新名词从句讲义建_Microsoft_Word_文档_(6).doc

名词性从句精析定义：名词性从句能在句中起名词的作用，引导从句的有从属连词that、 whether或if;连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever;连接副词 where, when, how, why等。分类：按从句在句中的作用可分为主语、宾语、表语和同位语等四类从句。如：1. What caused the fire is still a mystery. (主语从句)什么引起火灾仍是一个秘密。2. Please explain why this is impossible. (宾语从句)请解释为什么这是不可能的。3. The problem is not who will go but who will stay. ( 表语从句)问题不是谁将去而是谁将留下来。4. The news that our football team has won is true. (同位语从句)我们的足球队赢了这个消息是真的。特点：1. 除了三个从属连词that, if, whether外，连接代词和连接副词都在从句中作成分。连接代词一般作主语、宾语和表语；连接副词作状语: when作时间状语，where作地点状语，how作方式状语，why作原因状语。2.所有的引导词都具有连词特征，除了that在宾语从句中有时可以省略外，其他引导词一般不能省略。宾语从句定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。1.动词后的宾语从句:I believe that he is honest. (我相信他很诚实)I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。I dont know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。2. 形容词后的宾语从句:(sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy , afraid, surprised, satisfied 等)Im surprised that I didnt see all that before.我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。Mother was very pleased that her daughter had passed the exams.妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。I am not sure what I ought to do.我不能确定我该做什么。Im afraid you dont understand what I said.恐怕你没领会我说的意思。3.介词后的宾语从句:He is a good student except that he is sometimes careless.他是个好学生, 只是有时有些粗心.Your success will largely depend upon whether you can act quickly.你的成功很大程度上取决于你是否能迅速行动.He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.他对那天发生的事感到很不快。I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。难点释疑1 and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道汤姆非常害怕。2. that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。I know nothing about him except that he is from the south. 对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。3. that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe. (我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。4. 主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。 He hopes, in my opinion, that the whole family live together. 在我看来, 他是希望全家人住在一起.5. if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if一般不与or not连用。I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。6. 用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用whether。试比较：Please let me know if you want to go.从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“请告诉我你是否想去”；又可理解为条件状语从句, 意为“如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声”。7. 宾语从句的否定转移: 在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。 如：I dont think you are right. 我认为你错了。I dont believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。8. 如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。He has made it clear that he will not give in.他已表明他不会屈服。9. 宾语从句的时态变化规律：(1) 当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。(2) 当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳运10. 在demand, request, require, insist, suggest后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气should可以省略:The officer insisted that I should finish the task at once. 这个官员要求我立即完成任务. The doctor suggested that the patient should have an operation as soon as possible. 医生建议病人尽快动手术.11. 当doubt 用于否定句时, 后面要跟that从句; 用语肯定句时用其他连词:I dont doubt that he will be punished for robbery.我不怀疑他会因为抢劫而受到处罚.The boss doubted whether he could carry out the plan .老板很怀疑他能否完成计划. All of us doubt when we can get the salary for this month.我们都很怀疑这个月我们什么时候能拿到薪水.主语从句定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。1. that引导的主语从句: 陈述句作主语从句时要由that引导,that不可以省略.That the earth turns around the sun is true.地球绕着太阳转是真事儿.That he stole my money made me very angry.他偷了我的钱使我很生气.2. whether引导的主语从句: ( if不引导主语从句)Whether hell come here isnt clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 Whether they can arrive on time is still a question.3. 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why引导的主语从句What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。Wherever you are is my home - my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家-我唯一的家。4. 从句作主语时谓语一般用单数,但在what引导的主语从句后要看what所带指的内容是单数还是复数来决定:What we need is some water.What we need are some doctors.5注意连接代词whoever, whatever等引导主语从句的含义Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=anyone who) 来的人将受到欢迎。Whatever he did was right. (whatever=all that) 他所做的事情是正确的。难点释疑常以it作形式主语的句型有：1.It+be+形容词:(obvious, true, natural, strange, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, unlikely , certain, probable, well-known etc.)It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。注意: 在natural, strange, 后,从句一般用虚拟语气:It is stange that she should marry an old man.2.It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, a shame, no surprise, etc.) Its a pity that we cant go. 很遗憾我们不能去。Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。3. It+be+过去分词(said, believed, suggested, reported, hoped, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。4 It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.似乎不来参加晚会。It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。5 .It+doesnt matter (makes no difference, etc.)+主语从句。如：It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。6. 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗？7.当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！表语从句定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。引导词: that, whether, what, who , why, as, as if , as though 等.1.从属连词that。如：The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。2.从属连词whether, as, as if。如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。 All this was over twenty years ago, but its as if it was only yesterday.这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样3. 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why, because.The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。难点释疑1. 从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句。2. 能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look, appear等。如：It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。3. 在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如：My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。4.当主语是the reason时,表语从句要用that引导,而不用because.The reason why he was late was that he missed the train this morning.他今早之所以迟到是因为他没赶上火车.The reason why he walked home yesterday was that his money was stolen .他昨天之所以步行回家是因为他的钱被偷了.同位语从句1 定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。2 用法：同位语从句的先行词多为抽象名词, 如belief（信念）, doubt（怀疑）, fact， hope, idea , news , possibility（可能性）, thought（思想）, message, problem, promise（诺言）, advice, demand（要求）, information, order（命令）, question, request（要求）, suggestion（建议）, truth（真理）, wish（愿望）, word, proposal（建议）, reply（答复）, report, remark（评论）, opinion, explanation（解释）, decision（决定）等，关联词多用从属连词that。如：They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你在哪儿听说我不能来？Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。3. 同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：I have no idea whether hell come or not. 我不知道他是否来。I have doubt whether he can pass the exam.4. 连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。I