近义近形词辨析.doc

近义近形词辨析Wait, Await Wait(v.)-“等候”，“等待”。指某事发生之前停留在原地，不采取行动。通常此词作为不及物动词而和for连用。 Await(v.)-“等候”，“期待”。书面语。特指对于断定必来的人或事的不断的期待。后接受词。 例：We can wait here until he comes. 我们可以在此地等候他来。 How long have you been waiting? 你等多久了？ How long have you been waiting for me ? 你等我多久了？ We are anxiously awaiting your reply . 我们正焦急地等候你的来临。 She was at the door awaiting him. 她在门口等候他。 Wither, Fade Wither(v.)-“枯萎”，“凋谢”。指因无活力而失去生气。 Fade(v.)-“凋谢”，“褪色”。多指颜色的逐渐消失，有时也作“暗淡”讲。 例：The flowers have withered away. 花凋谢了。 Her hopes withered. 她的希望渐渐幻灭了。 Will this color fade？ 这颜色会褪吗？ The blue rug has faded over the year. 那块小蓝地毯经过多年已褪色了。 Wild, Fierce, Savage Wild(adj.)-“野蛮的”，“未驯服的”。普通用语。指野性的无节制的行为，无发怒或严厉之意。 Fierce(adj.)-“凶暴的”。指易怒的和有凶暴脾气的人或动物。 Savage(adj.)-“野蛮的”，“残酷的”。表示不开化，或缺乏感情的控制力。 例：Some wild horses still live in the valley. 一些野马还栖息在这个山谷里。 Is the sac and Fox Indian tribe a wild one? 袋与狐部落是野蛮部落吗？ He was a fierce fighter. 他是一个勇猛的斗士。 The fierce robbers come down from the mountains. 凶恶的匪徒从山上下来。 I have never met such savage manners. 我从未见过如此粗暴无礼的举止。 He has a savage temper. 他性情野蛮。 Waste, Garbage, Junk, Refuse, Rubbish, Trash Waste(n.)-“废物”。普通用语。指任何被遗弃的东西。 Garbage(n.)-“废物”。指厨房里丢弃的剩余物。 Junk(n.)-“废物”。指用坏了地，无价值的废弃物。 Refuse(n.)-“废物，垃圾”。泛指一切毫无用处，毫无价值的废物或垃圾。 Rubbish(n.)-“垃圾，废物”。指体积较小、破碎的、没有用的废物，和可收集起来进行处理的弃物， 间或指愚蠢无用的话语和思想。 Trash(n.)- “废物”。指小型无价值的杂物，或无价值作品。 Industrial waste must be prevented from polluting our rivers. 必须阻止工业废物污染河流。 There is too much waste in this house. 这一家人太浪费了。 The park is covered with old cans and other forms of garbage. 公园里到处都是旧罐头盒和其它各种垃圾。 Waiters put their leftovers in the garbage can. 侍者把残羹剩饭倒入泔脚桶里。 The whole room is full of junk. 整个屋子堆满了废弃物品。 Their mother enlisted them to remove junk for a trash pickup. 他们的母亲在指挥他们清除破烂，好让垃圾车运走。 The refuse was unloaded the city dump. 垃圾卸在市垃圾场。 Throw the refuse in the garbage can. 把垃圾扔进垃圾桶里。 The rubbish must be thrown away. 这些垃圾必须扔掉。 He is talking rubbish. 他在说废话。 Gather up the leaves and put them with the rest of the trash. 把树叶堆积起来，与其它废物放在一起。 Dont waste your time reading that trash! 别浪费你的时间读那个毫无价值的东西！ Walk, Stride, Stroll, Plod Walk(v.)-“走”。普通用语。是中性词。指以正常速度走路。 Stride(v.)-“走”。指大步行走，并且步伐均匀。 stroll(v.)-“走”。指为了消遣而慢慢地步行。 Plod(v.)- “走”。指缓慢而吃力地走。 例：Let us walk in the park for a while. 让我们在公园里散会儿步。 We got off the bus and walked the last few blocks. 我们下了公共汽车，走过最后几个街区。 She turned and strode off. 她转身大步走开了。 The soldiers are striding with a dignified gait. 士兵们正昂然阔步而行。 They are strolling players. 他们是流浪艺人。 A huge crowd strolled down Fifth Avenue in the Easter Parade. 一大群人在复活节游行时走过第五街。 The poor old man plods along, hardly able to lift each food. 这可怜的老人吃力地走着，几乎都抬不动脚了。 The old horse plodded up the road. 老马在路上缓步而行。 Waiter, Servant, Attendant Waiter(n.)-“侍者”。指饭店，旅馆，餐室里的男侍者。女侍者是waitress。 Servant(n.)-“仆人”，“佣人”。指为工资，膳宿在别人家干活的人。 Attendant(n.)-“仆人”，侍从”。指跟随某人并为其服务的人。 例：Waiters and waitresses work in restaurants, hotels, cafe and snack bars. 男女服务员在餐馆，旅 馆，咖啡馆，快餐馆里招待顾客。 While we were waiting for the coffee, the head waiter came up to us bearing a large basket full of huge peaches. 当我们在等咖啡的时候，那个领班侍者拎来满满一大蓝子特大的桃子。 The millionaire had a staff of 30 servants. 这个富翁有仆从30名。 In poor countries, live-in servants are present in home not only of the wealthy but also of middle-ciass families. 在贫穷国家，不仅富裕家庭，而且中等阶级家庭也有常住的佣人。 The queen was always surrounded by her attendants. 女王身边总有仆从跟随。 The attendants went out backwards. 随从倒退着出了房间。 View, Scenery, Scene, Sight View(n.)-“景色”。普遍用语。指目中所望见的景色。 Scenery(n.)-“景色”,“外景”。指一个地方乃至一个国家的整个外景或外貌。 Scene(n.)-“景色”。可与view通用，但多包括了其中的人及其活动。 Sight(n.)-“光景”。多指人工的事物，比如大建筑史迹等有名的处所。 例:There is a fine view of the mountain from our hotel window. 从我们旅馆的窗口可以看到秀丽的山景。 It was our first view of the ocean. 这是我们第一次看见海洋。 The scenery of this country is unparalleled. 这个国家的风景无与伦比。 The train moved slowly south through flat, drab mainline scenery. 火车穿过干线两侧风景单调乏味的地区，缓缓地向南驶去。 The boats in the harbour make a beautiful scene. 港中的船只构成美丽的景色。 The scene of sunset was very beautiful. 日落的景色是非常美的。 We will go and see the sights of New York. 我们要去看看纽约的名胜。 The Imperial Palace is one of the sights of China. 故宫是中国名胜之一。 Victory, Triumph Victory(n.)-“胜利”,“战胜”。主要指战争上的胜利，也指竞赛中所获的胜利。 Triumph(n.)-“大胜”,“凯旋”。指卓越的，一往无前的胜利或成功。 例:The victory is not yet decided. 胜败尚未决定。 The officers led their men to victory in battle. 军官们率领士兵在战斗中取得了胜利。 We finally won a diplomatic triumph. 我们终于赢得了外交的胜利。 Perhaps that was to be my greatest moment of triumph! 也许那将会成功之最伟大时刻！ Vibrate, Sway, Swing, Rock Vibrate(v.)-“摇动”,“震动”。指一种快速而不断的震动。 Sway(v.)-“摇动”,“摆动”。指有弹力的东西被压弯后又恢复原位的摆动。 Swing(v.)-“摇动”,“摆动”。指任何一头固定而另一头活动的动作，也泛指不正规的动作。 Rock(v.)-“摇动”,“摆动”。指轻微的摇动，也指剧烈的摇摆。 例:The whole house vibrates whenever a heavy lorry passes. 每当重型货车经过时，整个房子都会震颤。 Dicks heavy footsteps upstairs make the old house vibrate. 迪克在楼上沉重的脚步弄得那旧房子直颤动。 The branches of the tree swayed in the wind. 树枝迎风摇晃。 His resolution swayed after the first failure. 在第一次失败之后他的决心就动摇了。 The pendulum stopped swinging. 钟摆停止了摆动。 The lantern hanging overhead swung in the wind. 吊在高处的灯在风中摇动。 Mother is rocking her baby into sleep. 母亲在摇她的婴儿入睡。 The earthquake rocks houses. 地震使房屋震动。 Jail, Prison Jail(n.)-“监狱”。英国的拼法为goal。在英国指民事监狱, 在美国指收容犯有轻罪的人或未经判决的人的收容所看守所等; 现在也指监狱。 Prison(n.)-“监狱”。指大型的监狱。是指监禁判刑的罪犯等待受审的嫌疑犯俘虏等的地方。 例:They have Birdsong in jail. 他们把伯德押在牢里。 The court committed a prisoner to jail. 该法庭将罪犯投入监狱。 The thief was sent to prison for a year. 那个小偷被判处一年监禁。 He came out of prison. 他出狱了。 Utter, Express, pronounce Utter(v.)-“说出”。指发出任何听得见的声音。强调发出的声音具有突然性和爆发性。 Express(v.)-“说出”。指用语言表达自己的思想或感情。 Pronounce(v.)-“说出”，“发音”。可表示人的发音，或具有发音能力；在正式场合中，指宣读, 宣判等。 例:She uttered a scream of terror when she saw a snake. 当她看见一条蛇时, 发出了一声害怕的尖叫。 The old man uttered a sigh in the dark room. 在漆黑的屋子里老人发出一声叹息。 It can not be expressed by words. 无法用语言来表达它(不可言传)。 Can you express yourself in English? 你能用英语表达你的意思吗? My baby can pronounce this word without any difficulty. 我孩子读这个词没有任何困难。 I now pronounce judgment on the issue. 我现在宣布对这一问题的意见。 Use, Consume, Expend, Employ, Utilize Use(v.)-“用”，“使用”。普通用语。指事物时有消费的意义，指人时，对这个行动表示强烈的不赞成。 Consume(v.)-“用”。表示用尽，耗尽，指用在自己身上。 Expend(v.)-“用”。与consume同义，但多指付出的方向。 Employ(v.)-“使用”。较正式用语。指人时有“雇用”的意思；也可用于物，但无消费之意。 Utilize(v.)-“使用”。强调使用有益的方面。 例:The company now uses a computer to do all its accounts. 该公司现在使用一台电脑处理一切账目。 He uses every means to prevent it. 他用各种方法阻止它。 They asked how many bottles of wine he consumed in one year. 他们打听他一年里喝了多少啤酒。 We consumed much time and energy in writing this book. 我们写这本书消耗了很多时间和精力。 He lived high and expended largely. 他生活奢侈，花销很大。 She expended all her capital on equipment. 她将所有资本用于设备。 The mill employed a thousand workers. 这家工厂雇用了一千名工人。 You could employ your spare time better. 你可以把业余时间利用得更好些。 To avoid an oil shortage more machines must utilize solar energy. 为了避免石油短缺，更多的机器必须使用太阳能。 Can we utilize straw as fodder? 我们能利用稻草作为饲料吗？ Zero, Cipher, Nil, Nought Zero(n.)-零.普通用语.是指没有数量和大小等意义时人们喜欢用的词. Cipher(n.)-零.指0-9的任何一个阿拉伯数码,表示无时,具有象征意义. Nil(n.)-零.多用于体育或新闻领域. Nought(n.)-零.美语为naught,在字面意义上与cipher同义. 例:His chances of success sank to zero. 他成功的机会降到了最低点. It was fifteen degrees below zero. 气温是零下十五度. One followed by two ciphers is 100. 一的后面跟两个零是一百. I cant bear such a cipher any longer. 我再也不能忍受这样一个无用的人了. The result of the game was three-nil. 比赛结果是三比零. The new machine reduced labor costs to almost nil. 新机器把劳动力的成本几乎降到零. My effort came to naught. 我的努力终成泡影. 0.01 is usually read point nought one. 0.01通常被读作 point nought one. abide, adhere, conform, comply这四个四级考试中的高频考词都有“遵守”的意思，但是它们的搭配不同。abide v.后接by表示“遵守，同意”。I will abide by the director decision. 我将遵从主任的决定。adhere v.后接to表示“遵守”。(当然adhere一词的其它意思如“坚持；粘附”也经常被考到。)Car drivers must adhere to the rules of driving. 汽车司机必须遵守驾驶规则。conform v.后接to表示“遵守，符合”。All individuals are required to conform to the laws made by their governments.每个人都应该遵守政府制订的法律。comply v.后接with表示“遵守，服从”，用于正式的场合。Our company complies with governmental regulations on paying taxes.我们公司遵守政府有关纳税的规定。abnormal, uncommon, disordered这三个单词都有“反常的”之意，在四六级考试中经常让大家辨析它们的细微差别。abnormal a.不正常的，反常的(但并非罕见)，指行为或现象(如气候)的异常。His body temperature has been abnormal for 3 days, the highest point reaching 40.5 degree centigrade. 他的体温三天来一直都不正常，最高的时候达到40.5摄氏度。(尽管身体发烧不正常，但生活中也时有发生。)uncommon a.罕见的，不平常的，指很少经历或很少见到的状况；特别的，出色的。Hurricanes are uncommon in England. 飓风在英国非常罕见。That is uncommon instant coffee; it tastes great! 那速溶咖啡质量上乘，味道好极了！disordered a.混乱的，杂乱的；(精神或身体)有病的。We couldnt understand her disordered presentation. 我们听不明白她条理不清的陈述。abolish, cancel, eliminate, dispose, erase, exclude, extinguish这一组动词都有“取消，除掉”的意思。abolish v.指对法律、习俗、制度的废除；完全破坏。The government abolished the tax on alcohol. 政府取消了酒税。cancel v.对预先安排的某种活动(如旅行、计划、会议等)的取消；删去(字、句)。The meeting has been cancelled because of the flu. 会议由于流感而取消了。eliminate v.指消除、淘汰已经存在但是现在不需要的东西。The losing team was eliminated from further competition.失利的那个队被淘汰了，不能参加下一阶段的比赛。The doctor helped him eliminate toxins from the intestine. 医生帮助他排出肠中毒素。dispose v.处理，处置；表示“除掉、扔掉”时常与of连用。(这一点需要注意。)After your picnic, please dispose of the litter. 野餐后请清除掉垃圾。erase v.除去，擦掉，指有意识地除去字迹、声音等。I erased the music on the tape before recording on the tape again.我在往磁带上录音之前先消掉了上面的音乐。exclude v.排斥；排除，不包括在内，与include互为反义词。The restaurant excludes anyone who is not properly dressed from entering.衣冠不整者不得进入该餐馆。extinguish v.熄灭，扑灭(火)；使沉默，使暗淡。Firefighters extinguished a big fire. 消防队员扑灭了大火。abstract, digest, outline, summary这一组名词都有“要点，摘要”的意思。abstract n.概要，摘要，尤其指对学术论文或法律论据作的简述。I have read the abstract of his book. 我已经读了他的书的概要。digest n. (篇幅较长的)摘要，文摘，它是对原文的浓缩而不是对原文的简单解释，浓缩后仍保持原文的顺序、重点和风格。Readers Digest读者文摘outline n.要点，大纲，概要。She made an outline of ideas she wanted to present in her talk.她把自己要谈的想法列了一个提纲。summary n.总结，摘要，指用寥寥数语概括文章或者讲话的要点，不考虑原文的风格。absurd, ridiculous, silly这一组形容词都有“愚蠢，可笑”的意思。absurd a.荒谬的，可笑的，指因不符合常识、违反真理或不合逻辑而令人发笑。There was an absurd idea that the earth was flat and motionless.过去曾经有一种荒谬的观点认为地球呈扁平状而且静止不动。ridiculous a.荒唐可笑的，指因为愚昧无知而令人发笑并成为笑柄，含有蔑视成分。It is ridiculous to judge a foreign culture only by its food.仅仅根据一个国家的饮食来评价该国家的文化是荒唐可笑的。silly a.愚蠢的，傻的，指由于单纯或者头脑简单而显得愚蠢。a silly little boy傻小子abundant, plentiful这两个形容词都有“充足的”之意。abundant a. (数量)充足的，常用于人、物产、资源、雨量等，含有“过多”之意。Oil is in abundant supply in this country. 这个国家石油供应十分充裕。plentiful a.丰富的,充足的,常用于食物、收获、财产等，不能用于时间、空间、思想等方面。Eggs are plentiful at this moment. 现在鸡蛋很多。accent, tone, dialect这三个名词意思相近，容易混淆。accent n.口音，指某一地区语言的发音特征；重音。He speaks English with a Spanish accent. 他讲英语带有西班牙口音。tone n.语气，音调，指说话人的口气或声音的高低、轻重等。He speaks to his baby in soft tones. 他用柔和的语调和他的婴儿说话。dialect n.方言，土语，地方话，指一个地区人们所使用的语言。the Yorkshire dialect 约克郡方言 the Sichuan dialect 四川方言access, assess这两个词为一组“形近易混词”。access n.接近，进入。The people living in these apartments have free access to that swimming pool.住在这些公寓里的人可以免费地进入游泳池。assess v.评估(财产，价值)。I assessed how much it would cost to build a new apartment.我评估了一下建一套新的公寓要多少钱。accommodate, afford, furnish这一组动词都有“提供”的意思。accommodate v.提供住宿、房间；适应，迎合，迁就。This hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests. 这家饭店可供500位来宾住宿。The company accommodated the customers wish and sent the delivery overnight.公司满足了顾客的愿望，连夜将货物发了出去。afford v.负担，支付；当“提供”讲时，多用于指抽象事物的提供。We cant afford that expensive sports car. 我们买不起那辆昂贵的跑车。The tall building affords a beautiful view of the ocean.从这幢高楼上能看到美妙的海景。furnish v.指提供生活或某种用途所需要的东西。Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes what we read ours. 阅读虽然为我们的思想提供了各种知识，然而只有思考才能将我们读到的内容变成自己的东西。accomplishment, attainment, achievement这三个名词都有“成就”的意思。accomplishment n.成功，成就；才艺，修养。Climbing that high mountain was an accomplishment for the hikers.对于登山运动员来说，爬上了那座山就是成功。Being able to paint well is just one of her accomplishments.画画得好只是她的许多才能之一。attainment n.指学识和造诣(常用作复数)；达到，到达。a scholar of the highest attainments造诣极高的学者achievement n.可指抽象的“成就”，或具体的“成绩”，与accomplishment是同义词。accuse, charge两个动词都有“控诉，指控”之意，但它们后面所搭配的介词不同。accuse v.指控，控诉，与介词of连用。The police accused him of theft. 警察指控他犯有盗窃罪。charge v.可以指因为小错而受的责备，也指因违法而受到控告，与介词with连用。The police charged him with murder. 警察指控他犯了谋杀罪。acquire, attain, obtain, gain, earn, achieve, secure 这一组动词都有获得，取得的意思，在四六级考试中屡次出现它们之间的辨析。acquire v.多指经过努力逐步获得才能、知识、习惯等，也可用于对财物等的获得，该词强调一经获得就会长期持有的含义。It is through learning that the individual acquires many habitual ways of reacting to situations. 正是通过学习，个人才得以获得应付各种情况的习惯做法。attain v.指经过不懈的努力获得未曾预料到的结果；也可指达到某一目标。The salesperson attained his sales goal for the month.这名销售员完成了当月的销售目标。obtain v.获得，买到，用于正式语体中。He obtained the property with a bank loan. 他通过向银行贷款买下了那份房产。gain v.指通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处；亦可指军事上的武力夺取等。An investor gains by buying stocks that go up in value.投资者通过所买股票价格上涨而得利润。earn v.挣得，赢得，指因工作等而得到报酬或待遇。How much do you earn a week? 你一星期挣多少钱？achieve v.得到，获得，多指成就、目标、幸福的取得。The movie star achieved success and wealth. 这个影星取得了成功和财富。secure v.得到；把拿到手，含有肯定占有难以得到的东西之意；使安全，保卫；作形容词比较常见，意为安全的。A million signatures have been secured. 已征集到了100万人的签名。He secured the office before leaving it for the night. 他晚上离开前锁好了办公室的门窗。acute, critical, crucial, urgent这一组形容词都有严重的，重要的意思。acute a.剧烈的，严重的；急性的(病)。An acute lack of food brought hunger to the Iraqi people.食品严重缺乏，伊拉克人民正在忍饥挨饿。critical a.意为关键的，表示处于极度缺乏的状态或事件的转折点，与crucial相似。与crucial的区别在于它对缺乏的或危急的程度有更准确的衡量；还指批判性的，分析性的It is critical that you study hard for the exam or you will fail it.为了考好你必须用功学习，则你会不及格的。crucial a.意为决定性的，紧要关头的，至关重要的，最为笼统，适用于上述两种情况。Improved consumer confidence is crucial to an economic recovery.消费者信心的增强对经济的复苏是至关重要的。urgent a.意为“紧迫的，急迫的，紧要的”，它不强调所指的问题是最重要的，仅强调“紧急的”状态。We have an urgent need for help; we are running out of water.我们急需要帮助，我们的水就快要用光了。adjust, regulate, rectify, amend, convert, alter, modify, transform, vary这九个动词都含有调整、改变的意思。adjust v.一般指很小的改变或技术性的调整；修理。I adjusted the air conditioner to stay cool. 我调节了空调以保持凉爽。regulate v.指根据规定或需要对某物(机器、钟表等)进行调整或调节，使之准确工作或运行；多含有控制之意。Lights are used to regulate the traffic. 红绿灯被用来管制交通。rectify v.纠正，校正(错误、文章、合同等)。He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错误。amend v. (正式用语)指修改文件、法律、规范等。The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。convert v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。Britain converted to a decimal currency system in 1971.英国于1971年改用十进制货币体系。Hes converted to Catholicism.他已经皈依天主教。alter v.使事物在外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too tight.裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。modify v.改变，修改，以使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。He was loud and angry, and his friends told him to modify his behavior.他粗声大气，脾气暴躁；朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。Transform v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的对象脱胎换骨。Remodeling transformed an old, dark house into a cheerful one.重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。vary v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。Air fares vary from one airline to another. 航空公司的机票价格各不相同。admit, confess, concede这几个动词都有承认的意思。admit v.指由于说服、再三追问而承认某一事实或过错。I admit that you have a point. 我承认你有理。confess v.供认(罪行、过错等)，含有坦白、招认的意思。He confessed his crimes to the judge. 他向法官供认了他的罪行。concede v.指曾想隐瞒或不愿意承认某一错误，但由于证据确凿而不得不勉强承认，还可以指以退为进的承认。The man who caused the accident finally conceded to the police that he had done it.造成这次交通事故的人最终向警察承认他是肇事人。affiliate, link, attach, append这一组动词都有附加的意思。affiliate v.加入，成为一部分。an affiliated middle school 一所附属中学link v.将人或物连接起来。The crowd linked arms to form a barrier. 群众臂挽着臂组成人墙。attach v.将某物系在、贴在、附在另一物上。I attached a note to my report with a paper clip. 我用别针将一张字条别在报告的后面。append v.增加，附加(与attach的意思比较接近)。The lawyer appended two more pages to the contract. 律师在合同后又附加了两页。affirm, assert, allege, claim, announce, proclaim这一组动词都有声称的意思。affirm v.坚信不疑地肯定或宣称，是deny的反义词。He affirmed his love for her. 他发誓爱她。assert v.指不管事实如何，主观自信地宣称，或者清楚有力地坚持某个情况为事实。She asserted that she was innocent. 她宣称自己是无辜的。allege v.在无真凭实据的情况下宣称、断定。The suspect alleged that he had not been in the neighborhood at the time of the crime.嫌疑犯声称案发时他不在现场。claim v.要求，声称，断言。多指根据某种规定提出的要求或主张。They claim that if more people rode bicycles to go to work there would be fewer automobiles in the downtown section of the city. 他们生成如果有更多的人骑自行车上班的话，闹市区的汽车就会有所减少。announce v.宣布，宣告。多指首次当众正式宣布某一主张或态度，常常带有预告的意味。The invention of the printing press announced the diffusion of knowledge.印刷术的发明宣告了知识普及时代的来临。proclaim v.宣布；宣告(成立)。指经过深思熟虑后向大众宣布一个明确的决定或判断，尤其指重大事件的宣布，多用于官方场合。The president proclaimed an emergency when the war came.当战争来临的时候总统宣布进入紧急状态。aggravate, reinforce, increase, strengthen, intensify这一组动词都有加强的意思。aggravate v.加重(负担、罪行、病情等)，使之恶化。I hurt my foot, then aggravated it by trying to walk too soon. 我的脚受伤了，而过早的下地走路又加重了伤情。reinforce v.增援，一般用于军队或警察的行动；(以添加材料等)加固。A police officer saw three thieves robbing a bank and radioed to reinforce him.一位警察看到三个盗贼抢劫银行，用无线电话要求增援。increase v.指数量上的增加。The number of people has been increased. 人数增加了。strengthen v.加强，巩固，增强，相当于to become stronger。Exercising every day strengthens the heart. 每天锻炼可以提高心脏的功能。Competition, they believe, strengthens the national character rather than corrupt it.人们认为竞争加强了民族性而不是破坏了它。intensify v.使变得更强烈、剧烈，加剧，相当于to become more intense or intensive。intensify colors加深色彩 intensify hatred加深仇恨alert, cautious, considerate这一组形容词都表示小心的，谨慎的。alert a.警惕的，留神的。The hostess remained standing, alert to every guests drinking need.女主人一直站在旁边，时刻准备给大家斟酒。cautious a.细心的，