高一英语必修1--4-各单元语法点.doc

此文档收集于网络，仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除高中英语必修一 考点一： 直接引语&间接引语 （unit 1& unit 2）引语的概念（以课文88页为主，本文重在方法提炼与巩固）直接引述别人的原话，叫直接引语 直接引语通常都用引号括起来用自己的话把别人的话陈述出来，叫间接引语间接引语在多数情况下都构成一个 _宾语从句Direct SpeechShe said, “I like singing. ”She said, “I am waiting for a bus.”Indirect SpeechShe said she liked singingShe said she was waiting for a bus. 总结：直接引语是陈述句,变为间接引语时用连词that引导宾语从句.从句中的人称,时态,指示代词,时间状语,地点状语等相应变化.（见课本88）补充：Direct SpeechShe asked, “Have you seen the film?”He asks, “Are you a doctor, John?”She asked us, “Where are you going to get off?”He asked them, “Who gave you a talk yesterday?”Indirect SpeechShe asked me whetherif I had seen the film.He asks John ifwhether he is a doctor. She asked us where we were going to get off.He asked them who had given them a talk the day before.总结 直接引语是一般疑问句,变为间接引语时,用连词if或whether连接。直接引语是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,仍用原来的疑问词作连词来引导。解题步骤:1.陈述句“I dont like computers,” Sarah said to her friends.第一步Sarah said to her friends that I dont like computers.（ Ishe 时态said 过去式 dont - didnt ）第二步Sarah said to her friends that she didnt like computers.2. 一般疑问句:Is it easy to improve the condition of the soil? ( They asked him )第一步It is easy to improve the condition of the soil.第二步They asked him if it is easy to improve the condition of the soil.第三步Asked过去式 is- was第四步They asked him if it was easy to improve the condition of the soil.3.特殊疑问句：When do you harvest the wheat ?( They asked him )第一步you harvest the wheat第二步They asked him When you harvest the wheat.第三步（you-he）(harvest- harvested)第四步They asked him when he harvested the wheat考点二： 现在进行时表将来（ unit 3）用现在进行时表示将来1. 指的是近期的，按计划或安排要发生的动作；谓语通常为瞬间性的动词如：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return, meet, get 等。Im leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。He is coming back this Sunday. 这个星期他就回来了。How are you getting there? 你怎么去哪啊？2. 在时间和条件状语从句中，有时也用进行时表示将来情况。如：Dont mention me when you are talking with him. 当你和他说话的时候不要提起我。If he is doing his homework, dont bother him. 如果他要做作业，不要打扰他。现在进行时的基本用法现在进行时是英语中的一种重要时态，其结构是：be + doing sth.。a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。 We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。b. 表示现阶段暂时的情况，说话时动作未必正在进行。 What are you doing recently? Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）c. 表示发展中的或正在改变的情况，如：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。 The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。 Its getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩（赞成、讨厌、生气等情绪）。 You are always changing your mind. 你总是改变自己的主意。一般将来时 （单纯将来）1）shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各 人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。 The building will be finished next month. 这座大楼将于下个月竣工。 Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？ Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？ will 在条件句中用一般现在时代替; If she comes, Ill call you. 如果她来了，我就打电话告诉你。2）be going to a. 现在的打算、意图，即将做某事What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？ b. 表示最近未来的计划或安排将要发生The play is going to be produced next month。 这出戏下月开播。 c. 有迹象要发生的事Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。3）be to do 按计划或正式安排将要发生 We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4）be about to 意为马上做某事，刚要，正要（表示 非常近的将来）不能与tomorrow 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用 He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。be going to / will 辨析用于条件句时，be going to表将来，will表意愿。If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.如果你想去旅行，你最好尽快的准备。Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.be to do/be going to 辨析be to do 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排）Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排）不用进行时的动词1）表示事实状态的动词，如 have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。 I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。 This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。2）表示心理状态的动词，如 know, realize, think, see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate 等。 I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。 He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。3）瞬间动词，如 accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse 等。 I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。4）系动词，如 seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn 等。You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。一般现在时代替一般将来时when ,while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case （that）, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。考点三： 定语从句（unit 4& unit 5 必修二unit 1 & unit 5 ）高考高频考点（1）三个概念1.定语从句：用来修饰某个名词、代词或整个句子的从句就叫做定语从句。2.先行词：定语从句所修饰的词就叫做先行词，它一般是由名词、代词或句子充当。3.引导词：引导定语从句的词就叫做引导词。引导词用以连接先行词与定语从句，引导词既有替代先行词的作用，又在从句中充当着一个成分。例：The boy who is singing at the stage is only nine years old. 先行词 引导词 定语从句Anyone that is willing to help others is welcome to our group. 先行词 定语从句引导词（2）、要点1.先行词与定语从句之间要有引导词（有时可省略:做宾语且前面无介词）2.关系代词应紧跟在先行词之后3.引导词在定语从句中充当某一成分（3）、引导词的用法关系代词: who/whom/that/which/whose 1.先行词是人时，关系代词用who/whom/that.(1) who/that表主格: The girl who /that is drawing is Jims sister. The man who/that lives next door is friendly.(2) whom/that表宾格(who可用于口语中)可省略:The boy (whom/that) we talked about will come.He is the man (whom/that) we saw yesterday.2.先行词为物时，关系代词用which/that.(1) which/that表主格:A plane is a machine which / that can fly.Mary likes music which/that is quiet and gentle.(2) which/that表宾格,可省略:The car (which /that) he bought was a second-hand one.The film (which/that) we saw last night was wonderful.3.whose：表所有格，先行词既可以是人，也可以是物The worker whose arm was broken was sent to hospital.The river whose banks are covered with trees is very long. 成分先行词主语宾语定语人who、thatwhom、who、thatWhose（of whom）物which、thatwhich、thatWhose（of which）关系副词：when/where/why关系副词可替代的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语关系副词=介词+关系代词why=for whichwhere=in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配)when=during/ on/ in/ . which (介词同先行词搭配)1. when: 指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例：This was the time when he arrived. I will never forget the day when I met my favorite star.2. where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例：This is the factory where he works. Nanjing is the place where I was born.3. why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例：Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.Is this the reason why he refused our offer?注意：关系副词when, where, why, 的含义相当于“介词+which”结构，因此常常和“介词+which“结构交替使用。例：I will never forget the day on which I met my favorite star.【when】Nanjing is the place in which I was born.【where】Is this the reason for which he refused our offer?【why】 成分先行词状语例句表时间的名词whenOctober 1,1949 is the day when(on which) the Peoples Republic of China was founded.表地点的名词whereThe hotel where( in which) we stayed wasnt very clean.（4）、关系代词that的特殊用法只用that 的情况1.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：He was the first person that passed the exam. 2.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything， none， the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？ 3.先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：This is the same bike that I lost.4.先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 5.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：Who is the girl that is crying？ 6.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.7.先行词在主句和从句中都作表语时，只能用that.例如：He is not the man that he once was.8.先行词是the way时，只用that不用that 的情况1.先行词为that, those时，指物用which，指人用 who，而不用that.例如：Whats that which is under the desk？2.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如：This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。3.引导非限制性定语从句，用which，而不用that.例如：Tom came back, which made us happy.（5）、判断关系代词与关系副词方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。 Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。 判断改错： （ ） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （ ） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （ ） This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year. （ ） Ill never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在引导词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one 例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one 例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 引导词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （ where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语）。（6）非限制性定语从句非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。但是限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。1.which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.4.有时as也可用作关系代词5.在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which, whose代表事物。（7）as, which引导的非限制性定语从句1.由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.2.as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：(1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。(2）as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。如：It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. that B. which C. as D. it(3) 当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which。Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.(4) as 的用法例the same as；suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。I have got into the same trouble as he (has).as可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如。例1As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.例2. As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health.As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。（8）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.（9）在下列情况下，一般只用 of whom 和 of which。定语从句的主语是表示数量的词时，一般只用of whom和of which。数量词如：few, little, some, most, many, much, two, all , none, both, neither, each 等。In the room are lots of people, many of whom I dont know. (= In the room are lots of people and many of them I dont know.)He has a lot of story-books, a few of which I have never read. (= He has a lot of story-books and a few of them I have never read.)The old man has three children, two of whom are college students and one of whom is a manager. (= The old man has three children and two of them are college students and one of them is a manager.)There are fifty students in our class, all of whom are working hard.（=There are fifty students in our class and all of them are working hard）高中英语必修二考点一 被动语态 （ unit 2， unit 3 ，unit 4）一、被动语态的构成形式1. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变 化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.2） has /have been done 现在完成时例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.3） am/is /are being done 现在进行时例A new cinema is being built here4） was/were done 一般过去时例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5） had been done 过去完成时例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.6） was/were being done 过去进行时例A meeting was being held when I was there.7） shall/will be done/ be going to be done/ be about to be done/ be to be to done一般将来时例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.8） should/would be done/ waswere going to be done/ waswere about to be done/waswere to be to done一般将来时例The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.9） shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）例The project will have been completed before July.10） should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用）例He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语， 另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。例I dont like being laughed at in the public.二、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词that从句”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.”。有：It is said that 据说,It is reported that据报道，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that众所周知，It is thought that大家认为，It is suggested that据建议。例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）三、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1.英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：The door wont lock （指门本身有毛病）The door wont be locked （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 例Your reason sounds reasonable.四、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。1 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing（to be repaired）这房子需要修理。2 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。例The picture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read）3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)试比较：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)4. 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.5 在too to结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.6. 在there be句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?五、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。例The building is under construction( is being constructed).2“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎胜过、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)， beyond ones reach（鞭长莫及），beyond ones control（无法控制），beyond our hope 我们的成功始料不及。例The rumour is beyond belief（=cant be believed）3.“above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质、行为、能力等) 超过、高于”。例His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough4“for+名词”结构，表示 “适于、 为着”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。例That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).5“in+名词”结构 ，表示“在过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。例The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed)6“on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事 中”。常见的有：on sale(出售)，on show（展出）, on trial（受审）。例Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).7“out of+名词”结构 ； 表示 “超出 之外“，常见的有：out of control (控制不了)，out of sight （超出视线之外），out of ones reach(够不着), out of fashion(不流行)等。例 The plane was out of control (cant be controlled) 。8“within+名词”结构，“在内、不超过”。例He took two days off within the teachers permission高中英语必修三考点一 情态动词（ unit 1 ，unit 2）一、情态动词的特点:1.没有人称和数的变化。2. 有些情态动词有过去式的变化:e.g. will would , can could , may might , dare dared二、情态动词的否定式: 情态动词+ not +动词原形can not: cant , must not: mustnt , need not : neednt三、情态动词的用法及相互区别, 是考试的内容之一1. can , be able to be able to 表示经过努力后, 能够做到; be able to 有多种形式的变化。can 1). 表示体力或脑力方面的能力; 2). 表示允许、可能性。could 是can的过去式, 表示过去有能力及过去存在的可能性 ;