无敌英语语法-代词篇.doc

代 词【知识要点】 一、代词的分类1.人称代词：主格I, we, you, he, she, it, they 宾格me, us, you, him, her, it, them2.物主代词：形容词性my, our, your, his, her, its, their 名词性mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs3.反身代词：单数myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself 复数ourselves, yourselves, themselves4. 相互代词：each other (两者之间相互)；one another (两者以上的相互)5. 指示代词：this, that, these, those6. 疑问代词：who, whom, whose, which, what7. 关系代词：who, whom, whose, that(指人),which, that, as, whose（指物）8.不定代词：all, each, either, neither, both, none, other, another, something, everything, nothing, somebody, everybody, nobody, someone, everyone, no one, many, much, few, less二、双重所有格物主代词不可与a，an，this，that，these，those，some，any，several，no，each，every，such，another，which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。公式为：a，an，this，that+名词+of+名词性物主代词。 eg. a friend of mine 三、指示代词1、指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人。如：（对）That is my teacher.那是我的老师。（that作主语，指人） （对）He is going to marry this girl.他要和这个姑娘结婚。（this作限定词）（错）He is going to marry this.（this作宾语时不能指人）（对）I bought this.我买这个。（this指物，可作宾语）2、that和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和 these不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有those可指人，试比较：（对）He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。（对） He admired those who looked beautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人）（错） He admired that who danced well.（that作宾语时不能指人）（对）He admired those who danced well. 他赞赏跳舞好的人。（those指人） （对）He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。（those指物）四、反身代词表示“我自己”“你自己”“他自己”“我们自己”“你们自己”和“他们自己”等的代词，叫做自身代词，也称为“反身代词”。如：She was talking to herself. 她自言自语。 反身代词的用法1.作宾语，如1)有些动词需有反身代词，如：We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。2)用于及物动词+宾语+介词，如：take pride in，be annoyed with，help oneself to sth等。I could not dress（myself）up at that time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。注：有些动词后不跟反身代词，如：get up，sit down，stand up，wake up等。Please sit down. 2.用作表语。如I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。3.用作同位语。如The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。4.在不强调的情况下，but，except，for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。注意：1)反身代词本身不能单独作主语。（错）Myself drove the car.（对）I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。2)但在and，or，nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。如：Charles and myself saw it.查尔斯和我看见了这件事。五、不定代词的用法辨析1. nothing, none, no onenone作为代词，最常用来表示数量，常回答how much或how many的问题；而nothing是相对于something(有某物)，什么都没有,它回答的是“What is in/on.”的问题；而no one=nobody没有人，它回答的是“Who did that?”（谁）或是anyone（有没有人）的问题。2. one, ones, that, those, it（1）one和ones可以用来代替前面提到过的可数名词，one代单数，ones代复数，one前面一般不加a,因为它本身有“一个”的意思，但如果one前面有形容词修饰，则需要加a/an。one可以单独使用，意思为“任何人”。例如：Shall we have a rest?Didnt we just have one? (因为one=a something)I happened to see a book about George W. Bush, a nice one indeed.One should always believe in oneself.（2）that与those：that可以代替前面提到的不可数名词或可数名词单数，相当于the one；而those 代替前面提到的复数名词，有时可以用the ones替换。例如：The population of China is bigger than that of India. (that=the population）The boy told his story and that of the girl next room. (that=the story)The cell phones we made nowadays are better than those/the ones made 2 years ago.（those=the cell phones=the ones)（3）one和it:两者都可以用来代替前面出现过的单数名词,one指这类东西中的任何一个，指类属，泛指。it指前面所指的同一物。例如：I need a pen to sign my name. Can I have one? (one =a pen)I cannot find my new pen. Have you seen it?（it指那支新钢笔）3. another, the other, other, others, the others （1）another和the other:两者都是“另一个”的意思，但数量上有区别:用 another指两个以上的数量，而the other只指两个中的另一个，例如：He has three brothers, one is a teacher, another is a doctor and the third is an engineer.He has a book in one hand and a pen in the other.注：another除了可以作代词，还可以用作形容词。这里有必要区别another, the other和more的用法： another:表“另一个”时只跟可数名词单数，而表“另外的、额外的、附加的”时，可跟带有few或具体数字的复数名词。例如： Have you finished your report yet？No，I will finish it in another 10 minutes.There is room for another few people in the back of the bus. other:表“另外的”接复数名词，如与具体数词连用，则置于数词之后，但与定冠词the连用时，other要放在数词前。例如：Tony is going camping with two other little boys next Sunday.Do you know where he found the other two photos？ more:more一般位于数词之后，名词之前。例如：One more step，and Ill shoot you.Where shall we be in ten more years？more除跟数词外，还可与many, a little，a few，a lot，several等词连用，例如:There are many more dictionaries on the desk.Would you like some more tea？(2) others, the othersothers是相对于some来说的：some.some.others. (一些一些另一些）是泛指；而the others是特指另一些。例如：Class 1 are cleaning the classroom. Some are sweeping the floor, some are cleaning the window, and others are washing the blackboard. （泛指）There are only 20 students in the classroom, where are the others.（特指）4. both, other, neither, each, any, allboth:两者都，谓语动词用复数；either:两者中间的任何一个，谓语动词用单数；neither:两者中间无任何一个，谓语动词多用单数，也可以用复数；each:两个或两个以上中的每一个，谓语动词用单数；any:三者或三者以上中的任何一个，谓语动词用单数；all:三者或三者以上全部；5. some, any, nosome属于肯定词，主要用于肯定句中，但当说话人期待肯定回答时，也可以用于疑问句中。例如：Could I have some more tea, please?Would you like some more coffee?any属于非肯定词，主要用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中。它可以与形容词的比较级连用。例如：Dont come any closer, or Ill shoot!no属于否定词，用于否定句中：no+可数名词单数=not a/anno+可数名词复数=not any。例如：There is no such thing as a free lunch in the world. （注意thing前面没有冠词a) 考点1 指示代词1this/these，that/thosethis, these指代下面要说的内容；that，those指代上面陈述过的内容。如：What Id like to say about how to improve our spoken English is like this关于如何提高我们的英语口语，我想说的是这样的。Salaries are higher here than those in my hometown这里的薪水比我家乡的高。2 this，that有时可以用作副词，意为“这么，那么”，用在形容词或副词前作状语，表示程度，如： It isnt that cold还没那么冷。考点2易混不定代词以下是几组易混不定代词：1all，both，neither，none(1)all指三者或三者以上“都”，both指两者“都”。如：Both(of)his hands were wounded All(of)his fingers were wounded(2)neither表示“两个都不”，常和of连用，放在带有冠词、物主代词或指示代词的复数名词之前，作主语时，谓语动词可以用单数或复数；none表示三个或三个以上“都不”，可用于人，也可用于物，后可接of短语，与复数名词、代词或单数集合名词连用作主语，指人时，谓语动词用单、复数皆可；指物时，只用第三人称单数形式。如：Neither of the twins is/are correctNone of us has/have ever been to the Great wall 2no，none，nothing，nobody(1)no不能单独使用，相当于not a或not any，作定语修饰可数名词或不可数名词。如：You have no sympathy for the sufferings of others你对别人的痛苦没有同情心。(2)none既可以指人，也可以指物，侧重指三者或三者以上的人或物，用于回答how many/much引导的疑问句，可与介词of连用。如：None of the books is suitable for the young一How many people are there in the room?一None (3)nobody指人，用于回答who引导的疑问句；nothing指物，用于回答what引导的疑问句。如：一Who is in the room?一Nobody 3it，one，ones, that和those(1)it特指上文所提到的同一个物。one指上文提到的同类事物中的一个，不特指。如：Where is that book? I cant find it。I havent got any erasersWill you please give me one?(2)one与that都可用来代替上文中出现的名词，one前要用定冠词the，有时that和the one可互换使用。如：The book isnt so interesting as the one/that you borrowed (3)但that和one在多数情况下是不能互换的，主要区别在于：a. that既可代替可数名词，也可代替不可数名词，常要求有后置定语，一般不指人，复数形式为those。b. one只能代替可数名词单数，复数形式为ones。c. 当可数名词前有形容词修饰时，只能用one，不用that。d. 当of短语作可数名词的后置定语时，用that，不用one。如：The best cigarettes are those from Yunnan The boy told me his story and that of the girl next doorYour coat is blue，and my new one is green (4)the ones用来代替上文提到的特指的复数名词，有时可以用those代替，尤其在有后置定语的情况下。如：The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk桌上的那些书比桌下的好。4another，other，others，more(1)another既可以单独使用，也可以用于单数名词前，泛指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个人或物”。还可以用“another+数量词+复数名词”，表示”再，又”。如：Was there another way out? 还有别的路出去吗?Wed better wait another five minutes (2)other不能单独使用，应用于复数名词前，表示另外的某些人或物，也可以用在some，any，no之后，或具体数词之后，再接名词，构成”不定代词或具体数词+other+名词”；接单数名词时，还可以用在冠词the后，特指两个人或物中的另外一个(可以省略为the other)，或特指另外的某些人或物(可以省略为the others)，others泛指”其他的(事物)，别人”。如：One remained and the other went away一个留下了，另一个走了。We should learn to treat others as equals我们应该学会平等待人。典例1： Swimming is my favorite sport. There is _ like swimming as a means of keeping fit.A somethingB anything C nothing D everything典例2： Jane was asked a lot of questions，but she didnt answer of themAother Bany Cnone Dsome典例3： Nine in ten parents said there were significant differences in their approach to educating their children compared with of their parentsAthose Bone Cboth Dthat典例：Isnt it amazing how the human body heals after an injury?Ahimself Bhim Citself Dit考点3 it的用法在英语中，运用it的场合较多。从它在句中的作用和意义来看，it的用法可分为三类：1指代作用(1)用作人称代词，代替前文或后文所提到的同一事物(单数可数名词或不可数名词)。如：Although we cannot see it，there is air all around us虽然我们看不见空气，但它却在我们的周围。(2)代替前面的整个句子。如：It is said that he has died of a disease，but it isnt true据说他已经病死了，但这不是真的。(3)用在答语中代替指示代词this，that。如：一What is this?一Its a bike (4)代替不能或没有必要区分性别的或某些习惯说法中的人。如：The baby cried because it was hungry (婴儿习惯上不区分性别)一Who is knocking at the door?一Its me (5)指环境、情形等。如：I ca