Aunifyingviewofthebasisofsocialcognition中文译文.doc

A unifying(联合的) view of the basis（基础） of social cognitionVittorio Gallese1, Christian Keysers1,2 and Giacomo Rizzolatti1Department系 of Neuroscience, Section章节 of Physiology生理学, University of Parma, ItalyBCN Neuroimaging神经影像 Center, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, Groningen, The NetherlandsIn this article we provide a unifying neural hypothesis on how individuals understand the actions and emotions of others. 在这篇文章中我们对个体是如何理解别人的行动和感情的这一现象提供了一种联合的神经学的假设。Our main claim is that the fundamental基本的 mechanism机械装置 at the basis of the experiential经验的 understanding of others actions is the activation激活 of the mirror 镜子neuron system. 我们的主要观点是，用来理解别人的行为基本装置是“mirror neuron system”（镜像神经系统）的激活.A similar mechanism, but involving the activation of viscero发动机-motor centers, underlies在。之下 the experiential understanding of the emotions of others.理解别人的情感的基本装置是一种相似的装置，但它包含一个“viscera-motor centers”（ “内脏发动机中心”）。Humans are an exquisitely精致 social species物种. Our survival and success depends crucially至关重要的 on our ability to thrive茁壮成长 in complex social situations. One of the most striking突出的features of our experience of others is its intuitive凭直觉感知的 nature.This implicit含蓄的，不言说的 grasp抓住，领会 of what other people do or feel will be the focus of our review回顾. We will posit假定 that, in our brain,there are neural mechanisms (mirror mechanisms) that allow us to directly understand the meaning of the actions and emotions of others by internally replicating复制 (simulat-simulating) them without any explicit明确的 reective mediation调解. 我们假定，在我们的脑中，有神经装置允许我们通过在没有任何明确调解的前提下直接理解别人的行为的和情感的含义。Conceptual reasoning is not necessary for this understanding. 概念推理对于这种理解并不是必要的。As human beings, of course, we are able to reason about others and to use this capacity能力 to understand other peoples minds at the conceptual，declarative？声明的 level. 作为人类，我们能够推出别人（的行为或情感），我们当然可以用这种能力在概念的、陈述的水平上来理解别人。Here we will argue, however, that the fundamental mechanism that allows us a direct experiential grasp of the mind of others is not conceptual reasoning but direct simulation模仿 of the observed events through the mirror mechanism. 然而，这里我们要提出的是，允许我们根据经验的直接领会别人的心理活动的重要装置不是概念的推理，而是通过镜像装置对被观察到的事件的直接模仿。 The novelty新颖性 of our approach（。的方法） consists in providing for the rst time a neurophysiological account解释 of the experiential（经验的0） dimension尺寸，度量 of both action and emotion understanding.我们的研究方法的新颖性包括：对依据经验的对于行为和情感的理解首次提供了神经科学上的解释。What makes social interactions so different from our perception观念 of the inanimate（使。没有生命） world is that we witness目击 the actions and emotions of others, but we also carry out拿出去similar actions and we experience similar emotions. 使得我们的社会互动如此不同于我们对于无机世界的观念的是，我们看到别人的行为和情感，但我们也采取相似的行为并且经历相似的情感。There is something shared分享的 between our rst- and third-person experience经验 of these phenomena: the observer and the observed are both individuals endowed资助的 with a similar brainbody脑-身 system. 在第一人称视角的经验与第三人称视角的经验之间有共通的部分：观察者与被观察者都在应用一个相似的身心系统（mirror neuron system？）A crucial重要的 element元素 of social cognition is the brains capacity容量 to directly link the rst- 第一人称and third-第三人称person experiences体验 of these phenomena (i.e. link I do and I feel with he does and he feels). 社会认知的一个重要因素是这些现象中大脑将第一、第三人称视角经验联系起来的能力。（例如，将我做和我想与他做和他想联系起来）We will dene this mechanism装置 simulation.模仿我们将这种装置定义为模仿In the rst part of this review we will show that in the case of actions, simulation is based on a neural system responding回应 both when we execute处决 a particular goal-directed目标导向的 action and when we observe someone else performing表现出 a similar action (mirror neuron system). 在第一部分我们将展示行为方面的案例，模仿基于神经系统，在我们实际执行目标导向的行为以及我们观察某人表现相似的行为时，它都会有回应。In the second part, we will show that a similar mirroring mechanism, bridging？桥，连接 rst- and third-person experiences，also exists for emotions.第二部分，我们将展示，在情感方面也存在一个相似的装置将第一第三视角经验连接起来。Action understanding: cognitive and motor mechanisms 行为理解：认知和发动装置The conventional依照传统的 conceptual观念的，概念的approach for understanding actions performed by others is to consider seen actions in a similar way to all other visual stimuli.传统观念中理解别人表现出的行为的方法就是按照与看待其他视觉刺激的方式相似的方式.Let us imagine a boy throwing stones into a river: the visual system describes the boy, the stone, the river, the movement of his arm, and the ying of the stones. The integration of all these separate elements produces the neural input to a central conceptual system that will interpret and assign meaning to the visual representation (e.g. see Fodor 1,2).让我们想象In recent years, a different proposal提议 has been advanced提前了on how others actions can be understood. 近些年来，一种就“别人的行为何以被理解”的新的提议日趋高昂。This proposal is mostly based on the discovery of a set of neurons calledmirror neurons. 这种提议建立在对于镜像神经元的发现之上These neurons, originally found in the Ventral腹侧的 Premotor（运动前区）cortex 皮层(area F5) of the macaque monkey（猕猴）,respond both when the monkey performs a particular goal-directed action, and when it observes another individual performing a similar action 3,4.这些神经元，最初是在猕猴的前运动皮层腹侧（F5区）发现的，这些神经元在猴子执行一种目标导向的行动以及当它观察里一个个体执行相似的行动时都会有所反应。%Mirror neurons are a particular class of visuo-motor neurons, originally discovered in a sec-tor of the ventral premotor cortex of monkeys,called area F5 (REFS 10,11).Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L. & Gallese, V.%直方图单位 纵坐标 spikes/s 尖峰放电 闪电强波 横坐标 s（左至右增大）Figure 1.Example of a monkey F5 mirror neuron responding to action observation in full vision (a) and hidden (b) conditions. 例：一只猴子的f5镜像神经元在完全可以看到的条件下和部分内容被隐藏的条件下对行动观察都有所反应。The lower part of each panel illustrates the experimenters action as observed from the monkeys vantage point: 每个仪表板的较低部分暗示从猴子的优势眼观察到的实验者的行动。the experimenters hand starting from a fixed position, moving toward an object and grasping it (a,b), or mimicking grasping, also either in full vision(c) or hidden conditions (d). 实验者的手从一个固定位置开始，向一个物体移动并且抓住它，或者模仿抓的动作。这两种都是在完全可以看到的条件下和部分内容被隐藏的条件下进行的。In these last two conditions the monkey observed the same movements as in (a) and (b), but without the target object. 在这些后面的两种条件下，猴子观察和a和b中同样的运动，但是没有目标导向。The gray square on the right in (b) and (d) represents the opaque sliding screen that prevented the monkey from seeing the experimenters action performed behind it. B与d中的右侧灰色区域表示阻止猴子看到其后面的实验者的行动的不透明的滑动屏幕。A metallic frame was interposed between experimenter and monkey in all conditions. 在所有条件下一个金属框架都被设置于实验者和猴子之间。The asterisk indicates the location of a marker on this frame. 星号表示这个框架上的标记位置。In hidden conditions (b,d), the experimenters hand started disappearing from the monkeys vision when crossing the marker position. 在隐藏的条件下（b.d），在穿过标记位置时，实验者的手开始从猴子的视线中消失。The upper part of each panel shows raster displays and histograms of ten consecutive（连续的） trials recorded during the experimenters hand movement. 仪表板的偏上的部分表示光栅显示器和在实验者的手运动过程中记录的十次连续的实验的直方图。Above each raster, kinematic recordings (colored traces) of the experimenters hand are shown. 在每个直方图上方，实验者的手的运动学记录（彩色的痕迹）被展示出来。The illustrated neuron responded to the observation of grasping and holding in full vision (a) and in the hidden condition (b). 有注释的神经元对全视觉及部分视觉条件下的抓握动作的观察都有反应。However, the neuron response was virtually absent in the two conditions in which the observed action was mimed (c,d). 但是，这种神经元的反应在被观察到的行为是模拟的这种条件下事实上消失了。Histograms bin width 1/420 ms. 直方图宽度1/420 ms，Ordinates: spikes.s K1 ; Abscissae: time. Reproduced with permission from 5.%【相似实验】%The core核 of the proposal提议 is that the observation of an action leads to the activation of parts of the same cortical皮层的 neural network网络that is active活跃的during its execution执行. 这个提议的关键是，对于行为的观察这一活动导致了执行相同行为时会被激活的同一皮层的神经网络的激活。The observer understands the action because he know its outcomes输出 when he does it. 观察者理解行为因为他知道在他做这件事的时候它的结果。Action understanding does not depend, according to this view, on the activation of visual representations表征 (an activation obviously present) followed by their Interpretation解释 by the central conceptual system, but by the penetration 渗透of visual information into the experiential 根据经验的(rst person) motor发动 knowledge of the observer.根据这种观点，行为理解并不依赖于他们经由中心概念系统解释后的视觉表征的激活（显著表现出的激活），而是通过视觉信息对于观察者的根据经验的（第一人称视角）发动知识的“渗透”。Evidence for motor involvement牵连 in action understanding: monkey data 行为理解中的发动牵连的证据：猴子数据In addition to previous evidence (see above), the proposed link between action understanding and observers motor activation激活 was recently supported by two studies on mirror neuron properties性能. 除了先前的证据，被提出的在行为理解与观察者的发动激活之间的关系最近得到两项镜像神经元性能研究的支持。In both of them, 在这两项研究中the activity of F5 mirror neurons was studied in conditions in which the monkey could understand the meaning of the occurring action, but had no access to the visual features that typically显著性的 trigger引发，触发 mirror neurons. F5区的镜像神经元在猴子可以理解出现的行为的含义但没有机会接触可以显著的引发f5区的视觉特征。在这两项研究中，f5区镜像神经元是在猴子可以理解呈现的行为的含义的条件下进行的，但没有机会接触可以显著的激活f5区的视觉特征。If mirror neurons mediate调解 action understanding, one should also expect期待 their activation激活 in these conditions, reecting反映 the meaning含义of the observed action.如果镜像神经元调解行为理解，那么，就也应该期待在这些条件下的他们的激活，这种激活反映了被观察到的行为的含义。In the rst study, mirror neurons were tested in two conditions: in one, the monkey could see the entire action (e.g. a hand grasping action); in the other, the same action was presented but its nal critical part, that is the handobject interaction, was hidden by a screen (Figure 1).在第一项研究中，镜像神经元是在两种条件下被测试的：其中一项中，猴子可以看见全部的行为（例如：一只手的“抓”动作）；在另一项研究中，同一种行为被表现出来但是其最后的关键部分，是手物互动被屏幕所隐藏了。Thus, in the hidden condition the monkey only knew that the object was present behind the screen. 所以，在隐藏条件下，猴子只是知道物体在屏幕后面。The results showed that more than half of the recorded neurons also responded in the hidden condition 5.结果显示超过一半的被记录的神经元对于隐藏条件下的实验也有所反应。In the second study, F5 mirror neurons were recorded when the monkey saw and heard executed执行的 noisy actions (e.g. breaking peanuts, tearing sheets of paper apart), only saw, or only heard the same actions performed by another individual (Figure 2).Figure 2. Responses of two neurons selectively activated by action-related sounds (e.g. breaking peanuts, ripping paper).对与行为相联系的声音存在选择性激活的两种神经元的反应。（例如，砸花生，撕纸）Responses to two different actions for each neuron are shown, with the action triggering the most activation in blue. 所示的每种神经元对不同行为的反应，行为触发了绝大部分蓝色表示的激活。VCS, vision plus sound condition; V, vision-only condition; S, sound-only condition; M, motor condition, in which the monkey touched the object. VCS，视觉加上声音条件；V,只有视觉条件；S，只有声音条件；M，发动条件，猴子碰到了物体。The vertical black lines indicate either the time when the sound would have occurred (V) or the moment the monkey touched the object (M). 垂直的黑线表示要么是声音会出现的时刻（V），要么是猴子接触了物体的时刻。Traces（痕迹） under the spike（钉）-density（密度） functions（功能） in the sound-only conditions are oscillograms（波形图） of the sounds（声音） played back. spike-density函数下面的痕迹是在只有声音条件下的播放出来的声音的波形图。Modied（修良的） with permission许可 from 6. 在第二项研究中，f5区镜像神经元在猴子看到或听到行动被执行时被记录。Like all F5 mirror neurons, the mirror neurons in this study had motor properties and red during execution执行eksikju:t of those actions, the observation of which also triggered their activation. 正如f5区所有的镜像神经元，这项研究中的镜像神经元具有发动性能，并在执行这些行为时被激活，对于这些行为的观察也触发了他们的激活。The results showed that about 15% of mirror neurons responsive to presentation of actions accompanied by sounds also responded to the presentation of the sound alone. 结果显示，在对行为和声音共同出现反应的镜像神经元中有15%的神经元会对单独出现的声音起反应。These audiovisual视听的mirror neurons therefore represent actions independently独立的 of whether these actions are performed, heard or seen 6.所以不论这些行为是表现出来的，听到的，还是看到的，这些视听镜像神经元都是单独表征行为的。These studies suggest that the activity of mirror neurons correlates with action understanding. 这些研究说明镜像神经元的活动与行为理解是相关的。The sensory features of the perceived actions (partially seen or just heard) are fundamental to the activation of mirror neurons only in as much as they trigger the motor representation表现表征 of the same相同 actions within the observer/listener brain.被感知到的行为的感觉特征（部分的被看见或只是被听到）对于镜像神经元的活动只有在他们触发观察者大脑中已有的行为的表征时是很重要的。Evidence for motor involvement in action understanding: human data行为理解中发动牵连的证据：人类数据Several studies using different methodologies have shown that, in humans too, the observation of actions performed by others activates cortical motor representations. 几项运用了不同方法的研究表明，在人类身上也表现出相同的东西，对于被试行为的观察会激活皮层的发动表征。The human mirror neuron system is formed（成形） by a cortical network composed（组成） of the rostral（有喙的） part of the inferior（下级） parietal lobule and by the caudal sector (pars opercularis) of the inferior（下级） frontal（额） gyrus (IFG), plus the adjacent （邻近的）part of the premotor cortex (see 7).The human mirror neuron system resonates（共鸣） in response to a wider range of actions than the monkey system. 相对于猴子的镜像神经元系统而言，人类镜像神经元系统能对更广泛的行为有反应。First, whereas the presence of an object the target of the action appears to be necessary to activate the mirror neuron system in the monkey 3,4, the observation of intransitive and mimed（模拟的） actions is able to activate the human system 810. 首先，不论物体是否出现行为的目标对于激活猴子的镜像神经元系统是必要的，对于不及物的和模拟的行为的观察都会激活人类的镜像神经元系统。Second, TMS（） experiments have shown that, in humans, motor evoked（引起） potentials（电位） (MEPs) recorded from the muscles of an observer, are facilitated（得到易化） when an individual observes intransitive（不及物的）, meaningless hand/arm gestures, as well as when an individual observes a transitive（及物的） action 11,12. 第二，经颅磁刺激技术实验表明，在人类身上，从观察者的肌肉记录到的运动诱发电位，在个体观察不及物行为、无意义的手的或胳膊的姿势时得到易化，就像个体观察一项及物行为时一样。Taken together, these data show that the human motor system codes both the goal of an observed action and the way in which the observed action is performed. 综合考虑，这些数据表明人类的发动系统对所观察到的行为的目标和行为所执行的方式都会进行编码。In summary, these data indicate that when we see someone performing an action, besides the activation of various visual areas, there is a concurrent（同时的） activation of part of the same motor circuits（环路） that are recruited（复原，得到补充） when we ourselves perform that action. 总而言之，这些数据暗示，当我们看到某人执行某一行为时，除了激活各种视觉区域外，同时，一个相同的发动环路也被激活，并且这个环路会在我们执行那个行为时激活。Although we do not overtly reproduce the observed action, part of our motor system becomes active as if we were executing that very same action that we are observing. 尽管我们不会过度再生那个被观察到的行为，我们的激活系统部分被激活了“就像”我们在执行那个与我们所观察的行为非常相似的行为。The mechanism of action understanding, based on the mirror neuron mechanism, is conceptually similar to the proposal for how action understanding takes place according to phenomenologists, and Merleau-Ponty in particular 13. 建立在镜像神经元机制基础上的行为理解的机制，与现象学家提出的行为理解是如何发生的这一提议在概念上是相似的。For example, the description（描述）by Merleau- Ponty of what it means to understand an action (The sense感觉 of gesture姿势 is not given, but understood, that is recaptured再体验 by an act of the spectators观众 part; 13, p. 185), expresses表达 nicely the direct experiential understanding of the observed actions mediated（调解的） by the mirror mechanism.举个例子，Merleau- Ponty对于它对于行为理解的意义的描述，很好的表达了直接的根据经验的对于所观察行为的经由镜像机制调解的理解。It is important to stress here that, in the present review, we discuss only how the meaning of action is understood and not how the intention of the actions agent is captured. 在这里强调一下是很重要的，在目前的回顾中，我们只是讨论了行为的意义是如何被理解的，而不是行为的意图是如何被识破的。Although we are inclined to believe that simulation probably underlies intention understanding(see 1421) too, this issue is outside the aim of the present review.尽管我们倾向于认为模拟大概也在对于意图的理解之下，这个话题确实在目前的回顾的目标之外。Emotion understanding 情感理解So far, we have discussed the neural mechanism underlying action understanding. 至今为止，我们已经讨论了行为理解之下的神经装置。Does a similar mechanism mediate our understanding of the emotions of others?是否存在一个相似的装置调节我们对于他人情感的理解呢？ In the next sections we will show that a similar mechanism is also involved in our capacity to understand and experience the emotional states of others. 在下一部分，我们将会展示一个在我们的能力中也有相似的装置来理解和体验别人的情感情形。We will focus on the emotion of disgust, for which rich empirical（经验的） evidence has recently been acquired（掌握了）. 我们将会关注厌恶情感，因为针对这种情感的经验证据已经被掌握了。 We will discuss in particular the role of the insula(脑岛) that appears to play a fundamental role in the feeling and understanding of this basic emotion (see Box 1).我们将特别讨论在感觉和理解基本情感过程中发挥重要作用的脑岛。Box 1. Amygdala midl, insula, and selectivity for particular emotions表格1.杏仁核，脑岛，对于特定情感的选择性In this review we focus on the role played by the insula in the perception and experience of disgust. 在这片回顾里，我们将集中精力于脑岛在厌恶情感的知觉与体验中发挥的作用。Many authors have emphasized a major role played by the amygdala in the perception and experience of fear (e.g. 64). 许多作者都强调过杏仁核在恐惧情感的知觉与体验中发挥的作用。Phillips et al. 47 found activations of amygdala as well as of the insula insjul to fearful versus neutral faces, and of the insula but not of the amygdala for disgusted versus neutral facial expressions. Phillips et al.发现杏仁核的激活就像脑岛在相对于带有中性表情的脸对带有恐惧表情脸表现出激活一样，而脑岛的激活并不像杏仁核在相对于带有中性表情的脸对于带有厌恶表情的脸的激活一样。Zald 46 reviewed the functional imaging literature on the amygdala and showed that although fearful facial expressions are the most robust rubst elicitors of amygdala activation,other facial expressions, including disgust, often also activate it. Zald 46回顾了对于杏仁核的功能性成像的文献，表明，尽管“恐惧”面部表情是杏仁核激活的最强大的激发子，其他面部表情，包括“厌恶”表情，也能激活它。This last nding was not conrmed by our data 55. 最后一项发现尚未为我们的数据所证实。This controversy is probably due to the fact that the amygdala is a complex structure,containing medial nuclei that are involved in olfactory lfktri processing, and lateral ltrl nuclei that appear more selectively involved in the visual and auditory processing of threat 65. 这种争论大概要归咎于杏仁核是一个复杂的结构，包括中间的与嗅觉过程相关的核，侧面的对视觉和听觉威胁的过程表现出更大的选择性的核。Given the susceptibility artifacts encountered in fMRI and the spatial limits of PET, it is difcult, if not hopeless,