2011综合类职称英语教材新增文章--完形填空.doc

【新增】Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years (A级) 上世纪人类平均寿命的变化A hundred years ago，life expectancy in developed countries was about 47;in the early 21st century，men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74，women to about 80，and these ages are rising all the time.What has brought about these changes? When we look at the life span of people 100 years ago，we need to look at the greatest killers of the time.In the early 20th century，these were the acute and often highly infectious diseases such as smallpox.Many children died very young from these diseases and others，and the weak and elderly were always at risk.In the developed world these diseases are far less deadly today，and in some cases have almost disappeared.A number of factors have led to this：improvements in sanitation and hygiene.the discovery and use of antibiotics，which make bacterial diseases much less dangerous，and vaccinations against common diseases. In addition ，peoples general health has improved with improvements in our general environment：cleaner air, better means of preserving food，better and warmer housing，and better understanding of nutrition.Genetically, we should all be able to live to about 85 but while people do live longer today，there are still some big killers around that are preventing US from consistently reaching that age.The problems that affect people today are the more chronic illnesses，such as heart disease and strokes，and those spread by viruses，such as influenza and AIDS1.Of course，cancer is a huge killer as well.In most cases these diseases affect older people，but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity leading to more heart disease and illnesses such as diabetes at younger ages.The killers today can be classed as“lifestyle diseases, which means that it may be possible to halt their progress.【词汇】expectancy n.预期 preserve vt.保藏，防止(食物) 腐烂 acute adj.(疾病)急性的infectious adj.传染性的 nutrition n.营养 smallpox n.天花 chronic adj.(疾病)慢性的sanitation n.环境卫生 stroke n.中风 hygiene n.个人卫生 virus n.病毒 antibiotic n.抗生素influenza n.流行性感冒 bacterial adj细菌性的 trend n.趋势，倾向vaccination n.种痘obesity n肥胖 diabetes n.糖尿病 halt vt.使停止 bring about 带来， life span 寿命百年以前，发达国家的人均寿命大约是47岁；到21世纪初，美英两国的男性平均寿命约为74岁，女性则约为80岁，人们的平均寿命一直在延长。是什么造成了这样的变化呢？在研究一百年前的人们寿命的时候，我们有必要注意当时一些不治之症。早在20世纪初，这些不治之症经常是像天花之类的急性的高传染病。许多儿童因此夭折（也有其他原因），年迈题弱的人也总是面临着它们的威胁。如今，这些疾病在发达国家已远不能致命，有一些都能被治愈。这一变化归于许多因素，比如：环境及个人卫生的改善，抗生素的发现及使用，（抗生素大大降低了细菌病的危险）以及常见疾病预防疫苗的接种。除此之外，更洁净的空气、更好的食物保鲜方法、更舒适温暖的屋子还有对营养的进一步认识，这些总的环境的改善也促进了人们的整体健康。从基因角度看，人都都能活到85岁，但尽管现在人们寿命确实比以前长了，仍然有一些疾病使得我们不能都活到那个岁数。现在困扰人们的是像心脏病和中风那种更为慢性的疾病，还有像流行性感冒和AIDS那些通过病毒传染的疾病。当然，癌症也是一大杀手。上述疾病大多影响着老年人，但是令人担忧的问题在发达国家日趋明显，如：肥胖，产生更多心脏病和糖尿病等其他疾病患者群渐呈年轻化。人们如今把这些疾病归为“生活方式疾病”，这意味着人们生活方式的改善有可能阻止它们的进一步发展。原第十四篇 Sex change surgery guidelines drafted (A级) 原2010没考到China is set to issue its first clinical guideline on sex-change surgery, according to a notice put on the website of the Ministry of Health yesterday.The ministry is now soliciting public and professional opinions on the draft guideline. The coming guideline aims to regulate and standardize sex reassignment surgery, part of a treatment for gender identity disorder in transsexuals.Experts estimate nearly 2,000 Chinese have undergone sex-change surgery while 100,000 to 400,000 are still considering it. However, no official number is available. In the draft, the MOH sets minimum criteria for both surgical candidates and medical institutions.Candidates for the surgery must be older than 20 and single, the draft guideline said. They are also required to prove a persistent desire for a sex change, to live for at least five consecutive years full-time in the new gender role, and to engage in mental therapy for at least one year.Before surgery can take place, a candidate must receive a recommendation for the operation from a psychologist after an appropriate series of therapy sessions.Also, several legal requirements must be met before the procedure. The candidate must provide proof from police that he or she has does not have any criminal offenses in the past.Police must also agree to change the sex status on the identity card of the prospective receiver before the operation can take place .The advent of such a guideline is believed to show that the government is concerned about the needs of a relatively small number of people who want to change sex.But doctors also warn that all stakeholders, including the hospital and prospective receivers, should be highly cautious about this surgery.The operation is more than a medical procedure due to its huge social and legal consequences. Doctors should make it clear to those seeking sex-change surgeries that the option always remains to continue to live in the original role. The guideline requires surgeons to tell patients about other options such as hormone therapy, They are also required to explain the risks involved, and underlying social barriers including discrimination, and administrative recognition and approval.For the candidates, the surgery itself is not the big issue in the long run. The real issue is the kind of life he or she will have to lead afterward.第五篇 Why People Use Pseudonyms (C级) 为什么人们用假名？You cant choose the name you are given at birth.but in many countries you can change it legally when you reach adulthood.Of course, most people never change their names even if they feel unhappy about them.However, some people do take this course of action-particularly artists! What makes an artist want to change their name? Sometimes its for purely personal reasons, such as the Nobel Prize winning poet from Chile，Neflali Reyes.He didnt want his father to know he was writing poetry, so he changed his name to Pablo Neruda when he was a young man. At other times the reason may appear eccentric;take the case of the Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa，who wrote under 75 different names.The reason?“When I use a different name，I always write in a different way,”he explained.In most cases，however ，the reason is for social，historical，political，or cultural reasons.Here are some of the most common ：The persons real name is just too long and difficult to remember.Lets be honest， Madonna Louise Ciccone is not as easy to remember as just plain “Madonna”.And short names are much easier to remember：William Bradley became Brad Pitt and Edson Arantes do Nascimento became Pele.Sometimes names are changed for marketing purposes .For example，if a name sounds too“foreign”，it may be changed to something that is more recognizable in a market .So in the film world，Ramon Estevez adopted the name Martin Sheen.Or maybe the artists real name doesnt sound very attractive-Chad Everett does sound a lot better than Raymond Cramton.Artists sometimes choose the name of someone they admire.Robert Zimmerman changed his name to Boo Dylan because of his admiration for the Welsh poet,Dylan Thomas.Another reason may be practicality：in the past，women found it very difficult to get published.To avoid this situation they sometimes gave themselves mens names，so the English author Mary Ann Evans became George Eliot，and she did get her books published!我们没法选择出生时的名字，但是在很多国家人们可以在成年后改名。当然，绝大多数人即使不喜欢自己的名字也不会改。然而，有的人却付诸行动尤其是艺术家！为什么艺术家想改名呢？有时仅源于单纯的私人原因。比如诺贝尔奖得主，智利诗人Neftali Reyes，因为不想让父亲知道自己写诗，就在年轻时改名为Pablo Neruda。有时改名的理由也很奇怪，就拿葡萄牙诗人Fernando Pessoa来说吧，他的笔名多达75个。为什么？他解释说：“每用一个不同的名字，我就写不同的诗。”然而，改名大多数是由于社会、历史、政治或文化因素。以下是一些最常见的情况：也许是因为真名太长太难记。老实说，Madonna Louise Ciccone的确不如Madonna来得好记。简短的名字记起来容易得多，比如William Bradley改名为Brad Pitt, Edson Arantes doNasaimento 改名为Nascimento Pele。有时改名是出于市场要求。比如，假使名字听起来太“外国”，就可能被换成在市场更容易认的名字。所以电影圈里的Ramon Estevez重起一个名字Martin Sheen。或者因为艺人的真名听上去没什么吸引力 Chad Everett确实比Raymond Cramton好听多了。有时艺术家改名时会选择他们崇拜的人的名字。出于对威尔士诗人Dylan Thomas的崇敬，Robert Zimmerman把他的名字改成了Boo Dylan。 另一个原因可归结为现实考虑。过去，女人出书很难。为了避免这一局面，他们有时起男人的名字，英国作家Mary Anna Evans 把她的名字改为George Eliot，最后果真出版了自己的书！第十二篇 Sport or Spectacle? (B级) 竞技还是表演？Muhammad Ali is probably the most famous sports figure on earth：he is recognized on every continent and by all generations.The diagnosis of his illness as Parkinsons disease after his retirement fuelled the debate about the dangers of boxing and criticism of the sport.That，plus his outspoken opposition to womens boxing，made people wonder how he would react when one of his daughters decided to take up the sport.His presence at Lailas first professional fight，however ，seemed to broadcast her fathers support.Of course Muhammad Ali wanted to watch his daughter fight.The ring announcer introduced him as the “the greatest” and as he sat down at the ringside the crowd chanted.Twenty-one-year-old Lailas debut fight was a huge success and there was as much publicity for the fight as her fathers fights once attracted. Unfortunately ，Lailas opponent was much weaker than she was and the fight lasted just 31 seconds.Since then，Laila has won most of her fights by knocking out her opponent.“She knows what shes doing，all right，”said one referee about her.“She knows about moving well.You can see some of her dads moves.”Laila Ali would rather not compare herself to her father.She prefers to make her own name .Her father supports her decision to enter the sport but he has not spared her the details of what can happen.Laila realizes that her father wants her to understand the worst possible scenario to see if she still wants to go forward with it.She knows shes going to get hit hard at times，that she may get a broken nose or a swollen face，but at least she is prepared for it.Lailas decision to start boxing despite her fathers struggle with the symptoms of Parkinsons disease has of course sparked a mixture of debate and criticism .But Laila is a feisty and determined individual and it is that as much as her famous last name that has made her a magnet for worldwide media attention. Of course, the arrival on the boxing scene of a woman with her family history attracts even more questions about