india under british rule - university high world history：印度在英国统治下-高校世界史

India under British rule,EIC and British raj,EIC ruled through “company men”EIC Captured Bengal in 1757Attempted to make it a British model (administrative, social, economic) but like Mughals, be sensitive of customsGave “free reign” to Christian missionariesMilitary control through Sepoys (hired Indian troops)Private ownership of landCreated many new jobs (opium, tea) but textiles diedSepoy Rebellion 1857-8. Causes?,Political Reform and Industrial Impact,Mughal reign abolished, British govt takes over (EIC out)Maintained Indian Princes in luxuryIndian Civil Service controlled Indian masses. Entrance exam but whites got all high positionsBritish government invested billions of pounds for harbors, cities, irrigation canals, public worksImported British manufactured goods, exported cotton, silk, opium, tea, sugarRAILROADS: 99% Indian workersBusiness, pilgrimage, workcholera,the British Raj, as the British governing body was known after 1857, had instituted a widespread series of mercantilist economic rules intended to foster a favourable balance of trade for Britain relative to the Subcontinent as well as other colonies, which had a dramatic impact on the economic milieu within India. Because of these effects and the Rajs role as the supreme governing body within India, contemporary scholars such as Romesh Dutt in 1900who had himself witnessed the famines first-handand present-day scholars such as Amartya Sen agree, that the famines were a product both of uneven rainfall and British economic and administrative policies.,“I did nothing for two months. Before that time the monsoon had closed the ports of Orissahelp was impossibleandit is saida million people died. The Governments of India and Bengal had taken in effect no precautions whatever. I never could feel that I was free from all blame for the result. “ Lord Salisbury, Sec. of State for India 1866Let the British public foot the bill for its cheap sentiment, if it wished to save life at a cost that would bankrupt India, substantively ordering there is to be no interference of any kind on the part of Government with the object of reducing the price of food, and instructing district officers to discourage relief works in every possible way. Mere distress is not a sufficient reason for opening a relief work.“ Lord Lyton, Viceroy of India 1877,1800-1825: 1 million Indians died of famine1850-1875: 2.5 millions died in Orissa famine of 1866, Rajputana famine of 1869; due to a generous relief effort, however, there was no mortality in the Bihar famine of 187374.1875-1902: 78 million Indians died of famine (Great Famine of 187678 5.25 millions),Nationalism,Pan-Indian nationalism- sought to look beyond regional or religious difference to unify for self-determinationRammouhan Roy blended Indian beliefs/culture w/ Western reforms (outlaw sati)Western values and nationalism to transcend regional differencesBritish railroads and communication helped connect IndiaUnified British rule helped form an idea of ONE INDIAIndian National Congress 1885 promoted national unity and greater Indian inclusion in ICS,All India ServicesIndian Administrative Service (IAS) Indian Police Service (IPS) Indian Forest Service (IFoS) Central Civil Services - Group AIndian Foreign Service (IFS) Indian Postal Service Central Information Service Defence Lands and Cantonment Service Indian Civil Accounts Servcie (ICAS) Central Secretariat Service Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers Indian Railway Service of Electrical Engineers Indian Railway Service of Engineers Indian Railway Service of Signal Engineers Indian Railway Stores Service Indian Telecommunication Service Indian Revenue Service (IRS) - Income Tax Indian Revenue Service (IRS) - Customs & Central Excise Indian Audits & Accounts Service (IA&AS) Indian Defence Accounts Service (IDAS) Indian Defence Estate Service (IDES) Indian Economic Service(IES) Indian Ordnance Factory Services (IOFS) Indian Post & Telecommunication Accounts and Finance Service (IP&TAFS) Indian Railway Accounts Service (IRAS) Indian Railway Traffic Service (IRTS) Indian Information Service (IIS) Indian Railway Personnel Service (IRPS) Indian Naval Armament Service Indian Supply Service Indian Inspection Service Indian Salt Service Indian Broadcasting(Engs) Service Indian Ordnance Factories Health Service Indian Economic Service Indian Statistical Service Indian Cost Accounts Service Indian Defence Service of Engineers Indian Broadcasting(Programme) Service Central Power Engineering Service Central Electrical & Mechanical Engineering Service Central Water Engineering Service(Civil) Central Water Engineering Service(Mechanical) Central Engineering Service Central Engineering Service(Roads) Central Health Service Central Legal Service Central Labour Service Central Trade Service Defence Quality Assurance Service Defence Research & Development Service Defence Aeronautical Quality Assurance Service Military Engineering Service Military Engineers Service of Architects Military Engineers Service of Surveyors Railways Protection Force (RPF) Railway Medical Service Railway Board Secretariat Service Border Roads Engineering Service Overseas Communication Service Company Law Board Service Survey of India Service P&T Building Works Service Armed Forces