上海新世纪英语高一上详细讲义.doc

此文档收集于网络，仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除上海新世纪英语高一课文讲解一本讲义包括：1）每一课文翻译，粗体及划线部分是重要词组（必考点），绿色及句前有是重点句子，翻译和写作时用到。2）重点词组例题讲解3）基础语法：（初三衔接高中）4）重点语法5）Additional Reading的讲解词汇1. People from all walks of lifeWhen a person grows up, he will take up different occupations in various work places. A society is thus made up of all walks of life. What kind of person do you want to be in the future? The following introductions may give you some idea.TEACHER Teachers are professionals. They work in schools, colleges, universities and other educational institutions. They try their best to help students gain（get）new knowledge and become useful people in society. Teachers are involved in many tasks, such as explaining lessons, giving homework and correcting papers. At the end of every term, they mark test papers and give grades to their students. Actually teachers do more. Often their impact on students stays all through their lives.SURGEON Surgeons, like teachers, are also professionals. As a special group of doctors, surgeons operate on sick people and repair the organs that no longer work properly. Hospitals are their work places. After an operation, a surgeon takes care of the patients medical treatment until he gets well. The skills of a surgeon sometimes mean the differences between life and death.SECRETARY A secretary works in an office. The job of a secretary often involves writing letters, answering telephone calls, and receiving people. A secretary stores information on a computer and puts papers in good order in file cabinets. As a link between the boss and the visitors, a secretary also helps the boss work out plans and timetables. Traditionally, more girls than boys work as secretaries.FASHION MODEL Fashion models wear the latest styles of clothes and show them to us through television, newspapers and magazines. Fashion show programmes usually have a large audience. The clothes and hairstyles of fashion models may seem strange to the elderly, but a large number of young people enjoy following trends and want to be dressed like the models. They collect fashion pictures and admire those superstars of the catwalk.Would you like to be one of the people introduced here? What do you want to do in the future?Word study:1. occupation ( n. ) 职业；占领 e.g. What is your occupation? e.g. The country is under enemys occupation这个国家被敌人所占领。 occupy ( vt. ) 占据；占用(时间，空间) e.g. The army occupied the enemys capital 军队占领了敌人的首府。 e.g. The speech will occupy three hours or so 2. take up sth/doing sth(Pars1) A. 开始从事(于) e.g.(1) When did you take up basketball? 你什么时候开始打篮球的?(指从事这一项运动) e.g. (2)He was forced to take up the trade of shoemaker 他不得不开始从事制鞋贸易。B. 占用(时间或空间)： e.g. 1)Copying these letters took up the whole day 抄写这些信件占用了一整天的时间。 e.g. 2)He has a very small room and most of the space is taken up by a grand pianoTranslation:1).那七个箱子在Sharon的办公室里占据了太多的空间。 Those seven boxes take up too much space in Sharons office. 2).为了打发在乡下的时间，他养成了钓鱼的爱好。 To kill time in the countryside，he takes up a hobby of fishing/takes up fishing as a hobby).3. various (adj.)各式各样的；许多的 e.g. There are various ways to cook eggs 烹调鸡蛋有许多方法。e.g. He has acquired various branches of knowledge in university在大学里他学到了多门学科的知识。 variety (n.) 变化；种类 e.g. My job lacks variety and I am doing the same work every day我的工作缺乏变化，整天在做同样的事e.g. There are different varieties of flowers in the garden花园里有不同种类的花。a (great，wide，large) variety of =all kinds of 各种各样的 e.g. The supermarket provides a large variety of products 这家超市出售各种各样的商品。4. be made up of 由组成 e.g. Our class is made up of 40 students 我们班由四十位学生组成compare(比较): be made of由制成(看得出原材料) e.g. The statue is made of bronze 雕像是青铜做的。 be made from由制成(看不出原材料) e.g. Paper is made from wood 纸张是由木材做的。 be made into被制成 e.g. Bamboo can be made into furniture 竹子可以做成家具。be made up ofbe composed/consist (vi. ) of 由构成：一般可替换，但应注意consist of无被动语态。 e.g. 这个委员会由九名委员组成。 The committee is made up of nine members =The committee is composed of nine members =The committee consists of nine roduction (n. ) 介绍；序言；引进 e.g. (1)This book is a very good introduction to Shakespeare.这是一本很好的介绍莎士比亚的书。(2)The introduction tells you how to use the dictionary.这本书的导言告诉你如何使用这本辞典。(3) the introduction of a new brand of soap一种新品牌肥皂的推出。 introduce (vt.) 介绍6. idea (n)主意(可数)；大意(不可数)；了解，知道(不可数) e.g. A good idea suddenly occurred to me=Suddenly I had a good idea. 我突然想到了一个好主意。 e.g. The book can give you a good idea of Ancient Greece 这本书能让人了解古希腊。 e.g. I havent the slightest idea of the plan我一点也不知道这个计划。7.professional (adj)专业的，职业的 (n.) 专业人士 e.g. Not all football players of the Olympics are professional. 奥运会足球比赛的选手并非都是职业的。 e.g. You need a professional to help solve your problems 你需要一位专业人士帮你解决问题。8. gain (vt) (较正式)获得，得到 gain knowledge=obtain/get knowledgee.g. He has a chance to gain a fortune on the deal.他有机会在这笔交易中发笔大财。 9. involve (vt)涉及；牵连e.g. The strike involved many workers 罢工活动牵涉到很多工人。e.g. The work involves my working in London for the whole year这个工作需要我在伦敦工作一整年。begetbecome involved in sth参与 e.g. As a student，you should get involved in class activities 作为一个学生，你应当多参加班级活动。10. impact (n)影响力 e.g. You can feel the impact that modern technology has made on our daily life你能感受到现代科技对日常生活的影响。 have a (great/serious/negative) impact on sb./sth.对于某人/某物具有的影响（一般来说，这种影响较大，具有冲击力）11.operate (v) A. (机器)运行； e.g. The new machine operates well新机器运行得很好。 B. 动手术； e.g. The surgeon operated on her for appendicitis. 医生给她做了阑尾炎手术。 C.操作 e.g. I am learning how to operate computers 我在学习如何使用电脑。 D.经营 e.g. It is a well-operated company 这是一家经营有方的公司。 operation (n)手术 e.g. The doctor is performing an operation on the dying woman 医生正在给这个生命垂危的妇女动手术。 12. no longer (=not any longer)不再(修饰动作) e.g. He no longer lives here(=He doesnt live here any longer) 他不再住在这儿了。 no more(=not any more)不再(修饰名词) e.g. Im full and I need no more food 我已经饱了，不再要吃的了。13. patient A. (n) 病人 e.g. The patients are welltreated in the hospital 病人们在这家医院得到了很好的治疗。 B. (adj)耐心的 e.g. Being a teacher, I should be patient with my students 作为一名老师，我应当对学生们耐心。 patience (n) 耐心 e.g. I have no patience with those who are always complaining 对那些老爱抱怨的人我没有耐心。14. receive(vt) 收到，得到；接待；接收(信号，节目声音) e.g. You have to receive some good training before being employed 在被录用之前你得先接受很好的培训.e.g. He was received as an honored visitor 他受到了贵宾似的接待。 e.g. The programme was received by satellite 节目是通过卫星接收的。15. work outA. 精心制定出（计划、日程等）e.g. 文中A secretary also helps the boss work out plans and timetables.I havent worked out whos going to look after the kids tonight.我还没计划好今晚谁去照料孩子们。B. 计算出（答案、数量、价格、价值等）e.g. You can work out the answer by adding all the numbers. 你把所有数加在一起就能算出答案了。C. 理解，设法弄懂e.g. The story is very complicated, and itll take you a while to work it out. 这故事极其复杂，你要花一些时间才能弄明白。D. （尤指定期）锻炼；健身e.g. He keeps working out twice a week. 他坚持每周锻炼两次。16. wear (vt) (wore，worn) A.穿着； e.g. She likes to wear green 她喜欢穿绿色。B.面上呈现(一种表情) e.g. Whenever I see her, she wears a sweet smile 每当我看到她，她总是面带微笑。17.audience (n) 观众 注意: audience是集合名词，在使用时注意以下两点： (1)一般用单数，无论观众数量为多少，属于一个集合名词，所以应当用largesmall来修饰。 e.g. There were a large audience at the concert音乐会上有很多观众。(2)做主语时，如强调整体，谓语动词用单数，如强调个体，谓语动词则用复数。类似的集合名词还有staff，population，vocabulary，team, family 等。 e.g. Although the audience to the play was small，all the audience were absorbed in it虽然去看戏的观众很少，但他们被深深吸引。18.collect (vt) A.收集 e.g. He likes collecting match boxes 他喜欢收集火柴盒。B.筹集（资金等）； e.g. We are going to collect some money and food for the homeless我们打算为无家可归的人筹集钱款和食物。collection (n) 收藏，收藏品 e.g. She has a large collection of perfume bottles她收集了很多的香水瓶子。19. grow up vi 长大成人grown-up adj.长大的n. 成人 What do you want to be when you grow up?20.all walks of life 各行各业walk n. 职业、行业、社会阶层The members of the club include people from all walks of life.21.explain vt.explanation n. explain sth to sb/ explain to sb that/whyHe explained the outline of his plan to us.She explained to us that he couldnt come because she was illHe explained why he was late.22.follow trends 跟潮流 set the trend 领导潮流There is a growing trend towards earlier retirement.提早退休者有增加的趋势。23. have a large/ big audience(谓语动词根据情况单复数) The audience are watching the performance attentivelyThe audience is mostly made up of young people.24. seem 的用法 seem (to be )+ adj.n. seem to do it seems that+clause there seem to be He seemed an honest man.It seemed that he was an honest man. Everything seems easy. It seems that everything is easy. The problem seems to be very difficult to work out. It seems that the problem is very difficult to work outTranslation1.尽管父母要他成为医生，但他决定从事教书工作。（make up ones mind, take up）His parents wanted him to be a doctor, but he made up his mind to take up teaching.2.他很聪明，但是另一方面，他很懒惰。（on the other hand）He is clever, on the other hand, he is lazy.3.即使我将付出许多努力，我也要继续下去。（make efforts, go on）Even though I have to make great efforts, I will go on.4.如果他对此事不感兴趣的话， 你就不要逼他做。（take an interest, force）Dont force him, if he doesnt take an interest in it.5.他感谢医生曾坚持要求他戒烟。（grateful, give up）He is grateful that the doctor has ever insisted he give up smoking.6.他靠自己解出了难题。（on own）He worked out the problem on his own.Homework（Translation）：1. 各行各业的人们都来听他讲演。（all walks o life）2. 父母对于孩子的影响将会贯穿他们的一生。（all through their lives）3. 一个经理的决定有时对一个公司来说是生死攸关的。（mean）4. Sharon在放暑假前把她所有的书都摆放得整整齐齐。（put sth. in good order）5. 昨天那场音乐会有大量的观众。（a large audience）基础语法：（初三衔接高中，你所缺的）一般现在时(always, sometimes, rarely, usually etc)l. 表示经常性或习惯性的动作。2. 表示普遍真理或客观事实。或.表示现在的状态。Light goes faster than sound.The physics teacher told us that light goes faster than soundHe is strong.3. 表将来时间不轻易改变的动作或状态。What time does the train go?The new term starts on September 1.4. 在时间和条件状语从句中If we work hard, well be able to fulfill the plan.It wont be long before the rain stops.现在进行时1. 表示现在时刻进行的动作。2. 表示现阶段正在进行而现在时刻不一定在进行的动作。Is your son working hard this term?3. 表示将来（用于位移动词）come, go leave, take, arrive, etcWere going to Shanghai next week.Mr. Black is leaving for London in a few days.4. 表示感情色彩。常与always, constantly, forever等表示经常性的状语连用。He is always thinking of how he could do more for the people. He is constantly leaving his things about.现在完成时1. 已完成用法。2. 表示动作发生在过去，并已完成，强调结果和现在有联系。常用三类状语。1) already, yet, before（句末）recently, lately等2) ever, never, once, twice, three times（次数）等3) now, just, today, this year等3. 未完成用法。表示动作或状态从过去某时开始，可能还要继续下去，常常和for 或since构成的时间状语连用。For three days.(时间段)since three days ago.(时间点)其他一些时间状语：up to now, so far, in the past （last） few years, these few days 等现在完成进行时（have/has been doing）1. 和现在完成时意思差不多可以互换，但用现在完成进行时常表达说话人的感情色彩，常用all day, all the morning作时间状语。瞬间动词不能用于此时态。比较：I have written a letter. I have been writing a letter.前面一句表已完成；后一句表示还在写，没有完成。一般将来时1. shall/will + v. 带有意愿的感情色彩。I will help you. 我会（愿意）帮你。2. Shall/will be doing1) 表示将来某个时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作What will you be doing this time tomorrow?2) 表示纯粹的“将来”，不带情感色彩。I will be going to the library this afternoon.be going to 1)最近打算进行的2)根据迹象，即将发生的。It is going to rain.3. be to do 表示按计划进行（官方的，不改变的计划）The Expo is to be held in Shanghai 4. be about to do sth 表示即将发生的动作，后面不跟时间状语。We are about to leave. 但可用于be about to do sth when正要做。这时。I was about to leave when the telephone rang.将来完成时（will have done）表示将来某一时间已经完成的动作，通常跟by+将来时间连用We will have planted about 2000 trees by 2011.一般过去时1)表示确定的过去时间的状态或动作。(通常与yesterday, ago, last once（曾经), in +过去年份等连用2)used to 过去常常。过去习惯动作，但现在不了。Tom used to eat out every day, but now he cant afford it.过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。俗称“过去的过去”。句中常用by+过去时间, before, when, up till then.By the end of last year we had built five new houses.I had learnt 500 English words before I entered the university.When I got to the station, the train had left.Different parts of a sentence句子成分概念句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接和间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英语中，一般句子必须有主语和谓语），表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。句子成分分类1主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。如：讲述“谁” We work in a big factory. 讲述“什么” The classroom is very big. 数词作主语 Three are enough. 三个人就够了不定式作主语 To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctors job.从句作主语 What we need is food. 我们最需要的是食物. 在“There be ”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如：There are some bottles of milk in the box. 在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如： It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”. It took two workers about three months to build the house.2谓语谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语必须是动词，谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。如：He is very generous.She looks very smart and coolWe have finished the job.He can speak German.3表语 表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当，它的位置在系动词后面。 形容词作表语You look younger than before. 名词作表语 My father is a teacher. 副词作表语Everyone is here.介词短语作表语They are at the theatre.不定式作表语My job is to teach them English.动名词作表语Her job is training the nurses.从句作表语That is why he didnt come to school yesterday.4宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。如：名词作宾语He never forgives others for their mistakes.代词做宾语He often helps me.不定式作宾语He likes to sleep in the open air.动名词作宾语The Americans enjoyed living in China.从句做宾语I believe that they can finish the work in time.直接宾语和间接宾语及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。如：We brought them some food.主 谓 间宾 直宾间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或 for。5宾语的补足语 在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如:名词作宾补If you let me go, Ill make you king.形容词作宾补 Dont make your hands dirty.副词作宾补 We found Li Ming out when we arrived.介词短语作宾补 Make yourself at home.省略to的不定式作宾补 I saw a girl go into the building.带to的不定式作宾补 The boy ordered the dog to lie down.现在分词作宾补 The boss kept them working all day.过去分词作宾补 Yesterday he got his leg broken.在英语中,常见的“宾语宾语补足语”的结构有：“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有：call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。 We call him Jack. They made Li Lei their monitor.“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。如：Do you think his idea wrong?We must keep our classroom clean.We cant leave him alone.Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday?“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有：down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。如： Let him in/ out. Mr. Li drove us home.When got there, we found him out.“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语（即宾语）所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。如： We found everything in good order. We regard him as our good friend.He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.“宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种： A 要求带to的不定式The cool water of the lake invited us to swim. B 要求不带to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch等 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. I often hear him read English in his room. C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework.“宾语+现在分词”。现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，有着主谓关系。 I saw them playing on the playground.I heard Mary singing in the classroom.“宾语+过去分词”。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。 I had my bike stolen. The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood. 形式宾语形容词 We found it impossible to get there before Saturday.宾语+what 从句Call me what you like.Mr. Li has made the factory what it is today.The mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago.6定语 定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。如： 形容词作定语 The black bike is mine. 代词作定语 Whats your name?名词作定语 They made some paper flowers.介词短语作定语 The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One.不定式作短语 I have lots to eat and drink.从句作定语 The tall boy who is standing there is Peter. 在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称“后置定语”。 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置。如： Well go to have something English. If you dont know the answer, ask someone else. Do you have anything important to tell me?介词短语作定语时要后置。如： Do you know the boy behind the tree?The students in the room are all my friends. I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.动词的不定式作定语时要后置 What about something to drink? I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.注 动词不定式作主语时，to 后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。如果时短语时，那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的。 Do you have any piece of music to listen to? nearby, below, downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置。如：We are at the top of the hill. Can you see the village below?The people downstairs are listening to a talk now?They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once.7状语 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。如： He did it carefully They missed me very much. Without his help, we couldnt work it out. In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. When I was young, I could swim well.2. What to choose?. Today more and more high school graduates go on to college. Most young people decide their courses of study for themselves. They do not wait for their parents to tell them what career to choose.For example, Jacks father practices medicine. Even though he wants his son also to become a doctor, he d