国际经济学题库(英文版).doc

Part. Fill in the blank with suitable content.1.Seven themes recur throughout the study of international economics. These are the gains from trade , the pattern of trade , protectionism the balance of payments, exchange rate determination, international policy coordination, international capital market. 2. Countries engage in international trade for two basic reasons : comparative advantage and economics of scale. 3. A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries. 4. Labor is the only one factor of production. 、and 、are the unit labor requirement in cheese and wine at Home and Foreign, respectively. If aLC/aLWaLC*/aLW* , Home has a comparative advantage in cheese. /is the relative price of cheese, when aLC/aLW Pc/PwaLC*/aLW* Home and Foreign specialize in producing cheese and wine , respectively.5. Labor is the only one factor of production. 、and 、are the unit labor requirement in cheese and wine at Home and Foreign, respectively. L and L*are Homes and Foreigns labor force. If /, the world relative supply of cheese equals（L/aLC）/(L*/aLW*) . Homes gains from indirectly producing wine can be shown as (1/aLC)(Pc/Pw)1/aLW 6. In specific factors model(QM=QM (K, LM); QF=QF (T, LF); L=LM+LF), if Home produces and trades manufactured goods for food , the overall comparison of the five change rate of goods price and factor price 、inside Home is . That is, the real income of capitalists increase, it can be shown as .7. There are two main reasons why international trade has strong effects on the distribution of income. First, resources cant move immediately or costlessly form one industry to another Second Industries differ in the factors of production they demand.8. In the Heckscher-Ohlin model,Comparative advantage is influenced by the interaction between relative abundance and relative intensity9.According to stolper-sammelson effect if the relative price of a good rises, the real income of the factor which intensively used in that good will rise, while the real income of the other factor will fall.10.According to 罗布津斯基效应 Rybczynski effect , at unchanged relative goods price, if the supply of a factor of production increases, the output of the good that are intensive in that factor will rise, while the output of the other good will fall.11.According to H-O模型H-O proposition , owners of a countrys abundant factors gain from trade, but owners of a countrys scare factors lose.12.According to 要素价格均等化命题 Factor price equalization proposition , international trade produces a convergence（收敛） of relative goods prices. This convergence, in turns, causes the convergence of the relative factor prices. Trade leads to complete equalization of factor prices.（完整的要素价格均等化）13. Three assumptions（假设） crucial to the prediction of factor price equalization are in reality untrue. These assumptions are (1) 两个国家都生产两种产品 both countries produce both goods (2) 两国技术相同 technologies are the same (3) 存在贸易壁垒：天然壁垒和人为壁垒There are barriers to trade: natural barriers and artificial barriers .14.“U.S. exports were less capital-intensive than U.S. imports” is known as里昂惕夫悖论 Leontief paradox .15.The Ricardian Model , the Specific Factor model and the H-O model may be viewed as special cases（特殊情况） of 标准贸易模型 standard trade models16.The standard trade model derives（派生 推导） a world relative supply curve（曲线） from production possibilities and a world relative demand curve from preferences .17.To export-biased growth, if the decline（下降） of the welfare caused by the deterioration（恶化） of the terms of trade swap over（交换） the rise of the welfare caused by growth, the growth is immiserizing growth (贫困化增长).18. Some economists argued that export-biased growth by poor nations would worsen their term of trade so much that they would be worse off than if they had not grown at all. This situation is known as immiserizing growth (贫困化增长) .19.Immiserizing growth demands strict conditions, these conditions are economic growth is strongly export-biased, the growing country is large enough to affect the world price, RS and RD must be very steep. 20.According to “ 梅茨勒悖论Metzle paradox ”, tariffs and export subsidies（补贴） might have perverse（有害的） effects on internal price.21.In the model of “Monopolistic（垄断） Competition and Trade”, firms of an individual nation face the trade-off between economies of scale and variety of products .22. Marshall argued that there were three main reasons why a cluster of firms （企业集群）may be more efficient than an individual firm in isolation: specialized supplies, labor market pooling , knowledge spillovers(知识溢出) 23.The pattern of intraindustry（产业内） trade itself is unpredicted, history and accident determine the details of the trade pattern.39. When there is external economies（外部经济）, the pattern of international trade is determined by economics of scale interact with comparative advantage.24. The indexes（指标）of intrainindustry trade of a industry can be calculated by the standard formula: 25. Interindustry trade and intrainindustry（产业内） trade are the sources of gains from trade . When countries are similar in their relative factor supplies、scale economies and product differentiations are important, intrainindustry trade is the dominant source（主要来源） of gains from trade, everyone gains from trade.26.The argument of temporary（暂时的） protection of industries to enable them to gain experience is known as 幼稚产业论the infant industry argument27. If we add together the gains and losses from a tariff, We find the net effect on national welfare can be separated into two parts: terms of trade gain and efficiency loss 28.Why do countries adopt trade policies such as tariff or import quota, which produce more costs than benefits? trade politics 29.In the political economy of trade policy（贸易政策的政治经济学） , government are assumed to（被假定为）maximize 政治成功political success rather than 国家福利 national welfare .30.Deviations from free trade can sometimes increase national welfare. These arguments include the term of trade argument for a tariff and the domestic market failure argument31.According to “Specific rule (对症规则) ”, domestic market failure should be corrected by domestic policies aimed directly at the problems sources.32. Although market failures are probably common, the domestic market failure argument against free trade should not be applied too freely.First domestic market failure should be corrected by domestic policies aimed directly at the problems sources ;Second economists cannot diagnose market failure well enough to prescribe policy. 33. International trade often produces losers as well as winners. In the actual politics of trade policy, income distribution is of crucial importance. 集体行动问题The problem of collective action can explain why policies that not only seem to produce more costs than benefits but that also seem to hurt far more voters them they can help can nonetheless be adopted.34.The WTO includes four aspects content: GATT 1994, GATS, TRIPS , TRIMS 35.“Nondiscriminatory” principles （非歧视性原则）include most favored nation principle and national treatment principle36.For preferential（优惠） trading agreements, such as customs union , countries must cede part of their sovereignty to supranational entity（必须放弃部分主权的超国家实体） 37.Whether a customs union（关税同盟） is desirable（可取） or undesirable depends on whether it largely leads to trade creation or trade diversion .38.Trade policy in developing countries is concerned with two objectives（涉及两个目标）: promoting industrialization and Coping with the problem of the dual economy.39. Trade policy in developing countries is concerned with two objectives: promoting industrialization and coping with the problems of the dual economy. Correspondingly, there are two main arguments for developing countries to pursue policy of import-substituting industrialization. The two arguments are the infant industry argument t and market failure justification for infant industry protection.40. Sophisticated proponents of the infant industry argument have identified two market failures as reasons why infant industry protection may be a good idea: The imperfect capital markets justification and The appropriability argument .Part. True or False (true and false are denoted by “T” and “F”, respectively)1. If aLW*/aLC*/ will be produced in Foreign. ( F )3. It is precisely because the relative wage is between the relative productivities that each country ends up with a cost advantage in one good. ( T )4.Long-run convergence(长期收敛) in productivity（生产力）produces long-run convergence in wages. ( T )5. “Korean workers earn only $2.50 an hour; if we allow Korea to export as much as it likes to the United States, our workers will be forced down to the same level. You cant import a $5 shirt without importing the $2.50 wage that goes with it.” (F )6.The proposition that trade is beneficial is unqualified(不合格). That is, there is no requirement that a country be “competitive” or that the trade be “fair”. ( T)7. Free trade is beneficial only if your country is strong enough to stand up to foreign competition. ( F ) 8. Foreign competition is unfair and hurts other countries when it is based on low wages. （F） 9. Trade exploits a country and make it worse off if its workers receive much lower wage than workers in other nations. (F ) 10.The Ricardian Model predicts an extreme degree(预测一个极端的程度) of specialization(专业化). ( T ) 11.The Ricardian Model neglects(忽略) the effects on income distribution. (T )12. The basic prediction of the Ricardian model has been strongly confirmed by a number of studies over years. ( T )13. The Ricardian Model predicts that countries tend to export those goods in which their productivity is relative high. ( T )14. We can think of factor specificity as a matter of time. ( T )15.The opportunity cost of manufacture in terms of food is denoted by(表示) MPLM /MPLF. ( F ) 16.A equal proportional change in price have no real effects on the real wage, real income of capital owner and land owner. ( T )17. Trade benefits the factor that is specific to the import-competing sectors of each country but hurts the factor to the export sectors, with ambiguous effects on mobile factors. ( F )18.It is possible in principle for a countrys government to use taxes and subsidies(补贴) to redistribute（重新分配） income to give each individual more of both goods. ( T )19. Although international trade has strong effects on income distribution, there are still possible in principle to make each individual better off. ( T )20. Typically, those who gain from trade in any particular product are a much more concentrated, informed, and organized group than those who lose. ( F )21. Conflicts of interest(利益冲突) within nations are usually more important in determining trade policy than conflicts of interest between nations. ( T )22. Generally, economists do not regard the income distribution effects of trade as a good reason to limit trade. ( T )23.The formulation of trade policy(贸易政策的制定) is a kind of political process(政治进程). ( T )24. “The worlds poorest countries cant find anything to export. There is no resource that is abundantcertainly not capital or land, and in small poor nations not even labor is abundant.” ( F )25. Wage inequality in U.S. increased between the late 1970s and the early 1990s, economists attribute the change to the growing exports of manufactured goods from NIEs. ( T ) 26. If the factor-proportion theory was right, a country would always export factors for which the income share exceeded the factor share, import factors for which it was less. ( F ) 27.The H-O model can predict not only the direction but the volume of trade(贸易量). ( T )28.Factor trade in general turns out to be much smaller than the H-O model predicts. ( T )29. According to an influential recent paper, the H-O model can predict not only the direction but the volume of trade. Factor trade in general turn out to be the same as the H-O model predicts. ( F ) 30. Only by dropping the Heckscher-Ohlin assumption that technologies are the same across the countries can the overall pattern of international trade be well predicted by the H-O model. ( T ) 31.If a country want to maximize its national welfare, the consumption point is where the highest isovalue line is tangent to the highest reachable indifference curve. ( T )32.A rise in the terms of trade increases a countrys welfare, while a decline in the terms of trade reduces its welfare. ( T )33.Export-biased growth tends to improve the growing countrys terms of trade at the rest of the worlds expense. ( F )34.If the two countries allocate(分配) their change in spending in the same proportions, there will not be a terms of trade effect. ( T )35. If the country receiving a transfer spends a higher proportion of an increase income on its export good than the giver, a transfer raises world relative demand for the recipients export good and thus improve its terms of trade. ( T )36.A transfer worsens the donors terms of trade if the donor has a higher mariginal propensity to spend on its export good than the recipient(受体). ( T )37.A transfer improves the donors terms of trade, worsens recipients terms of trade. ( F )38.A transfer of incomesay foreign aidcould conceivably leave the recipient worse off. ( T )39.A tariff improves Homes terms of trade and worsens Foreigns, while a Home export subsidy worsens Homes terms of trade and improve Foreigns. ( T )40. Where there is economies of scale, there is imperfectly competitive market structure. ( F )41.If intraindustry trade is the dominant source of gains from trade, everyone gains from trade. ( T )42.Effect on the distribution of income within countries often weight more heavily on policy than terms of trade concerns. ( T )43.The usual market structure in industries characterized by internal economies of scale is monopolistic competition. ( F ) 44.Today, antidumping(反倾销) may be a device of protectionism. ( T )45.Reciprocal(相互) dumping tends to increase the volume of trade in goods that are quite identical（一致）. ( F )46.It is possible that reciprocal dumping increase national welfare. ( T )47.Strong external(外部) economies tend to “locked in” the existing patterns of interindustry trade, even if the patterns are run counter to(背道而驰) comparative advantage. ( T )48.A trading country can conceivably lose from trade is potentially justify protectionism. ( T ) 49.Like static external economies, dynamic external economies can lock in an initial advantage in an industry. ( T )50.The stratigic trade policy is related to the model of “Monopolistic competition, differentiate products and intraindustry trade”. ( F )51.The model “Oligopoly, homogeneous products and intraindustry trade” is first developed by Krugman and Helpman . ( F )52.Trade in factors is very much like trade in goods, it occurs for much the same reasons and produces similar results. ( T )53.Trade in factors is an alternative(替代) to trade in goods for the allocation of resources. ( T )54.When a country borrows, its intertemporal PPF is biased toward QP. ( F )55.The relative price of future consumption goods QP is (1+r). ( T )56.The dynamic path of TNCs enter foreign market：FDIExportLicence. (F )57.Tariffs may have very different effects on different stages of production of a good. ( T )58.Nominal(名义)tariff reflects the effective rate of protection(有效保护率). (F)59.The costs and benefits analysis of a tariff is correct if only the direct gains to producers and consumers in a given market accurately measure the social gains. ( T ) 60.The costs and benefits analysis of a tariff is correct if only a dollars worth of benefits to each group is the same. ( T )61.A VER is exactly like an import quota which the license are assigned to foreign government. ( T ) 62.VERS are much more costly than tariffs. ( T )63.Local content laws have been widely used by developing countries trying to shift their manufacturing from assembly back into intermediate goods. ( T )64. A political argument for free trade reflects the fact that a political commitment to free trade may be a good idea in practice even though there may be better policies in principle. ( T ) 65.Deviations from free trade can sometimes increase national welfare. (T )66.For a sufficiently small tariff the terms of trade gain of small country must outweigh the efficiency loss. ( F )67.The domestic market failure argument against free trade is intellectually impeccable but of doubtful usefulness. (F ) 68. “U.S. farm exports dont just mean higher incomes for farmers they mean higher income for everyone who sell goods and services to the