热塑性塑料之间的差异是由碳碳双键上的取代基官能团(原子)导致的。其中最重要的影响是空间,即不同取代基大小的差异导致。当官能团很小(比如氢),遭到的是小位阻(干扰因为大小)。如果没有位阻，聚合物会相对自由旋转,弯曲,并且混合在一起。Themajorityofengineeringthermoplasticsaresimilarinmanyrespects.Theyaregenerallystrongandhave,ahighusetemperature,goodimpactstrength,gooddimensionalstabilityoverawiderangeoftemperatures,generallygoodresistancetoenvironmentalconditions,andaremuchmoremoldablethanthemetal,ceramic,orwoodpartsthattheyoftenreplace.Mostengineeringresinscanalsobemadeintofibers,films,andcoatings,whichisbeyondthecapabilityofmostmetals.大部分的工程热塑性塑料在许多方面是相似的。他们通常具有高的强度,使用温度,良好的冲击强度、在很宽的温度范围内良好的尺寸稳定性,较好的耐环境条件的性质,比它们所经常替代的金属、陶瓷、或木制品可塑性好得多。大多数工程树脂也可以被制成纤维,胶片,和涂料,这超出了大部分金属的性能。Inadditiontotheshapingofparts,extrusionisthemostefficientandwidelyusedmethodformeltingplasticresinaspartoftheprocessofaddingormixingfillers,colorants,andotheradditivesintothemoltenplastic.Extrusioncanbeusedtoshapethepartdirectlyafterthismixingoranextrudercanbeusedasthemeltingdevicethatiscoupledwithothershapingprocesses.Whenusedfordirectshaping,ashapingdeviceortoolisplaceddirectlyontheendoftheextrusionmachine(extruder)andtheprocessiscalledextrusionmolding.除了铸塑零件以外,挤出成型是最有效的和广泛使用的把塑料树脂制成零件的方法,在融化过程要中添加或混合填料、着色剂、和其它添加剂到熔融塑料。挤出成型可以在混合后直接成型零件，或挤出机可以用作熔化装置,再加上其他成形过程。当用于直接成型,成形设备或工具是直接放在挤出机最后面的,这个过程叫做挤压成型。Innormalplasticsextrusion,plasticsgranulesorpelletsandanyothermaterialstobemixedwiththemarefedintoahopperattachedtotheextrusionmachine.Fromthehopperthematerialfallsthroughfeedthroatontotheextrusionscrew.Thisscrew,whichturnsinsidetheextruderbarrel,conveystheplasticforwardintoaheatedregionwherethecombinationofexternalheatingandheatingfromfrictionmeltstheplastic.Thescrewmovesthemoltenplasticforwarduntilitexitsthroughaholeintheendoftheextruderbarrel.在正常的塑料挤出成型中，塑料颗粒或球和其他材料混合着被送入一个附加到挤压机上的漏斗中。通过漏斗材料从下料口落入挤出螺杆。这个螺杆在挤出机管道内旋转,将塑料向前传送到加热区，在这个区域外部加热和摩擦生热结合起来将塑料熔化。螺杆将熔融塑料向前传动,直到它从挤出管道最后面一个洞中被挤出。Theextruderscrewhasseveralimportantfunctionstoperformsuchas(1)conveyingtheresinthroughtheextruder,(2)impartingmechanicalenergyaspartofthemeltingprocess,(3)mixingingredientstogether,(4)buildingpressureintheextrudersothattheresinwillbepushedthroughthedie.Onemajordevelopmentinscrewdesignisthecreationoftwin-screwextruders,inwhichtwoscrewsoperatetogethertoachieveuniqueperformancecharacteristics.挤出机螺杆有几个重要的功能要执行，比如(1)输送树脂通过挤出机、(2)提供熔化过程能量的一部分-机械能,(3)将配料混合在一起,(4)在挤出机中制造压力,以便推动树脂通过模具。在螺杆设计上一个主要的发展是创造双螺杆挤出机,两个螺杆一起运作实现独特的性能特征。Incontrasttotheextrusionprocess,whichmakescontinuouspartsofconstantcrosssection,injectionmoldingmakesdiscretepartsthatcanhavecomplexandvariablecrosssectionsaswellasarangeofsurfacetexturesandcharacteristics.Thewidevarietyinthetypesofpartsthatcanbemadebyinjectionmoldingisakeyreasonthatmoreinjectionmoldingmachinesareusedforplasticsprocessingthananyothertypeofmoldingequipment.Almostallthermoplasticsandsomethermosetscanbeinjectionmolded,thusaddingtotheflexibilityoftheprocess.与能形成连续零件和稳定截面的挤出成型相比,注塑成型使独立的零件,可以有复杂多变的截面以及一系列的表面纹理和特点。通过注射成型可以制造各种各样的类型的零件，是注塑机器比任何其他类型的成型设备更多的用于塑料加工一个关键的原因。几乎所有的热塑性塑料、一部分热固性塑料可以通过注塑成型,这样就使加工的灵活性大大增加。Anotherimportantreasonforthepopularityofinjectionmoldingisthatpartsarehighlyrepeatable;thatis,thepartscanbemadewithverylittlepart-to-partvariation.Furthermore,injectionmoldingishighlyautomatablewithlittlepostmoldingfinishingrequiredinmostpartsandhighoutputrates,solaborcostscanbeonlyasmallportionofthepartcost.注射成型大受欢迎的另一个重要的原因是,加工的零件是高度可重复的;也就是说,制造的零件零件间的变差可以很小。此外,注射成型是高度可自动化的，只需要很少的大部分零件所需的后成型加工，并且有很高的产出率,所以劳动力成本可以可以只占零件成本的一小部分。Ininjectionmolding,aplasticismeltedandthenforcedintothecavityofaclosedmold,whichgivesshapetotheplastic.Aftersufficienttimefortheplasticparttosolidify(usuallybycooling),themoldisopenedandthepartisremoved.在注塑成型中，塑料被融化,然后被强行注入使塑料成型的封闭的模具的型腔,。经过充分的时间使塑料零件凝固(通常通过冷却),模具打开和零件取出。聚合物可以分为天然聚合物和合成聚合物。Thepolymerscanbefurtherdividedintonaturalpolymersandsyntheticpolymers.大分子链的长度是决定大分子间相互作用的本质的关键因素。ThelengthofMacromolecularchainisthekeyfactortodecidetheintermolecularattractionbetweenmacromoleculars.常常称为通用塑料的树脂有聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯及这些基础树脂的各种改性产品。Someofthemostcommonplasticsarepolyethylene,polypr