2013年山东科技大学-357英语翻译基础.pdf

I Directions Translate the following words abbreviations terminology or sentences into their target language respectively There are altogether 20 items with one point for each and 5 sentences with 2 points for each in this part of the test 30 points 1 ICT 2 IPR 3 ISO 4 NCA 5 NDRC 6 NPC 7 LAD 8 SLA 9 CIF 10 CBD 11 邮政特快专递 12 联邦调查局 13 全球定位系统 14 东南亚国家联盟 15 生物多样性公约 16 气象卫星防卫计划 17 环境影响评价 18 欧洲联盟 19 国际足球联盟 20 全球环境基金 21 发展是硬道理 22 没有最好 只有更好 23 Personal tragedy haunted his entire life in the deaths of loved ones 24 Consumers look for the best values for what they spend while producers seek the best price and profit for what they have to sell 25 Being ignorant of laws and afraid of being exposed to the public they resorted to setting the matter out of court II Directions Translate the following three source texts into their target language respectively If the source text is in English its target language is Chinese If the source text is in Chinese its target language is English 120 points Source Text 1 30 points 节日 同世界其他地区一样 节日在中国是人们勤于烹调 饱享口福的时候 菜市场鱼肉满 架 购物和烹调成了人们的主要活动 但是除了节庆膳食在数量和质量上与平日不同之外 一些历史悠久 具有象征意义的特色食物也是节日必不可缺的伴侣 例如 农历五月五日 的端午节是为了纪念被昏庸君主贬官放逐而抱石投江自尽的古代诗人和忠臣屈原 最初人 们将以竹叶包扎好的糯米粽子投入屈原自尽的那条江 以祭祀亡灵 今天 人们在端午时 节举行龙舟比赛 而粽子则由活生生的人来享用 农历八月十五日的中秋节是观赏满月的 日子 圆圆的月亮象征着圆满 进而象征着家庭团聚 中秋节的特制食品是一种圆形的月 饼 内含核桃仁 蜜饯 豆沙或蛋黄等食物 春节是中国的农历新年 春节的日期按农历 而定 通常出现在公历 2 月前半期的某一天 大吃大喝历来是春节的主要内容 除了常见 的海鲜 家禽和肉类之外 人们还要按各自的地方习俗烹制一些传统菜肴 例如北京的饺 子 上海的八宝饭和广州的米羹 全国各地都可以见到形态各异 口味不一的年糕 年糕 这个词里的 糕 字与 高 谐音 寓意来年 节节高 Source Text 2 30 points An Inner Critic A physician starts playing a harsh mental tape in her head every time a new patient calls What if I make the wrong diagnosis I m a terrible doctor How did I get into medical school An executive loses his job despite 25 productive years he tells himself I m a loser I can t provide for my family and I ll never be able to do it again If these real life examples sound familiar you may have a caustic commentary running in your head too Psychologists say many of their patients are plagued by a harsh Inner Critic including some extremely successful people who think it s the secret to their success An Inner Critic can indeed roust you out of bed in the morning get you on the treadmill and spur you to finish that book or symphony or invention But the desire to achieve can get hijacked by harsh judgment and unrelenting fear Unrelenting self criticism often goes hand in hand with anxiety and it may even predict depression Self criticism is also a factor in eating disorders and body disorder that is preoccupation with one s perceived physical flaws Many people s Inner Critic makes an appearance early in life and is such a constant companion that it s part of their personality Psychologists say that children particularly those with a genetic predisposition to depression may internalize and exaggerate the expectations of parents or peers or society One theory is that self criticism is anger turned inward when sufferers are filled with hostility but too afraid and insecure to let it out Other theories hold that people who scold themselves are acting out guilt or shame or subconsciously shielding themselves against criticism from others You can t tell me anything I don t already tell myself even in harsher terms Techniques from cognitive behavioral therapy can be helpful in changing patterns of thought that have become painful There are many patients such as doctors lawyers who believed that if they didn t flog themselves they wouldn t be successful And part of psychologists work is to break through that belief by telling the patients that they usually succeed in spite of their Inner Critics not because of them Source Text 3 60 points The Linguistic System There are as many as three thousand languages which are spoken today These languages are very different from each other Indeed it is primarily the fact that they are so different as to be mutually unintelligible that allows us to call them separate languages A speaker of one of them no matter how skillful and fluent cannot communicate with a speaker of another unless one of them as we say learns the other s language Yet these differences great as they are are differences of detail of the kinds of sounds used and the ways of putting them together In their broad outlines in their basic principles and even in the way they approach certain specific problems of communication languages have a great deal in common We are all intimately familiar with at least one language yet few of us ever stop to consider what we know about it The words of a language can be listed in a dictionary but not all the sentences and a language consists of these sentences as well as words Speakers use a finite set of rules to produce and understand an infinite set of sentences These rules comprise the grammar of a language which is learned when you acquire the language The grammar of a language includes the sound system how words may be combined into phrases and sentences and the way in which sounds and meanings are related The sounds and meaning of words are related in an arbitrary fashion That is if you had never heard the word grammar you would not by its sounds know what it meant Language then is a system that relates sounds with meanings and when you know a language you know this system This linguistic knowledge or linguistic competence is different from linguistic behavior known as linguistic performance If you woke up one morning and decided to stop talking you would still have the knowledge of your language If you do not know the language you cannot speak it but if you know the language you may choose not to speak Language is a tool of communication But if langua