某些名词的复数或加后缀s后的意义变化.doc

名词的复数或加后缀s的意义变化1. 由动词转化来的行为抽象名词常可以转化为可数名词被事件化或物化.而成为可数名词，常用其复数。如:(1) experience-experiences 经验-经历Generally speaking, the human race has the information and experience to do this.一般说来,人类有知识和经验作这件事.The interview went on well and I told the company my experiences.面试进行顺利,我向公司讲述了我的经历.Our journey by camel was quite an experience.我们骑骆驼的旅行真是一次了不起的经历.(2) exercise-exercises 锻炼-练习,操练They eat too much fat and sugar and dont take enough exercise.他们食用太多的糖和脂肪,而且锻炼不够.In competitions women perform some of their exercises to music.在比赛中她们和着音乐完成一些动作.(3) relation-relations 关系-交往活动The relation between wages and prices is important.物价与工资间的关系是重要的.Manners are important to happy relations among people.人与人之见的交往活动中礼貌是重要的.(4) congratulation-congratulations 祝贺-道喜Dont waste time on self-congratulation; there is still work to do.不要浪费时间自我恭维,还有工作要做.“Hooray!” shouted Class 3 “Well done, everyone! Congratulations ,Lin Tao!” “乌拉!”三班的同学们叫嚷道, “好球,同学们!林涛,祝贺你们.”greetings, thanks, wishes, praises, regards, cheers, many happy returns,等常用复数形式表示友好,问候,祝愿用语.(5) explanation-explanations 解释-解释(的语言,内容)What did he say in explanation of his lateness?对他的迟到他作何解释?English lessons are broadcast every day on the radio with explanations in English and other languages.每天电台上播出的英语课程都有用英语或其它语言所作的讲解.(6) instruction-instructions 教导-教导(的内容)Hes not trained, but still under instruction.他还没有训练出来,继续受训.Follow your teachers instructions.按你的老师的话去做.(7) contribution-contributions 贡献-贡献(的业绩)Payment is by contribution.按贡献付给报酬.Before he died, he was honored in a number of ways for his contributions to the film industry.在他逝世之前,他由于在电影事业方面所作出的贡献获得多项荣誉.(8) objection-objections 反对-反对(的言语)To the suggestion that he gave in to the treatment, however, Mr Edison showed a strong objection.然而,对他要接受治疗的建议,爱迪生表示出一种强烈的反对.You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.你胆子真大,敢再会上唱反调.preparation-preparations, repair-repairs,等都有类似的变化用法.(9) possession- possessions 拥有-拥有(的财产)Does the possession of wealth bring happiness?拥有财富会带来幸福吗?Kooris do not believe in owing possessions or land.古利人不相信占有财产和土地那一套.savings, expenses, belongings, damages, funds, riches, stores, debts, goods, costs, supplies. ( supply -a supply of nicotine, enough supply of electricity, Toms father cut off the supplies.)( in support of somebody-prices supports价外补贴)这些表示财产,金钱等的词语常如此.(10) pain-pains 痛苦-努力 The boy was in pain after he broke his arm.那个男孩折断了手臂,痛苦不堪.No pains, no gains.没有努力就没有收获.(11) effortefforts 努力-努力 He is strong enough to lift the heavy box without effort. 他力气大不费力就提起了这个重箱子. His efforts were successful. 他的努力是成功的.(12) attraction un. 吸引力, 吸引 cn. 指吸引人的事物 The film has little attraction for young people.这部电影对年轻人没有吸引力。 What are the chief attractions of tonights performance? 今晚上演出的主要看点是什么？2. 某些不可数名词的复数形式词义变化很大.如:(1) value-values 价值-价值观Instead they are writing once more about things that are common for everyone: feeling alone in the modern society, the values of having good friends and so on.而现在他们再一次写常人常事-现代社会的孤独感,交上好朋友的价值,等等.Some writers are no longer writing about the modern values of the USA-money, success or expensive things to buy.歌曲作者不再写美国的价值观-金钱,成功或购买昂贵物品.(2) condition-conditions (自身的)条件-(外界的)条件You can improve your condition by running everyday.你可以通过天天跑步增强体质.Coral needs certain conditions to live.珊瑚生长需要一定的条件.(3) interest-interests 兴趣-兴趣,利润Talk about a visit to a place of interest near your home or school谈谈到你家或学校附近的名胜游览的事.He shows a great interest in this subject.他对这题目有浓厚的兴趣.Flower arrangement is one of her many interests.插花是她的诸多爱好之一.He traveled in Asia in the interests of a business firm.为了公司的利益他奔波在亚洲.I still have large business interests.我还有很大的商业利润.(4) word-words 消息，诺言，口令-话语I just got word he is not coming this evening.我刚得到消息说他今晚上要来.Upon my word, Ill land you safe in Liverpool我保证,我要把你们安全送到利物浦.He gave the word and they let him in.他答出了口令,他们把他让进去. Before I could get in a word he had measured me.我还没来得及开口他就给我量了身材.(5) appearance-appearances 出现-外表My appearance at the party was not very welcome.我在聚会上不大受欢迎.Dont judge by appearances.不要以貌取人.look-looks, spirit-spirits, air-airs, expression-expressions, feeling-feelings, time-times,等等都属于此类情况.(6) brain-brains 大脑-脑子(智慧)The brain is the center of higher nervous activity.大脑是高级神经活动的中心.For those who work with their brains most of the day, the practice of such skills is especially useful.对那些以脑力劳动为主的人,这种训练活动尤其有用.He wants brains.他不聪明.(7) right-rights 权利They have no right to vote.他们没有选举权.There black people had equal rights and were more free to live.在那里黑人享有平等的权利而且更自由地生活.(8) part-parts 部分-地区BBC English is part of the BBC World Service.BBC英语是英国广播公司的组成部分.In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at another person.在亚洲的一些地区人们不可以坐着把脚对着别人.(9) mean-means 中间,中部;中庸-办法,工具,手段;财产;财力;收入We must strike a mean and find a house thats not too big or too small. 我们得采取折衷办法,找一所不太大也不太小的房子。 It is all a means to an end. 这只是达到目的的一种手段。 He is living beyond his means. 他入不敷出。 They talk a great deal by this means.用这种方式他们大量交流.All possible means have been tried without any result.所有的办法都试了.毫无结果.与means一样的单复数同形的名词如 :works (工厂)等.3. 物质名的复数形式含有“极大的量”或“域”的概念.(1) water-waters Still waters run deep.大智若愚.(2) rock-rocksIt took us a long time to get over the rocks.我们花很长时间才翻过悬崖.(3) ruin-ruinsThe ruins were soon covered by thick forests.废墟很快被森林覆盖.(4) flood-floods 洪水The town was destroyed by the floods after the storm.这座小镇被风暴后的洪水毁了.sands, woods, wastes, mountains, remains, ashes,等都表示类似的意义.(5) chain-chains 链条-锁链Born a freeman, he was now in chains.出生时是自由人,现在戴上了镣铐.take turns, take sides, take up arms, 等用法中的名词复数与此类似.4还有一些名词的复数会产生意义变化: advice建议 advices行情; dama