中考英语语法专项复习：形容词、副词、被动语态.docx

中考英语专题复习形容词副词 (一)、 形容词的用法:用来修饰名词、代词的词称为形容词。1. 作定语:一般放在所修饰词的前面。如：The clever boy drew a beautiful picture yesterday. 2. 作表语,放在系动词的后面。 He looks happy today. 3. 作宾语补足语，放在宾语之后。The news made me sad. I found it difficult to learn English well. 4. 表语形容词:只能作表语。(1) 以a-开头的词：afraid 害怕的 alike 相同的 alive 活着的 asleep 睡着的 awake 醒着的 alone 单独的(2) 某些表示健康的词：fine 健康的ill有病的 well身体健康的Im not feeling well today. (3) 表语形容词还有：sure 确信的， ready 准备好的 frightened . Are you ready for lunch ?5. 定语形容词:只位于名词前作定语，即前置定语，而不用作表语的形容词。（1）表示强调意义的形容词：little小的；only唯一的；wooden木质的；woolen羊毛质的；elder年长的My elder brother is in Beijing.（正）My brother is elder. （误）only 唯一的 He is the only child in his family （2）与时间有关的形容词: daily 每日的，everyday 每日的，last刚过去的 in my daily life.（3）表示度量的复合形容词:three-year-old 3岁大的， She has a five-year-old son. 她有一个5岁的儿子复合形容词的构成：1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6副词+现在分词hard-working2形容词+形容词black-white7副词+过去分词well-known3形容词+现在分词good-looking8数词+名词twenty-metre（二）、形容词在句子中的位置：1 多个形容词修饰名词时的顺序为：限定词(冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、数词)描绘词(大小,长短,形状,新旧,长幼,颜色) 出处材料性质类别名词。如：a small round old black wooden table an expensive Chinese sports car 一辆昂贵的中国跑车2 作表语时放在连系动词之后，构成系表结构。如：The idea sounds great. 系动词：be(am, is, are), look(看起来), sound（听起来）, smell（闻起来）, taste（尝起来）, feel（感到）.3 作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。：We must keep our room clean. keep/find/make/think+宾语+形容词(三）、形容词作定语排列顺序的规律1. 前置与后置1) 形容词用作定语一般应前置(即置于被修饰的名词前)：old people 老人，beautiful houses 漂亮的房子， 2) 以下情况形容词作定语可以后置或必须后置： 表语形容词若用作定语，alive, alike, awake, asleep必须后置：Who is the greatest poet alive? 修饰something, anything, everything, nothing, everyone, anybody 等复合不定代词的形容词，必须后置： There is nothing wrong with it. 这没什么问题。 若不是单个的形容词，而是一个形容词短语用作定语，必须后置： I know an actor suitable for the part.适合扮演这角色的演员。在“数词+名词+old (long, high, deep, tall等)”结构中，表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词,总是后置： Her husband is 55 years old. 她丈夫55岁。The well is 25 meters deep. 这口井25米深。【注】形容词heavy不用于该结构，如回答How heavy is the box? 时，不能用Its 10 kilos heavy.(应去掉heavy)(3) enough在句中的位置是放在名词前，形容词、副词之后。 We have enough time time enough我们有足够的时间。He is old enough to go to school .(4) .else后置定语，修饰疑问代词what, who, whom, whose和不定代词something, anything, nothing, somebody, anybody, nobody等。(5) 以-able, 结尾的形容词置于有最高级或only修饰名词之后 a magazine available （四）、常见名词变为形容词的方法1. 名词加-y构成形容词。如：rain rainy, winwindy, cloudcloudy, snow snowy , sun sunny, luck lucky, healthhealthy ，noise_, taste_ shine_2. 名词加-ful构成形容词，表示肯定。如：use useful, helphelpful, forgetforgetful, beautybeautiful, care careful, wonderwonderful, color colorful, thankthankful harm （伤害） harmful （有害的） 3. 名词加-ly构成形容词。如：friend friendly, lovelovely, livelively, daydaily4. 名词加-en构成形容词。如：woolwoolen, woodwooden , goldgolden5. 名词加-less构成形容词，表否定。如：useuseless, carecareless, harm harmless, helphelpless hopeless 6. 在某些以元音结尾的名词后加-n构成形容词AsiaAsian, AmericaAmerican, AustraliaAustralian Canada_有些国名加上-ese构成形容词：China Chinese （中国的）Japan Japanese （日本的）7 名词加ern构成形容词 : easteastern westwestern southsouthern northnorthern 8名词加al构成形容词 : nation person nature , education tradition 9名词加 ous构成形容词 : Dangerous famous generous, various 10名词加able 构成形容词 :Comfort comfortable 11 名词加 ive 构成形容词:act active 12 名词加-ish构成形容词: foolish, selfish 13名词加-ar,构成形容词: similar, popular, regular 14名词加-ary构成形容词:, voluntary 15名词加-ing构成形容词:, moving, relaxing 16名词加- some构成形容词: handsome(五）、形容词的比较等级1.比较等级的构成：（1）规则变化分类情况例词单音节形容词和少数双音节词一般情况在词尾加-er或-est.short-shorter-shortest以e结尾的词加-r,-stnice-nicer-nicest以“辅音+y”结尾的词,变y为i，加-er或-est.lazy-lazier-laziest双写该辅音字母，再加加-er或-est.big red sad hot wet fat thin slim部分双和多音节词原级前加more和mostmore beautiful-most beautiful（2）不规则变化原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbest many/ much moremostbad/ ill /badlyworseworstlittlelessleastfarfarther（较远的） further（进一步）farther （最远的）further（最大程度的）oldolder（年纪较大的）elder（较年长的）oldest（年纪最大的）eldest （最年长的）（六）、形容词比较等级的用法1. 原级的用法：能修饰原级的词有very, quite, so, too, enough等。 He is too tired to walk on.（1）表示前者与后者在某方面程度相同时： be as形容词原级as， 如：Tom is as old as Kate.汤姆和凯特年龄一样大。（2）表示前者在某方面不如后者时： benotas/so+形容词原级as，如：This room is not as/so big as that one. 这个房间不如那个大。（3）表示A是B的几倍时：be+倍数 as +形容词的原级+as，如：This room is three times as big as that one.这个房间是那个房间的三倍。（4）the sameas句型表示原级比较，在这个句型中the same后面只能接名词。I am the same age as you.2. 比较级的用法： 比较级用于两者之间进行比较，（1）比较级的最基本句式是：be形容词比较级+than。如：Tom is taller than Kate.汤姆比凯特高。比较级程度：much , far（的多），a lot ，/even （甚至）any,/ a little a bit 如：Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two. He did not eat any more.(他没有再吃)（2）表示“甲比同一范围的任何一个人/物都“，含义是 “甲最” 时：be+形容词比较级+than any other+单数名词。如：“长江是中国最长的河流。”的几种翻译法：Jim is taller than boy in our class.(吉姆比我们班上任何一个男孩都高)= Jim is taller than boys in our class.(在我们班上吉姆其它的男孩高)= Jim is taller than of the boys in our class.= Jim is the boy in our class. . Jim is taller than girl in our class.（吉姆比我们班的任何一个女孩都高）b). 比较级+than+any other +单数名词/+the other +复数名词/ +anyone else/ +any of the other+复名c). Nobody else + 比较级 + than Tom is the tallest boy in our class .Tom is taller than _ _ boy in our class.Tom is taller than _ _ in our class. _ _ is taller than Tom in our class.比较时不能与自身相比 注: 当相比较的两者属于同一范围/类别时,为了与自身相比较, 要用any other +单数名词. 若两者不属于同一范围/类别时,不必用other ,直接用any + 单数名词. He is taller than _ boy in his class. He is taller than _boy in our class . A.any B.any other （3）“表示“甲是两者中较的”时：be+the+形容词比较级+of the two+。Look at the two boys. My brother is_ _ of the two. 我弟弟是两个当中较高的那个。（4）“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越”。如：He is getting_and_.他变得越来越高了。The flowers are_and_beautiful.（5） “the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越，越”。前句表示条件，后句表示结果 The _ careful you are，the _ mistakes youll make.你越认真，犯的错误越少。 If you are more careful, you will make fewer mistakes.（6） “特殊疑问词+be+形容词比较级，A or B？”。Which is bigger，the earth_the moon？（7） 为了避免重复，在从句中常用 that, those等词来代替前面出现的名词There are more students in our class than_ in yours. The weather in Beijing is colder than _ in Shanghai (8) This ruler is short , Please give me a （long) one. Tom is two years older than I. 汤姆比我大两岁。 Tom is twice as old as I. 汤姆的年龄是我的两倍。 The number of the students in our school is bigger/larger/smaller than yours. (价格price只能比较高低，用“high”或“low”，不能比较贵或便宜)(9)、比较级与最高级的互换 Tom isnt as/so tall as Mike. = Tom is shorter than Mike. = Mike is taller than Tom. = Tom is less tall than Mike. This book isnt as/so interesting as that book.=This book is interesting than that book =That book is interesting than this book.(10)、在进行比较时，必须是同类事物相比较。 His ruler is longer than I. (错) His ruler is longer than mine.(对)3.最高级的用法： 形容词最高级前必须加the，句末常跟一个表示范围的短语，in+地点，表示环境范围；of/among同类，表示对象范围，of/ among后的名词与主语是同一概念范畴的。（1）be+the+形容词最高级+in/of短语。如：Tom is the tallest in his class./of all the students.汤姆是他们班上/所有学生中最高。 (2)表示“最之一”时用： one of the+形容词最高级+复数名词+in/of短语。Beijing is one of the _ cities in China.北京是中国最大城市之一。（3）用于三者以上的比较还可用：特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级，A, B or C？ 如：Which country is the largest，China，Brazil_ Canada？哪一个国家最大，中国，巴西还是加拿大？(4).the +序数词+形容词的最高级+单数名词The Yellow River is the second longest river in China .(5) It is the _(interesting) that I have ever seen （7） 、易混知识点1、 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, perfect。2、以-ly结尾的形容词：许多形容词加-ly可以构成副词，但有些以-ly 结尾的词不是副词，而是形容词。 friendly友好的 lonely孤独的 lovely可爱的 likely有希望的 daily日常的 lively有生机的3、farther和further 区别是：在谈论地点、方向或距离时。farther和further可以互换，但further还有“更多，进一步，稍后，”等含义，不能与farther互换。 He went abroad for further study. 他去国外进修。4、black和dark区别为：black的意思是“黑色（的）”，指颜色，其反义词是white；而dark的意思“暗、天黑、黑暗”， 指无光。The doors are painted black. This is a dark house. 5、either, both和neither都含有“两者”的意义，either表示“两者中的任何一个”，是单数意思，它后面跟单数名词，做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。both 表示“两者都”，是复数意思，它后面跟复数名词，做主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。neither表示“两者中的任何一方都不”，是否定含义，它后面跟单数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。Either film _ interesting. Both films _ interesting. Neither film_ interesting.6、good, well, fine, nice 1). good是形容词，用作表语和定语，它表示电影、书籍等某种东西的内容好，表示人品好，善良等。 Its a good film. 这是部好电影。 2). well是形容词和副词，作形容词时，只作表语，指身体健康。 Take medicine three time a day, and you will be well soon. 这种药一天吃三次，你很快就会好的。 3). fine通常指天气，气质好，发育好等。 What a fine day today! 今天天气多好啊！ 4). nice“令人喜悦的，讨人喜欢的”人、味道、言语、天气等。 The flowers smell nice. 花闻起来很香。7、ill 和sick 两个词都是“病的，生病的”意思，都可以作表语，但作定语时只用sick 而不能用ill。 The _ woman is his aunt. She has been _for two weeks. 她已经生病二个星期了。二、副词：说明发生时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程度的词叫做副词。(一）、副词在句子中的位置：副词可以修饰动词、形容词或副词，也可放句首修饰整个句子。）副词按词汇意义可分为：方式副词：well，fast，slowly，carefully，quickly程度副词：very，much，enough，almost，rather，quite地点副词：here，there，out，somewhere，abroad，home时间副词：today，early，soon，now，then，recently，still频度副词：always，often，usually，sometimes，seldom，never否定副词：no，not，neither，nor疑问副词：where，how，why其他：also，too，only(1)作表语：地点副词一般可以作表语,放在be等连系动词之后,说明人物所处的位置。Im very sorry he isnt in at the moment.(很抱歉,他此刻不在家)I have been away from my hometown for nearly 20 years.(我离开家乡有将近20年了)(2)作宾语补足语：地点副词一般可以作宾语补足语。Put your dirty socks away, Jim! (吉姆,把你的脏袜子拿开！ 注意 “动词+副词”的宾语如果是代词,放在动词与副词之间，如果是名词可以放中间，也可放后面。 He wrote down the word.(他写下了那个词。)He wrote it down.(他把它写了下来。)(3)作状语： 时间副词：放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet等一般放在句尾,already、just一般放在动词的前面。有：now, today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, then, ago, already, just, early, late, finally等。 频度副词：一般放在be动词之后或者助动词与动词之间,但sometimes、often等还可以放在句首或句尾,usually可放在句首,once可放在句尾,twice、three times等一般放在句尾。说明动作发生的频度，常见的有always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never。如：He hardly ever does sports. 方式副词：一般放在行为动之后,suddenly可以放在句首、句尾或动词之前。 Old people can hardly walk as quickly as young people.Suddenly he saw a light in the dark cave常见的方式副词有：well, fast, slowly, carefully, quickly, happily, angrily, badly, loudly, politely, successfully等。如：How hard they are working! Please listen to the teacher carefully. 地点副词：一般放在句尾,但here、there还可放在句首。There you can see thousands of bikes running in all directionsThe frightened wolf ran away. He walked out quietly and turned back soon.(他悄悄地走了出去,很快又返回) 地点副词有：here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, somewhere, abroadIt very cold outside .Youd better put on your coat. I met an old friend of mine on my way home. 程度副词：修饰动词时,放在动词之前；修饰形容词或副词时,放在形容词或副词之前。但注意,enough总是放在被修饰的形容词或动词的后面；only位置比较灵活,总是放在被修饰的词的前面。I nearly forgot all about it if he did not tell me again. It was so strange that I could hardly believe my ears.She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus.常见的程度副词有：much, a little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, nearly, almost, hardly等。如：She sings quite well. 她唱的很好。I can hardly agree with you. 我几乎不能同意你。 疑问副词：用于对句子的状语进行提问,位置总是在句首。Why did little Edison sit on some eggs?(小爱迪生为什么要坐在鸡蛋上？常见的疑问副词有：how, when, where, why等。 连接副词：用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,在从句中作状语。That is why everyone is afraid of the tiger.(那就是人人都害怕老虎的原因)He wondered how he could do it the next day.(他不知道第二天怎样做那事) 连接副词主要有when, why, where, how, whether等。Tell me when 。 关系副词：用来引导定语从句,在从句中作状语。This is the place where Mr Zhang once lived.(这就是张先生曾经住过的地方) 其它副词：too“也”,用在句尾；also放在动词前；either “也”（用于否定句）,放在句尾；nor“也不”,放在句首；so“如此,这样”,放在形容词、副词前；on/off“开/关”放在动词之后；not放在be之后、助动词之后、不定式或动名词之前；maybe/perhaps放在句首；certainly放在句首或动词之前。He went to the Palace Museum and I went there,too.(他去了故宫博物院,我也去了) Maybe your ticket is in your inside pocket.(也许你的票就在你的里边衣袋里) (2） 、副词在句子中的位置1. 多数副词可以放在动词后面，如果是及物动词，一般放在宾语之后。如： Dont worry. The boy can do it very well别担心，这个男孩能把它做的很好。 2. 频度副词always，often，sometimes，usually通常放在行为动词之前，助动词、be动词或情态动词之后。 The boy is often late for class那个男孩经常迟到。 3. enough作副词修饰形容词或副词时，应放在所修饰的词之后。如： 4. 副词修饰形容词和其它副词时放在被修饰之前。You must study much harder now.5. 按一般规则，如果有几个时间状语，单位大的应放在单位小的后面。如：I was born at two oclock on the morning of May15.6. 按一般规则, 既有地点状语又有时间状语时，地点状语应放在时间状语之前。如：He watched TV at home last night. 他昨晚在家看电视。（三）副词的原级、比较级和最高级How_ (heavy) it is raining English is _(wide) used .I can work it out _(easy ) . How _(easy) I find it to swim . 副词和形容词一样，也有原级、比较级和1.原级的用法：程度相同两者之间的比较。肯定句：as+副词原级+as； 否定句：not as（so）+副词原级+asI cant speak so（as）fast as you. 我没法说得像你这么快。2.比较级的用法：两者不同程度的比较。（1）常用句式是：行为动词+副词的比较级+than。如：I got up earlier than my mother this morning. （2）比较级前可用much, a little , a bit, still, even等来修饰。He sings much better than I.他唱得比我好。（3）比较级的其它常用句型：比较级+and+比较级 “ 越来越”The worlds population is growing faster and faster.The+比较级，the+比较级“越，越”The more you study, the more you know. （4）比较级的句型转换主要有：比较级比较级（反义词）Li Ming runs faster than my brother.My brother runs more slowly than Li Ming.比较级 not as+副词的原级+asLi Ming runs faster than my brother. My brother does not run as fast as Li Ming.（5）最高级的用法：三者或三者以上的比较，用副词最高级，副词的最高级前面可以不加定冠词the，副词最高级常出现比较范围的短语： of/ among同类，in地点。如：Tom can run（the） fastest in my school.汤姆在我们学校跑得最快。（四）常见副词用法辨析1. already, yet：already用肯定句中，表“已经”；yet用否定句句末，表“还”，用于疑问句或否定句句末。如： He had already left when I called. Have you found your ruler yet？I havent finished my homework yet.我还没有完成作业。2. so, such ：（1）so形容词或副词，such名词。如： My brother runs so fast that I cant follow him. He is such a boy.他是一个这样的孩子。（2）so形容词a/an可数名词单数，such（a/an）形容词名词。 He is so clever a boy. He is such a clever boy. 他是如此聪明的男孩。（3）so many/ few+可数名词的复数； so much/little +不可数名词。 There are so many people in the park. There is so much water in the bowl. 3. also, too, as well, either also，as well，too，用于肯定句，also常用于be动词，情态动词，助动词之后，行为动词之前；as well，too用于句末；either用于否定句中，置于句末。如:4.sometime，sometimes，some time与some times sometime某一时间，某一时刻，可指将来时，也可指过去时。sometimes有时，不时的 some time一段时间 some times几次，几倍Well have a test_ next month. He stayed in Beijing for _ last year.。Sometimes we are busy and _ we are not. I have been to Beijing _.5. ago, before ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”，“一段时间ago”，常与一般过去时连用。 before指过去或将来的某时刻“以前”，也可泛指以前，常和完成时连用，也可单独使用。 I saw him ten minutes _. He told me that he had seen the film _.6. very，much，very much. very用于修饰形容词或副词的原级；much用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级；修饰动词要用very much。 John is _ honest.约翰非常诚实。 This garden is much bigger than that one.这个花园比那个大的多。Thank you very much.非常感谢你 much too, too much too many too much too意为“非常，极其，太”，much 和too都是副词，much修饰too，用以加强语气，中心词是too，much too修饰形容词或副词原级；too much意为“太多”，中心词是much，too修饰much，以加强语气，too much 修饰不可数名词，与too many 相对，too many修饰可数名词。 Theres _ rain in summer. The car is _ expensive. 这辆小轿车实在太贵了。7. now，just，just nownow “现在”，常与一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时连用；just“刚刚”，常与在完成时连用；just nowa moment ago“刚才”，过与一般去时连用。Where does he live _？We have _ seen the film.He was here_.8. too, enough, sotoo意为“太，很”，用于“tooto”结构，表示否定意义“太而不能”；enough意为“足够”用于“形容词/副词原级+enough to”结构，表示“足够能”；so意为“如此”，用于“sothat”结构，表示“如此以至于”。 Hes _ young to go to school. The coach is big_ to hold fifty people. 。 The park is _ beautiful that we cant stop taking photos 9. how long, how soon, how often, how farhow long“多久，多长时间”，一个持续的时间段提问，常用“for+段时间”和“since+点时间”回答。how soon“多久以后”，一个短暂性动作提问，用于一般将来时的句子中，用“in+段时间”回答。how often “多长时间一次”，对频度提问，常用“once, twice, three times a week ”等回答。how far“多远”，对距离提问。How_ have you been in China? For three months. How _ will he come back? In five minutes. How _ do you visit your grandparents? Once a week. How_ is it from your home to your school? About two kilometers.10、hard, hardly hard 意为“努力地，辛苦地”“剧烈地，猛烈地”，是程度副词；hardly意为“几乎不”，是否定副词。 Its raining _.雨下得很大。 I can _ understand his words. 我几乎听不懂他说的话。12 、lonely / alone 的区别1).alone 独自一人/没有同伴, 既可作adj 也可作adv.2).lonely 表示孤独,寂寞, 也可修饰地点,表示荒凉,偏僻的，常与feel 连用。3).alone 只作表语 (以a开头的形容词一般只作表语,不作定语)而lonely 既可作表语,也可作定语) He lives _ on a _ island . He is _ ,but he doesnt feel _.13、fast /quickly /soon 的区别. fast 表示速度之快 quickly表示动作之快 soon表示时间之快 Im leaving home this afternoon . Really ? Why so _? A.fast B.soon C.quickly D.early 2013届中考英语专题复习动词的分类与时态动词的种类包括实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。(一) 实义动词1.及物动词： 及物动词本身意义不完整,需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。(1) 动词 + 宾语 I like this book very much. 我非常喜欢这本书。(2) 动词 + 宾语 + 宾补 We call the bird Polly. 我们叫那只鸟Polly。I saw the children play in the park yesterday. 昨天我看见孩子们在公园玩。注意：带省略to 的不定式或现在分词做宾补的动词有：make，let，have，see，watch，notice，hear等。 (3) 动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语Please pass me the salt.请把盐递给我。双宾语的动词有：give，bring， buy， get，leave，lend，make，offer，pass，teach，tell，write，read，return2.不及物动词不及物动词自身意思完整,无需接宾语。Horses run fast. 马跑得快。(1) 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。We study English. 我们学习英语。（及物动词）We study hard. 我们努力学习。 （不及物动词）(2) 有些不及物动词与一些别的词搭配在一起构成短语动词，它的作用等于一个及物动词，要注意积累。A动词 + 介词Listen to the teacher carefully. 仔细听老师讲。此类动词后面的宾语无论是名词还是代词，都只能放在介词后面，不能放在动词和介词之间。B 动词 + 副词He turned off the light when he left. 当他离开时，他把灯关了。He picked it up and gave it to me. 他把它捡起来，并给了我。注意：代词作宾语时必须放在动词后，副词前，当宾语是名词时，放在副词的前后均可。C 动词 + 副词 + 介词Lets go on with our work. 让我们继续我们的工作吧！ He gets along well with his classmates. 他与同学们相处得很好！注：其后的宾语只能放在介词的后面。D 动词 + 名词 + 介词Please pay attention to the phrases in the article. 请注意文章中的短语。E be + 形容词 + 介词 We are good at swimming. She is satisfied with what I did. 她对我所做的感到满意。3. 延续性和非延续性动词(1) 延续性动词表示动作是可以持续的,和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：live, study, work, keep, teach 等。We have lived in Suzhou since 2001. You can keep this book for two weeks. (2) 非延续性动词表示瞬间动作，动作一经发生立即结束，如：buy, lend,