怎样绘制测绘地图.doc

/ /怎样绘制测绘地图How to map surveying and mapping 摘要：从测绘地图绘制的角度出发，对MAPGIS的优缺点进行分析。Abstract: from the perspective of surveying and mapping mapping, analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of MAPGIS. 关键词：MAPGIS；测绘地图Key words: MAPGIS; Map of surveying and mapping 1 概述Overview MAPGIS(地理信息系统)是对地球空间信息进行采集、存储、检索、分析、评价、建模和输出的计算机系统。近几年来,MAPGIS广泛应用于测绘遥感、环境治理、灾害预测、地质填图、城市规划、土地管理、矿产资源评价和地学制图等各个领域,已起到了不可估量的作用。MAPGIS (geographic information system) is for the earth space information acquisition, storage, retrieval, analysis, evaluation, modeling, and the output of a computer system. In recent years, MAPGIS is widely used in surveying and mapping in remote sensing, environment management, disaster forecast, geological mapping, city planning, land management, and evaluation of mineral resources and geological mapping and other fields, has played an immeasurable role. 2 MAPGIS与测绘地图The map of MAPGIS and surveying and mapping 测绘制图是测绘工作的有机组成部分,在开展多学科、多途径的测绘科研研究中,自始至终都要运用测绘地图来表现研究成果。在传统的测绘制图过程中,要经历若干个成图步骤。MAPGIS测绘制图过程主要分为资料准备、图形输入、图形编辑、颜色设计和图形输出等几个阶段MAPGIS提供了两种图形输入方法:一种是数字化输入,即采用数字化仪人工手扶游标跟踪,将原图资料转化为图形数据;另一种是扫描矢量化,通过扫描仪扫描原图,以栅格形式存贮于图象文件中,并经过矢量转换为矢量数据。Surveying and mapping surveying and mapping work is an organic part of, in carry out the multidisciplinary, multiple ways of surveying and mapping of scientific research in the study, from beginning to end have to use maps to show results of surveying and mapping. In the process of traditional surveying and mapping, to undergo a number of steps into a diagram. MAPGIS drawing of surveying and mapping process consists of: data preparation, the graphic input, graphics editing, color design and graphics output stage MAPGIS provides two methods of graphic input: one kind is digital input, namely USES the digitizer artificial hand cursor tracking, will the original data into graphics data; Vector, another kind is to scan through the scanner to scan the original image, in the form of a grid storage in the image file, and pass by vector is converted to vector data. 以上功能可用MAPGIS的输入编辑子系统来完成。数据输入计算机后,就要进入图形编辑数据校正、图形的整饰、误差的消除、坐标的变换等工作,由MAPGIS图形编辑子系统、误差校正、图形裁剪属性库管理等系统来完成上述各项功能。颜色是测绘地图表现的一种重要要素,它直接影响测绘地图的表现力和图面效果。因此,测绘图对颜色的要求是非常严格的。MAPGIS对测绘地图作了颜色的要求,在分析了测绘地图印刷特点的基础上,设计了一套灵活、方便、精确的颜色定义和色标系统。The above function can use MAPGIS input editing subsystem to complete. Input data into the computer after, will go into the finishing of graphics edit the data correction, graphics, elimination of error, the coordinate transformation, by MAPGIS edit graphics subsystem, error correction, the graph cut attribute library management system to complete the above functions. Color is map, one of the most important elements of surveying and mapping surveying and mapping map expression and it directly affect the surface effect. Therefore, surveying and mapping to color requirements is very strict. MAPGIS to map the color requirements of surveying and mapping, surveying and mapping map printed on the analysis of the characteristics on the basis of designing a set of flexible, convenient, accurate color definitions and color code system. 图形输出是MAPGIS地质制图的最后一道工序,通常是把显示出的图形数据,经过以上步骤,在基本符合要求后,由MAPGIS的输出系统将编辑好的图形显示到屏幕或指定的设备上。经以上处理过的数据,可以实现测绘图件的数字化,并建立图形和属性数据相结合的数据库。测绘信息数据全部存储于计算机中,可以将具有同一特性的图形要素放在同一层中,即是将图形数据分幅录入这样易于管理和查询,而且可灵活地进行分幅检索、添加图幅、删除图幅。Graphical output is the last procedure of MAPGIS geological mapping is usually to show the graphic data, after the above steps, after the basic requirements, by MAPGIS output system will edit good graphics to the screen or the specified device. By the above, the processed data can realize digital surveying and mapping datum, and establish the combination of graphics and attribute data of the database. Surveying and mapping information all data stored in the computer, the graphic elements with the same properties can be placed in the same layer, that is, graphic data will be framing entry so easier to manage and query, and can be flexibly in image retrieval, add sheet, delete the sheet. 3 MAPGIS的优点分析The advantages of MAPGIS MAPGIS软件是具有国际先进水平的地理信息系统，它主要由数字化子系统、图形编辑子系统、拓扑结构处理子系统、数字高程模型子系统、地图建边建库子系统、专定属性定义及管理子系统、数据库管理子系统、空间分析子系统、图像分析子系统、图形输出交换子系统等功能模块构成。各系统之间既互相独立， 具有各自功能，又共享其数据信息，可实现综合查询和信息分析。MAPGIS software is the geographic information system with the international advanced level, it mainly consists of digitization subsystem, graphics editing subsystem, topology processing subsystem, subsystem of digital elevation model, map building BianJianKu subsystem, specially set attribute defines management subsystem and management subsystem, database subsystem, image analysis, space analysis subsystem, such as graphical output switching subsystem function modules. Between each system is independent, have their features, and share its data, which can realize comprehensive information query and analysis. 其主要特点是：一是在结构上该系统采用了矢量数据和栅格数据的混合结构，并完善了国内外大多数GIS软件系统所采用单一数据结构或侧重某一种数据。结构的局限性，以满足不同问题对矢量、栅格数据的不同需求，而且两种数据库结构的信息可以有效方便地互相转换和准确套合。二是在应用上该系统分为输入、编辑、库管理、空间分析和输出五大部分组成。各部分的优点如下：Its main characteristic is: one is on the structure of the system USES a combination of vector data and raster data structure, and improve the domestic and foreign most GIS software system adopted by a single data structure or focus on a particular data. Structural limitations, in order to meet the different needs of different problems of vector and raster data, and two kind of database structure information can easily convert to each other effectively and accurately register. 2 it is on the application of the system is divided into input, edit, library management, spatial analysis and output of five major components. The advantages of each part are as follows: （1）输入手段：具有扫描仪输入、数字化仪输入、GPS输入等功能，也可接受DBASE、FOXBASE等数据库的数据，并且具有完备的错误、误差等校正方法。Input has a scanner input, digital input, input functions such as GPS, is also acceptable to DBASE and FOXBASE database data, and a complete error, error correction methods, etc. （2）编辑功能：具有直观实用的属性动态定义编辑功能和多媒体数据，具多重数据结构的属性管理能力。Editing features: its intuitive and practical properties define the editing features and multimedia data, dynamic data structure with multiple attributes of the management ability. （3）地图库管理：具有较强的地图拼接、管理、显示、漫游和灵活方便的跨图幅检索能力，可管理达数千幅地图。The gallery management: strong map matching, convenient management, display, roaming and map information retrieval ability, can manage thousands of map. （4）空间分析：具有功能齐全，性能良好，并且具有拓扑空间查询和三维实体叠加的分析能力。Spatial analysis: it has complete functions, good performance, and a superposition of topological spatial query and three-dimensional entity analysis ability. （5）输出功能：具有齐全的外设驱动能力和国际标准页面描述语言的Postscript接口，可输出符合任何公开出版质量要求的数字化产品图件，并具有能自定义的灵活性报表输出功能。The output function: has a complete drive ability the Postscript page description language and the international standard peripherals interface, can be output to meet the requirements of any publication quality digital map products, and can have the flexibility of custom report output function. 4 MAPGIS的缺点分析MAPGIS fault analysis. （1）格式转换问题format conversion problem 但是，目前大多数的GIS是基于具体的、相互独立和封闭的平台开发的，它们采用完全不同的空间数据模型，对地理数据的组织也有很大的差异。据统计，现在的GIS空间数据格式超过了 100种，而目前还没有软件可以实现100种以上数据格式之间的相互转换，这使得在不同GIS软件上开发的数据交换存在困难，采用数据转换标准也只能部分解决问题。限制了GIS处理技术的发展潜力。But, at present most of the GIS is based on the concrete, independent and closed platform development, they use completely different space data model, organization also has a big difference of geographic data. According to statistics, now of the GIS space data format of more than 100 species, and there is no software can realize more than 100 kinds of data format conversion between, which makes data exchange in different GIS software development difficulty, data transformation standard might be only partially solve the problem. Limit the development potential of GIS technology. MAPGIS是一套应用广泛的GIS软件，它采用矢量数据和栅格数据混合结构，将不同来源、不同类型的数据和信息进行有机结合，实现了数据信息的共享。由于MAPGIS的编辑系统只能调入输出自己的标准格式文件，所以MAPGIS本身提供了数据转换模块，支持当前主流GIS数据格式的转换。但由于MAPGIS是一个相对通用的平台，不可能完全满足各个应用领域的所有要求，这样在实际应用中就会存在一些数据转换问题。MAPGIS is a widely used GIS software, it USES the vector data and raster data structure, the different sources, different types of data and information, realize the data sharing of information. Because of MAPGIS edit system can only be transferred to output your own standard format file, so the MAPGIS itself provides the data conversion module, supports the current mainstream GIS data format conversion. But as a result of MAPGIS is a relatively common platforms, cant completely meet all the requirements of each application field, so in practice exist some data transformation problems. （2）误差问题the error problem. 测绘图件数据信息载体介质不同产生的误差。Surveying and mapping datum error produced by the different data information carrier medium. 原始图件数据信息载体介质分为纸介质,透明薄膜介质及刻图薄膜介质3种.在3种信息载体中,纸介质变形最大,其次与其它制图软件数据转换问题为透明薄膜介质变形较小,刻图薄膜介质变形最小.纸介质变形产生误差的主要原因是折叠、褶皱、气候影响,变形误差一般在1-2mm。薄膜介质产生变形的主要原因:在使用和保存过程中产生褶皱,薄膜受温度影响等,图形数字化输入方式的不同产生的误差。Original map data information carrier medium into paper, transparent film dielectric and carved figure 3 kinds of film media. In three kinds of information carrier, the paper media deformation is the largest, second and other mapping software data transformation problems for transparent film medium deformation small, engraving deformation minimum film medium. Paper medium deformation error is the main reason of the fold, fold, climate impact and deformation error in 1-2 mm. Film dielectric deformation of the main reasons: in the process of use and preservation and wrinkled, thin film is influenced by temperature, etc., produced by the different error of digital graphic input mode. 图形数字化方法分为手扶跟踪数字化仪输入和图形光栅化扫描矢量化方式输入两种.数字化仪的基本原理是将地图上的位置信息通过数字化仪的定位器以数字信号的方式传送给计算机,使计算机记录每个点、线、面的位置,形成相应的数据文件。Digital graphics methods can be divided into manual tracking digitizer input vector quantization and graphics rasterizer scanning input in two ways. The basic principle of digital instrument is to map the location of the information through the digitizer locator in the form of digital signals transmitted to the computer, the computer records each dot, line, surface, forming the corresponding data file.在数字化过程中,产生误差的主要原因是人为因素。在数字化过程中手扶游标不稳左右摆动,或者数字化板晃动,从而造成采集点位不准确。其次是一幅图未完成,关闭数字化仪后,重新开机,造成定位系统坐标与上次不同而形成误差。图形扫描矢量化形成的误差主要有:扫描仪精度不高,扫描的光栅图像变形产生的误差;光栅图像没有配准就矢量化图形，形成的误差；在矢量点，线过程中图像放大倍数小形成的误差。Errors in the process of digitization, the main reason is human factors. Walking in the process of digital vernier instability swinging, or digital plate, resulting in the patch is not accurate. Followed by a picture unfinished, shut down after the digitizer, restarting, coordinates positioning system is different from last time and form error caused. Graphics scan form of vector quantization error mainly has: the scanner accuracy is not high, scanning raster image distortion resulting error; Raster graphics, vector quantization image without registration form error; In vector points, lines of image magnification is small in the process of error. 子图库，线型库定位点(定位线)不精确形成的误差。Gallery, library of linear locating points (lop) imprecise form of error. MAPGIS制图系统库包括子图库、线型库、色库、图案库。子图库是各类基础地理及专题要素的符号库。线型库是各类地物界线及专题要素界线的符号库。地图符号是地图的语言,在地图上用来表示实地物体与现象的特点图解记号,它是地图的主要表现形式,也是地理信息得以传输的媒体。地图符号按地面物体和符号的比例关系分为依比例尺，半依比例尺和不依比例尺符号。MAPGIS charting system libraries including galleries, lines, color, pattern library repository. Gallery is all kinds of basic geography and thematic elements of the symbol library. Linear library is of all kinds of features and feature factors employed symbol library. Map symbol is the language of map, the map used to represent the characteristics of ground objects and phenomena graphical notation, it is the main form of maps, and geographic information transmission media. Relationship between ground objects and symbols according to the proportion of map symbols are divided into according to scale, in accordance with the scale and scale symbol.在传统制图理论中,任何符号都有它的定位点和定位线。符号的定位点和定位线都有严格的规定,它决定了地物在空间的分布位置和相互关系。符号库(子图库,线形库)形成误差的主要原因是符号的定位点和定位线不在规定的位置上。制图人员在数字化制图过程中往往把符号移动到与原图相同的位置,当坐标点可见时,符号的定位点(定位线)和符号的坐标可见点不在同一点上,其误差在0.1-0.5mm之间,图件比例尺越小其误差变形越大。In traditional mapping theory, the anchor point and orientation of any symbol has its line. Symbols of the anchor point and positioning line has strict rules, it determines the distribution