焦点教育出品—2013年4月14日托福考试真题及解析.pdf

焦点教育出品 2013 年 4 月 14 日托福考试真题及解析 时代焦点的老师为广大的考生整理了 2013 年 4 月 14 日托福考试的真题及解析 希望可以给日后考 试的考生给予一定的借鉴 听力部分 时代焦点的老师为广大的考生整理了 2013 年 4 月 14 日托福考试的真题及解析 希望可以给日后考 试的考生给予一定的借鉴 听力部分 Conversation1 一个女学生是教授助理 去休假 回来后问教授关于论文写作的的事 她想写有关 Dolphins 的论文 女生提到度假中查了 20 世纪 80 年代的老资料 教授说太老了应该查 2004 年的资料 这样才能显示出她认 真做过一定的文献分析工作 另外 教授提醒女生注意选题 因为他期望女生在论文中体现出 analysis on problems 而不是仅仅做 summary 女生补充说度假时有单位给她工作 offer 教授提议不如先读个 master 女生说还是倾向于先工作再读 master Lecture 1 对一个南极探险者的评价的变化 有一个英国探险家去南极因为气候太差 结果没回来 后来他的老 婆就把他的 notes 整理出书了 引起轰动 成了 one of the best seller 整个英国都把这个人当英雄 大人孩子都特别喜欢他 老师说这有两个原因 1 历史原因 二战之前人人恐慌 有英雄情结 2 他的夫 人做了编辑整理和润饰宣传 然后来有个人又去南极 然后觉得那个所谓的英雄特别笨 这里有个双选题 问批评他什么 有一个是组织能力 另外一个是没有用雪橇犬 再后来又有个女的要为这个英雄正名 就 研究了那个时候的一些天气数据 发现那个 weather 特别糟糕 这里有题 以 Coldest March 为题出版 表明当时的三月异常寒冷 因此更突显这个英国探险家的特别不容易 结尾的时候老师说 you might think why it was so late 问教授干嘛这么说 意思是说这个女的没有解答全部的质疑者的问题 Lecture 2 根据老鼠胡子设计机器人 刚开始时候不知道老鼠胡子的感受原理 机器人设计完了知道了 机器人 有感受器 接收了电脑重建 image 发现很准 后来说老鼠胡子长度能感受 texture 长短感受光不光滑是 不一样的 这个机器人还不行 最后老师说还没有提到 light sensors 机器人以后会有很多功能 比如 在黑暗的地方进行作业等 Conversation 2 校广播站站长没钱了去找 dean dean 说学校不给钱 只提供地方且学校广播站是学生组织和非盈利性 机构 学生说理解 但还是希望 dean 能提供好的建议 提到之所以遇到 financial problem 有两个原因 一是因为以前很多地方企业都来广播站做广告 现在网络时代了都不来了 他们倾向于在网上发布广告 二是企业认为该校广播台影响面比较小也不出名 院长说替他们预约学校 development 的专业人士咨询一 下 他们或许能给出更加专业性和有效地帮助 Lecture 3 海洋生物学 讲越来越多的 artificial reef 在被建造 这是因为人工 reef 的好处 越 rough 越好 hole 越多越好 增加了生物的多样性 biodiversity 这是因为有些小动物能将 hole 当做自己的 inhabitant place 而大型海洋动物喜欢 rough 的环境 rough 的环境能够方面他们栖息 w w w f o c u s e d u c n 更多资料请参考 h t t p b b s f o c u s e d u c n f o r u m p h p g i d 42 Lecture 4 Greek 以前用 marble 后来不用了 而罗马用 concrete 首先听力中提到不知道 concrete 是希腊人发 明的还是意外发现的 不管怎样 concrete 开始在越来越多的建筑物当中使用 因为他更坚固 能够建造更 大型的更宽敞的建筑 比如集市或议会楼等 但是 concrete 也有缺陷 就是不好看 因此在建筑时往往会 在 concrete 上面弄些装饰性的砖或大理石 这样看上去会好看很多 本次托福听力考试难度与今年的前几次考试相比并无太大变化 但是需要注意的是讲座中考到了不常 出现的工程学 这也意味着同学们平时泛听的材料也不应该局限于常见的四大主题 而是应该做好 ETS 不 按套路出牌的准备 广泛涉猎各个学科 其他三篇分别为历史类 海洋生物学类和建筑类 Conversation1 一个女学生是教授助理 去休假 回来后问教授关于论文写作的的事 她想写有关 Dolphins 的论文 女生提到度假中查了 20 世纪 80 年代的老资料 教授说太老了应该查 2004 年的资料 这样才能显示出她认 真做过一定的文献分析工作 另外 教授提醒女生注意选题 因为他期望女生在论文中体现出 analysis on problems而不是仅仅做summary 女生补充说度假时有单位给她工作offer 教授提议不如先读个master 女生说还是倾向于先工作再读 master 听力部分解析 听力部分解析 一定要把握住教授提出的两个建议 资料应该查 04 年的 dolphin 而不是 80 年代的 whale 以及不如 先读个 master 建议是对话中很常见的考点 Lecture 1 对一个南极探险者的评价的变化 有一个英国探险家去南极因为气候太差 结果没回来 后来他的老 婆就把他的 notes 整理出书了 引起轰动 成了 one of the best seller 整个英国都把这个人当英雄 大人孩子都特别喜欢他 老师说这有两个原因 1 历史原因 二战之前人人恐慌 有英雄情结 2 他的夫 人做了编辑整理和润饰宣传 然后来有个人又去南极 然后觉得那个所谓的英雄特别笨 这里有个双选题 问批评他什么 有一个是组织能力 另外一个是没有用雪橇犬 再后来又有个女的要为这个英雄正名 就 研究了那个时候的一些天气数据 发现那个 weather 特别糟糕 这里有题 以 Coldest March 为题出版 表明当时的三月异常寒冷 因此更突显这个英国探险家的特别不容易 结尾的时候老师说 you might think why it was so late 问教授干嘛这么说 意思是说这个女的没有解答全部的质疑者的问题 文章解析 历史类讲座 历史和艺术史讲座中最长出现的是艺术家的生平 但是本文另辟蹊径讲了一位探险家 explorer 的生活 老师总结的两个原因同时符合我们的因果和罗列原则 一定是全文的核心内容 有个女 的批评探险家的两个内容同样属于罗列 考了四选二 还有需要注意的就是一个对比考点 大众对探险家 前后态度发生的变化 Lecture 2 根据老鼠胡子设计机器人 刚开始时候不知道老鼠胡子的感受原理 机器人设计完了知道了 机器人 有感受器 接收了电脑重建 image 发现很准 后来说老鼠胡子长度能感受 texture 长短感受光不光滑是 w w w f o c u s e d u c n 更多资料请参考 h t t p b b s f o c u s e d u c n f o r u m p h p g i d 42 不一样的 这个机器人还不行 最后老师说还没有提到 light sensors 机器人以后会有很多功能 比如 在黑暗的地方进行作业等 文章解析 本篇文章是披着工程学外衣的仿生学讲座 难点主要在表格题 要求考生选出哪些功能是老鼠和机器 人都有的 哪些是只属于老鼠或机器人的 涉及细节比较多 非常容易错选 最后老师说机器人将来还会 有很多功能 此处属于标准的态度题出题点 表示教授对某事物将来前途的预测 仿生学相关的讲座大家 可以参考 TPO 中的关于蝙蝠和海豚的讲座 Conversation 2 校广播站站长没钱了去找 dean dean 说学校不给钱 只提供地方且学校广播站是学生组织和非盈利性 机构 学生说理解 但还是希望 dean 能提供好的建议 提到之所以遇到 financial problem 有两个原因 一是因为以前很多地方企业都来广播站做广告 现在网络时代了都不来了 他们倾向于在网上发布广告 二是企业认为该校广播台影响面比较小也不出名 院长说替他们预约学校 development 的专业人士咨询一 下 他们或许能给出更加专业性和有效地帮助 文章解析 本篇对话较简单 注意教授罗列的遇到 financial problem 就好 标准的多选题考点 Lecture 3 海洋生物学 讲越来越多的 artificial reef 在被建造 这是因为人工 reef 的好处 越 rough 越好 hole 越多越好 增加了生物的多样性 biodiversity 这是因为有些小动物能将 hole 当做自己的 inhabitant place 而大型海洋动物喜欢 rough 的环境 rough 的环境能够方面他们栖息 文章解析 本文主要介绍人工鱼礁 从机经内容可以看出比较级的出现 越 rough 越好和越多越好 比较级一直 是 ETS 考查托福听力的重点 需要引起大家的重视 Lecture 4 Greek 以前用 marble 后来不用了 而罗马用 concrete 首先听力中提到不知道 concrete 是希腊人 发明的还是意外发现的 不管怎样 concrete 开始在越来越多的建筑物当中使用 因为他更坚固 能够建造 更大型的更宽敞的建筑 比如集市或议会楼等 但是 concrete 也有缺陷 就是不好看 因此在建筑时往往 会在 concrete 上面弄些装饰性的砖或大理石 这样看上去会好看很多 文章解析 建筑学讲座 涉及希腊和罗马的对比 这是 ETS 的老套路了 参考 TPO18L2 希腊罗马雕塑的对比文章 以及 TPO 阅读中的罗马希腊对比 Concrete 这个选择既有优点又有缺点 这两方面的内容也是我们听的重 点 w w w f o c u s e d u c n 更多资料请参考 h t t p b b s f o c u s e d u c n f o r u m p h p g i d 42 阅读部分 阅读部分 第一篇 From Cottage To Industry 第二篇 Species Diversity 第三篇 The Greek Dark Ages 有配 图 古希腊地图 Ancient Greek 第一篇讲 cottage 转为工厂的 第一个原因是更好的技术 第二个是雇主可控制员工的工作时间 第 三个是提出一些工厂生产的优点 但每一个都提出了质疑 第二篇讲为什么极地动物比低纬度得的少 第一个原因是极限的温度和光 但被提出了质疑 接着说 可能是食物的原因 低纬度食物种类丰富 生物注重特定的几种食物 很少竞争 高纬度食物来源不稳定 所以他们吃多种食物 所以他们可能互相竞争 第三篇希腊黑暗时代 一段说贸易 建筑啥得都废了 人口骤减 后一段说靠海的城市则好很多 影 响小些 然后黑暗时代过去后农业宗教跟之前差不多但陶器因为新的工具有了进步 最后还提到了人口移 民 阅读部分解析 阅读部分解析 题目重复情况 第一篇 From Cottage To Industry 重复 2010 2 21NA 2012 1 14ML 第二篇 Species Diversity 重复 2011 11 12NA 第三篇 The Greek Dark Ages 有配图 古希腊地图 Ancient Greek 重 复 2012 10 14ML 2012 3 24ML 2011 4 30NA 所有词汇题 marginally slightly inevitable versatile elaborate complex inducement incentive accelerating increasing in speed interrupt stagnation to be sure certainly exploit take advantage of 第一篇 From Cottage To Industry w w w f o c u s e d u c n 更多资料请参考 h t t p b b s f o c u s e d u c n f o r u m p h p g i d 42 最早是手工业 cottage 家庭作坊装不下大型机器 machinery 所以 factory 工厂出现 早期工厂 early factories 里面这些机器 作坊也有 为什么要有工厂 一般认为是技术进步使工业化 但是实际上应该是反过来 工业化后有了平台 有了对技术的需求 进而才有的技术进步 1750 年以后出现工厂生产 解释一 剥削 exploit 原来在家自己管自己 工作时间不确定 而在工 厂有严格时间要求 但是 也不能确定在家就比在工厂工作时间短 同时 这也能减少把原材料运到作坊 的成本 解释二 便于集中组织管理 而实际上 1750 年以前就有集中的生产 centralized workshop 但当时 主要是造船 军工 奢侈品贸易 luxury goods 等 需要政府资助 government sponsor 才能够生存 作坊也有优势 在萧条期 可以随时减少生产量 以上解释都无法说明为何非要发生在 1750 年这个时间 timing 文章最后说 大概就是 1750 年以后时 机适合 所以才出现 Factory System http en wikipedia org wiki Factory system The factory system was a method of manufacturing first adopted in England at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the 1750s and later spread abroad This system replaced the putting out system The main characteristic of the factory system was the use of machinery usually powered by water or steam Other characteristics of the system mostly derive from the use of machinery or economies of scale These characteristics are Change from craftsman labor to mechanized production Before factories many products such as shoes and muskets were made by skilled craftsmen who usually made an entire article often custom and almost always unique In contrast factories practiced division of labour in which most workers were either low skilled laborers who tended or operated machinery and unskilled laborers who moved materials semi finished and finished goods There were a few skilled mechanics Division of labor was also practiced by the putting out system in which for example pieces of leather were cut off site and brought to a central shop to be made into shoes or other articles Economies of scale Factories produced product on a much larger scale than the putting out or crafts systems Because factories could over supply local markets access to transportation was important Factories used far less manpower per unit of production and therefore lowered product cost Location Before the widespread use of steam power and railroads most factories were located at water power sites and near water transportation After the widespread introduction of railroads which coincided with more efficient and affordable steam engines factories could be located away from water power sites but tended to be located along railroads or with access to water transportation w w w f o c u s e d u c n 更多资料请参考 h t t p b b s f o c u s e d u c n f o r u m p h p g i d 42 Building design Workers and machines were brought together in a central factory building or buildings specially designed to handle the machinery and flow of materials Although all work was usually done under one roof in the earliest factories in multi story buildings different operations were done on different floors Multiple story buildings were common because they facilitated transmission of power from a water wheel turbine or steam engine through line shafts In large factories such as locomotive works different processes were performed in different buildings Foundry and blacksmith operations were normally kept in a separate building for reasons of safety cleanliness and health Product uniformity including any components such as soles heels and uppers for shoes and shoes made to uniform sizes although in the early years a given size from different manufacturers had different dimensions Uniformity was mainly due to the precision possible from machinery but also quality was overseen by management The quality of many machine operations such as sewing was superior to hand methods Near the end of the 19th century the capability of making interchangeable parts from metal was in widespread use Workers were paid either daily wages or for piece work either in the form of money or some combination of money housing meals or goods from a company store See Truck system Piece work went out of favor with the advent of the production line which was designed on standard times for each operation in the sequence and workers had to keep up with the work flow The cost and complexity of machinery especially that powered water or steam was more than cottage industry workers could afford or had the skills to maintain The exception was the sewing machine which allowed putting out of sewing to continue for decades after the rise of factories Home spinning and weaving were displaced after in the years following the introduction of factory production especially where transportation facilitated distribution 1 Because the efficiency of steam engines decreased with decreasing size and because cost per horsepower went up as size went down the smallest steam engines were about 2 horsepower This was a larger size than needed by most workshops and consequently most workshops relied on manual power until electrification in the 1910s and 1920s To overcome this limitation many workshops rented space in power buildings which provided a take off from a line shaft powered by a central steam engine 第二篇 Species Diversity 1 物种多样性从赤道向极地减少 2 一般认为物种数量变化受到光照或者温度等变化影响 然后谈到深海生物 到水下 2 3 千米以后 一直都是冷的 且深海是一直没有光照的 但那里生物很多 证明原来观点不对 3 经研究是受到食物供给 food supply 影响 动物在一种环境生存 当有入侵者 invader 时 原来的 动物可能会挂掉 以前认为这是两动物之间发生物种竞争 现在发现实际是食物供给 因为入侵者也未必 能在这一新环境生存 w w w f o c u s e d u c n 更多资料请参考 h t t p b b s f o c u s e d u c n f o r u m p h p g i d 42 4 在热带物种多样性好 是因为看似只有一两种食物 但不同生物吃该食物的不同部位 所以食物供 给充足 这类专吃某种食物的动物称为 specialist 5 但并非是食物供给是否充足影响物种多样性 而是食物供给的波动性 在极地的海里 春天和冬天 的食物供给大为不同 春天某海洋植物丰富 微生物吃该植物 鱼吃微生物 还有动物不远万里从一极赶 到另一极来吃 而在冬天食物稀少的地区 则生物要竞争 举例 某种灰狼 grey wolf 什么都吃 rabbit caribou 啥的都吃 这类动物被称为 generalist 它们会根据实际情况调整饮食 而不是只吃某种特定食 物 所以 就会出现物种之间的竞争 从而影响到物种多样性 Latitudinal Diversity Gradient The increase in species richness or biodiversity that occurs from the poles to the tropics often referred to as the latitudinal diversity gradient LDG is one of the most widely recognized patterns in ecology Put another way in the present day localities at lower latitudes generally have more species than localities at higher latitudes The LDG has been observed to varying degrees in Earth s past Sahney S and Benton M J 2008 Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological 275 1636 759 Explaining the latitudinal diversity gradient is one of the great contemporary challenges of biogeography and macroecology Willig et al 2003 Pimm and Brown 2004 Cardillo et al 2005 Mora C 另一种在排放后捕捉 通过种树 因为树 木会吸收 CO2 例如某工厂就在工厂周围中种植很多树木来吸收产生的 CO2 口语部分解析 口语部分解析 Task 1 学校获得一大笔钱 应该修建图书馆还是体育馆还是实验室 If the school received a barrel of money what do you wish it will be spent on A sports gym a laboratory or a scientific research facility 参考答案 If my school received a barrel of money I d wish the money be spent on building a gym for the following reasons First it s so much better to be able workout indoors We can workout no matter what the weather conditions are For example we can play the badminton when it s windy outside Also we can workout during anytime of the day For example I have the habit of staying late in the library If there were a gym in my school I ll have somewhere to run in after all my works are done Last indoor activities are usually less intensive which means it s less likely for us to get injured from exercising Task 2 学生是否 part time job Some people believe that it is important for young people to have a part time job as a working experience while others think they should spend more time on their studies What is your opinion and why 参考答案 I think it s extremely important for students to have a part time job for the following reasons First of all students can get real world experience from working off campus Take myself for example I waited tables part time while I was in university I learned a lot about how to deal with different kinds of people on that job Also working off campus means that students can get in touch with people that aren t students Students have a chance to establish a professional network before leaving school For example some schools require students to intern at a local business as part of the graduate requirements And I know people who have secured permanent positions at these firms even before they graduated Task 3 w w w f o c u s e d u c n 更多资料请参考 h t t p b b s f o c u s e d u c n f o r u m p h p g i d 42 Task 3 是学校计划所有学生参加 capital hospital 实习 来使学生决定是否将医学当职业和不占用上课时间 实习 女生同意 因为可以将时间与课堂知识相结合 并且可以在职业前解决实习中遇到的问题 第二没 听太清楚 大概是可以不予课表相冲突 女生认为课程很难 她经常在实验室很晚来做作业 解题要点 Reading Announcement school plans to require all medical school students to intern at the capital hospital during summer Reason 1 students get a chance learn more about the job Reason 2 there won t be any scheduling conflicts Listening Woman agrees with the plan Reason 1 students gets to put what they learned in class to practice they can get some real world experiences before they leave school Reason 2 there won t be any scheduling conflict for her She stays in the lab working till late in the evening But she can work during summer Task 4 讲转移话题 教授给个例子 政客 A 和 B 讨论是否应该在河边建公园 和政府承担得起建工院的费用 A 说不能 举出数据和信息 B 认为可以 但没说钱 说小时候他跟父母去河边玩 看到船飘在水上很好看 如果建了公园所有人能看到了 忘了公民怎么想的 认为建公园很好 投他票 没注意钱 解题要点 Term Diversion Definition is the divided attention of an individual or group from the chosen object of attention onto the source of distraction Lecture two politicians debates about the idea of building a park beside the city park and budgeting for the project Politician A stands against the idea and he presents numbers and statistics to support why he think the project is too expensive for the city Politician B however supports the project But he doesn t mention money at the debate at all He talks about he used to spend time with his parents beside the river when he was a child The sight of boats in the river was beautiful He says more people will be able to enjoy the great view if there is a park w w w f o c u s e d u c n 更多资料请参考 h t t p b b s f o c u s e d u c n f o r u m p h p g i d 42 by the lake People like the idea of the view so they voted for him But they are distracted from the fact that building the park might be too expensive for the city Task 5 男子牙疼正在犯愁是否立即去看牙医 遇见一女同学 故把情况跟她述说 因为他经常看牙的那个牙医 只能安排他明天上午去 他坚持一晚比较痛苦 他打电话去人家说他可以去另外一个诊所 但是如果他去看 急症则要开车到 30 分钟外的地方去 他因此会错过上的物理课 他物理课成绩不好 他不想错过 但又担心 自己牙疼的利害 解题要点 Problem the man s problem is he s got really bad tooth ache Solution 1 go to his own dentist have everything checked out Pro Con he can only go next morning because the doctor is not currently available Solution 2 go to another clinic Pro he can have the problem checked out asap Con he might miss Physics class He really wants to go to the lecture because he s not good at Physics Task 6 如何捕捉 co2 一种是在排放之前捕捉 例如煤工厂就这样 co2 与一物质反应生成化学物质 吸收大 部分 co2 另一种在排放后捕捉 树木会吸收 co2 做食物 例如某工厂就在工厂周围中很多书来吸收产生的 co2 背景知识 Main idea two ways to capture and eliminate CO2 pollutions Example 1 chemical treatment that deals with the problem before the CO2 even leaves the factory A coal factory uses a chemical to neutralize the CO2 in house Example 2 some factories choose to deal with polluted air at a later stage For example a factory plants great number of trees around the factory The trees does a wonder job 写作部分 写作部分 综合写作 w w w f o c u s e d u c n 更多资料请参考 h t t p b b s f o c u s e d u c n f o r u m p h p g i d 42 阅读 At a sale in California envelopes containing photographic negatives 文中有解释什么是底片 底片被认为是 Ansel Adams 拍的 以下为观点支持 支持 1 底片拍的是 Pine Trees leaning downward on a cliff 这在 Adams 兄弟的其他著名照片中 也会看到 支持 2 装底片的信封上面的地址以及各个底片照相内容的标注的书写非常像 A 兄弟的媳妇 Virginia Adams 写的 V 姐主要负责给 A 兄弟当助理 所以很可能是 A 拍的 然后 V 负责给整理 organize 支持 3 底片部分有火烧的印迹 damaged by fire 而 A 的工作室 studio 曾发生过火灾 三分之一的 底片被烧 听力 教授说这几个 support 都不靠谱 not convincing 反驳 1 底片内容是著名景点 Yosemite National Park 是当地的标志性建筑 无数摄影师都去拍摄 不能证明这就是 A 独一无二的 反驳 2 书写里面出现了 misspelling 而 Virginia 从小就在 Yosemite 长大 教授说难道她从小到大 一直都错着写 反驳 3 当时底片用的化学材料极易燃 flammable 因此摄影师们用的底片引起火烧在当地很常见 没 有什么不同寻常的 独立写作 Which of the following do you think contributes the most to an enjoyable vacation Good Food Good Location Good Friends to travel with 写作部分解析 写作部分解析 独立写作题目 重复 2012 年 4 月 20 日北美 Which of the following do you think contributes the most to an enjoyable vacation Good Food Good Location w w w f o c u s e d u c n 更多资料请参考 h t t p b b s f o c u s e d u c n f o r u m p h p g i d 42 Good Friends to travel with 范文 When going on a vacation a variety of factors can contribute to the overall quality of your experience For me the three biggest contenders are good food good friends and good location However if I had to go with just one good location would win hands down When I travel the first thing I m looking to do is broaden my horizons Food is certainly one way to do that but it only constitutes a small part of how we can experience foreign cultures And friends are surely great for the company but they can also keep your mindset trapped in familiar territory while abroad That s why food and friends are really secondary considerations for me while traveling After college I backpacked alone