小学英语 基础语法总结(附练习).doc

学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考小学英语 基础语法总结（附练习）Contents第一章 名词1. 名词的数2. 名词的格第二章 代词1. 人称代词2. 物主代词第三章 冠词 与 数词1. 冠词2. 数词第四章 句型1 陈述句2 疑问句3 祈使句4、There be 句型与have has第五章 时态第六章 总结考试*红字及红字所示范围内的语法知识需重点掌握第一章 名词 （Noun）名词的概念在生活中，我们会接触到各种各样的人和事物，用来表示这些人或事物名称的词就是名词。 一、名词的数名词的数指名词的单数和复数形式。可数名词表示“一个”时用单数，“两个以上”时用复数；不可数名词表示量时，通常用“数词+单位+of+物质名词”的形式，如 a piece of bread (一片面包)， 变为复数时，只须将单位名词变为复数， 如：two pieces of bread(两片面包)。*名词复数的构成法则1. 一般情况下在词尾加s. 词尾读音shop - shops (商店) 在清辅音后读 s bag - bags (书包) 在浊辅音后读 z window - windows (窗户) 在元音后读 z 2. 以 s, x, sh, ch 结尾的单词在词尾加es。class - classes (班级) 词尾读音 iz box - boxes (盒子) match - matches (比赛)brush - brushes (刷子)3. 以“辅音字母 +y” 结尾的词， 变y为 i 加es. story - stories (故事) 词尾读音 iz 4. 以“元音字母 +y” 结尾的词，在词尾直接加 s key - keys 词尾读音 z monkey - monkeys5.以 “o” 结尾的名词， 复数一般在词尾加“s”, 但个别加 “es” tomato - tomatoes (西红柿) 词尾读音 z potato - potatoes (土豆) zoo - zoos (动物园) photo - photos (照片)*（以 “o”结尾，复数加 “es”）口诀： 黑人(Negro)英雄(hero)，左手拿着西红柿(tomato)，右手拿着破土豆(potato)，头顶一个大芒果（mango）。6. 以 f或 fe 结尾的词，多数变f或 fe 为 ves. leaf - leaves (树叶) 词尾读音 vz knife - knives ( 小刀) *（以f或fe结尾的单词，需把f或fe 变ves的单词）口诀：妻子（wife）持刀（knife）去宰狼（wolf），小偷（thief）吓得发了慌，躲在架下（shelf）保己命，半(half)片树叶（leaf）遮目光。*（以f或fe结尾的单词，直接加 “s”的单词）口诀：长颈鹿(giraffe)站在屋檐(roof)下，左手拿着手绢(handkerchief)，右手拿着高尔夫球(golf)。例： roof - roofs ( 屋顶)7. 不规则名词复数的变化man - men (男人) tooth -teeth (牙齿)child - children (儿童) mouse - mice(老鼠)foot - feet (脚) woman - women (女人)8. 名词单复数形式一样 sheep - sheep (绵羊) deer - deer （鹿） English - English（英国人） Chinese - Chinese （中国人）*（不规则名词变复数）口诀：男人，女人a变e；鹅，足，牙齿oo变ee；其实老鼠也好记ous变ic；孩子加上ren，鱼鹿绵羊不用记。二、名词所有格的构成法（表示“谁谁谁的”） 1. 主要是在词尾加 s 构成。如: This is Toms desk . 这是汤姆的书桌。 That is Mikes book. 那是迈克的书。 2. 如果原名词已经有复数词尾s ,则仅加一个 . 如:the teachers reading room 教师阅览室the pupils pencil-boxes 学生们的文具盒3. 如果原词是复数形式，但不是以s 结尾， 变为所有格形式需在后面加上 s 。如： the childrens palace 少年宫 mens room 男厕所*名词所有格口诀：名词所有格，s前面加一撇，复数s放在尾，后加一撇就完结，两人共有算一个，后面只加一个撇。名词练习题一、 写出下列名词的复数形式1.computer _ 2.apple_ 3.city _4.house_ 5.sheep _ 6.watch _7.tomato_8.child _ 9.tooth _10.foot_ 11.wife _ 12.potato_13.play_14.day_ 15.glass _16.radio_17.zoo_18.life _19.story_20.leaf_21.baby_22.dress_23.butterfly_24.deer_25.class_26.brush_27.key_28.English_29.mouse_30.man_二、汉译英1Tom的足球 _ 2. 老师们的自行车_3学生们的课桌 _ 4.哥哥的文具盒_5姑姑的卡片 _ 6.猴子们的香蕉_7蚂蚁们的早餐 _ 8.妈妈的包_9姐姐的连衣裙_ 10.女孩们的苹果_三、把下列句子翻译成英文1这些是Peter的篮球吗？ _2这个是老师的钢笔吗？ _3有一些书在Sam的课桌上。_4有一些孩子们在教室里。_四、改错 （圈出错处，在横线上改正过来）1.There are some butterflys on the table. _2.This is Alice dress. _3.I like tomato very much. _五、将下列句子变成复数形式。1This dog is brown._2. There is a book and a pen on the table._3.That woman is a teacher._能力测试卷 （名词）一、 将下列名词变成复数形式。1.plane tree lessonmonth apple shirt2. box bus brush watch class fox3.knife life leaf Wife thief4.day boy monkeybaby country story5.photo radio piano tomato hero6.child tooth man Sheep English Chinese二、判断正误，并改正错句，正确的打“ ”1The house is my brother. _2. He has visited many country. _3. They are Englishs. _4. This is Tom red bike. _三、选择填空1There are two _ in the room. A. Chineses B. Englishman2.The old man will have _ out. A. two tooths B. two teeth3. _ are sold in this bookstore. A. Childrens books B. Children books4. Some friends of _ will come here. A. Johns B. John 5. Can you give me _?A. some papers B. a piece of paper6.There are _ on the floor.A. some box B. some boxes四、将下列句子变成复数形式。1This sheep is white._2. There is a desk and a chair in the room._3.That man is a doctor._第二章 代词*体现以上代词用法的巧妙例文：I am a student.He is a doctor.She is a nurse.They are my friends.You are very nice.We are playing in the park now.It is a long snake.I am going to the supermarket now.You are a polite boy.She is my elder sister.He always good at sports This is her cost.My coat is over there.Some friends of mine is coming to my house.The key is yours.Your car is beautiful.Her dress is long.The long dress is hers.Their books are new.The bikes are theirs.His friends are kind.This book is his.The toys are ours.Our house is big.The big house is ours.代词练习题一、 根据题意，用所给词的适当形式填空。1. Mary is a friend of _. ( I )2. This is _ ( she ) ruler. _ ( I ) is in the bag. 3. Her brother is too young to look after _ ( he )4. This is _ ( I ) book. This book is _ ( I ).5. These pens are _ ( we ).二、改写下列句子Eg, This is my book. - The book is mine.1. That is her ruler. _2. These are their footballs. _3. This is my backpack . _4. Those are your boxes. _四、把下列句子改写成复数。1. This is a butterfly. _2. That is a bus. _3. It is a mouse. _五、改错。1.This is mine lamp. _2.These are ours books._3. That are their teacher. _4.The house is my brother. _5. He has visited many country. _6. They are Chineses. _7. This is Tom red bike. _能力测试卷 （代词）一、 帮下面的好朋友团圆 （连线） I 她its 我们her 他（她，它）们we 我they 你的their 他（她，它）们your 她的she 它的二、填空1Shes a teacher . This is _ bag.2. Hes a driver. This is _ taxi.3. I am a boy . _ name is Peter.4. -Whats _ name? - My name is Tony.5. Its my puppy. _ name is Mimi.三、选择( ) 1.Your book is not so old as _. A. him B. he C. his D. she( ) 2. _ book is it ? Its _. A. Whoseher B. Whose hers C. Whohers D. Whom her( ) 3. He is a friend of _.A. our B. us C. my D. mine四、改错1. I, you and he are all teachers. _2. This is mine teddy bear. _3. These are ours bags._4. These is their teachers._第三章 数词和冠词（*直接见基础词汇分类总结，找规律背记即可）一、数词表示数目和顺序的词叫数词。数词又分基数词和序数词，基数词表示数量，序数词表示顺序。1.基数词的写法 ：2199的两位数，十位与个位之间用连字符“-”。例：21 twenty - one 32 thirty - two 99 ninety nine百位数：个位数基数词形式加“hundred”，表示几百，在几十几与百位间加上and。例：101 a hundred and one. 320 three hundred and twenty 648six hundred and forty-eight2序数词的构成1）一般来说，是由相应的基数词加词尾th构成。例， four+ th- fourth six + th - sixth seven + th - seventh ten + th - tenth2）下面这些基数词在变为序数词时，有特殊的变化。例， one - first two - second three - third five- fifth eight - eighth nine - ninth twelve - twelfth3）十位整数序数词的构成方法是将基数词的词y 变成i，然后在加eth.例， twenty - twentieth thirty - thirtieth forty - fortieth ninety - ninetieth1） 两位或两位以上的基数词变为序数词时，仅将个位数变成序数词。例，twenty one - twenty- first thirty-five -thirty-fiftha hundred and fifty-three - a hundred and fifty- third *基数词变序数词的口诀：基变序，有规律；词尾加上th（fourth, sixth）一、二、三，单独记；结尾字母t, d, d；（first，second，third）八去t,九去e,（eighth，ninth）；ve要用f替；（fifth，twelfth）整十基数变序数，ty将y变成i ; th 前面有个e；要是遇到几十几，前用基来后用序。二、冠词 冠词分不定冠词和定冠词两种。 a或an是不定冠词，the是定冠词。a用在辅音音素之前，如 a desk, a tree ; an 用在元音(a e i o u)因素之前，如 an apple, an hour, an English book.1. 不定冠词（a,an）指人或事物的某一种类，表示“一个”，但不强调数量。She is a teacher. Thats an orange. 2. 定冠词 the，是特指某（些）人、某（些）物，或指说话人与听话人彼此知道的人或物，或者是在上文提到过的人和事。This is a bus. The bus is big.3. 不用冠词的情况：1） 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词前一般不用冠词。如， Chinese, English, Jim等。2） 名词前已经有this, that, my, your等词时，就不再用冠词了。如，that mouse (那只老鼠) 3) 一些固定词组前不用定冠词。如， at home 在家 go to school 去上学*定冠词the的用法记忆口诀：特指、重提和唯一，岛屿、海峡和海湾；海洋、党派、最高级，沙漠、河流与群山；方位、顺序和乐器，年代、团体与机关；船名、建筑和组织，会议、条约与报刊；姓氏复数、国全名，记住定冠the加在前。*零冠词用法口诀：月份、星期、节假洲，呼语、头衔职务前；三餐、球类、惯用语，学科、棋类名词前。冠词和数词专项练习一、在空白处填上适当的冠词，不需要的填“/”。1) at _home 2) go to_ bed 3) go to _school 4) catch _ bad cold 5) have _ good time 6) _red apple 7)_ English book 8) _ spoon 9)_ orange 10) _melon 11) _ eraser二、选择填空1.There is _ “m” in the word “primary”A. an B.a C.the D./2.This is _ orange bike .A.a B.an C.the D/3.It always takes us half _ hour to have _ long walk after supper .A.a,a B,a ,the C.an , a D.an , the 4.English is _ useful language in _ world .A.an , the B.a , the C.the , / D./ , the 5.We are going to _ cinema this evening .A.the B./ C/a D.an 6.Hes standing on _ other side of _ river .A.a , a B.the , the C.the , a D.a , the 7._ potato is a vegetable , not _ fruit .A.The , an B.The , a C.A, the D.An, / 8.He was _ first to come .A.The B.a C.the D./9.Do you see _ book on _ table ?A.the , a B.a, an C.an , an D.a , the 10.Wheres _ desk ? Its in _ middle of the room .A./ , / B./ , a C.a , / D.the , the 11.He is _ friend of mine .A.an B./ C.the D.a 12.There is _ university near the farm .A.a B.an C.the D./13.He died in _ autumn of 1989 .A./ B.the C.a D.an 14.I have _ book . I t s _ interesting one . I like reading _ books very much .A.a, an ,/ B.a , / , the C.an , an , the D./ , an , / 15.Today is _ Childrens Day .A.a B.an C.the D/ 16.This is _ bag . That is _ eraser .A.a, a B.a , an C.an , a D. an , an 四、用代词填空:1._ , _ and _ are all good friends .A.We , you , they B.You , they , we C.We , they , you D.They , you , we 2._ classroom is big , but _ is much bigger than _ .A.We , they , us B.Our , their , our C.Our , theirs , ours D.Our , theirs , we 3.She lost _ pen . Will you lend her _ ?A.her , yours B.his , your C.hers , you D.their , yourself 4. “What are you doing ?” “I am looking at _ in the mirror ?”A.me B.myself C.itself D.himself 5._ , _ and _ all enjoy music .A.She , you , I B.I , she , you C.You , she , I D.I , you , she 能力测试卷（冠词和数词）一、 写出相邻的数词1. twenty 2. five 3. twelve 4. fifty-eight 5. ninety 6. seventy 7. thirty-eight 8. one hundred 9. one thousand 10. one 二、选择正确答案1.There are days in a year.A. three hundreds sixty-five B. three hundreds and sixty-fiveC. three hundred and sixty-five D. three hundred and sixty five2.There are students in this school.A. eight hundreds and forty-six B. eight hundred and forty sixC. eight hundred and forty-six D. eight hundred forty-six3.My brother is in .A. Three Class, One Grade B. Class Three, Grade OneC. Grade One, Class Three D. class three, grade one4.He was doing some washing .A. at eight yesterday morning B. yesterday morning eightC. yesterday morning at eight D. by eight yesterday morning5.There are months in a year. December is the month of the year.A. twelve; twelve B. twelve; twelfth C. twelfth; twelve D. twelve; twelveth6.Sunday is the day of the week.A. seventh B. first C. second D. third7.Autumn is season in a year.A. the fourth B. the third C. a third D. third8.Tom was to get to school and I was .A. first; ninth B. the first; the ninth C. a first; a ninth D. the second; the ninth9.Whats the date today? Its .A. Friday B. time to go C. cloudy D. June 4th10.Monday is the second day, and .A. Tuesday is the fourth B. Thursday is the fifthC. the second is Tuesday D. the second is Thursday第四章 句型(明白句子意思，多读例句仿写着会用即可)一、陈述句定义：凡是说明一件事情，提出一个看法，或是表达一种心情的句子都是陈述句。大多数的句子都是陈述句，陈述句可以用肯定式和否定式。肯定句变否定句肯定句变否定句就是加not no 或表示否定的词英语的句子重要取决于动词而动词又有时态的变化因此在不同的时态的句子中的位置不同时态具体句型句子构成一般现在时动词做谓语主语+be (am/is / are )+（ not）+其他+.实意动词做谓语主语+dont/doesnt +其他+.情态动词+实意动词主语+情态动词+（ not）+动词原形+其他+.现在进行时动词做谓语主语+be动词(am /is /are)+现在分词+其他+.陈述句练习把下列陈述句变成否定句。1.My father watches TV every day .My father _ _ TV every day .2.Kate often does her homework at six .Kate _ often _ her homework at six.3.I go to school at seven .I _ _ to school at seven .4.She usually goes home by bus .She _ usually _ home by bus .5.They are good students .They _ _ good students .6.He is clever .He _ _ clever .7.He has some bread for breakfast every morning .He _ _ _ bread for breakfast every morning . 8.I often drink some tea in the afternoon .I _ often _ _ tea in the afternoon .9.He has some eggs .He _ _ _ eggs .10.Kim likes his new bike .Kim _ _ his new bike .二、疑问句疑问句是用来提出问题的，疑问句又包括：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、反义疑问句和选择疑问句。一、一般疑问句：一般疑问句又可以叫做yes/no句型，需要用yes或no来回答。1.be（am/is/are） + 主语 + 其它部分?2.情态动词 + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其它部分?肯定回答用“Yes,主语+be情态动词.”,否定回答用“No,主语+be情态动词+not.”.be或情态动词和not可用缩写形式,主要有isnt,arent,wasnt,werent,cant,mustnt,neednt等.Eg1.问句：Is this your English book?肯答：Yes,it is.否答：No,it isnt.Eg2.问句：Are these your English books?肯答：Yes,they are.否答：No,they arent.Eg3.问句：Can you speak English?肯答：Yes,I can.否答：No,I cant.另一家族为含行为动词（或称为实义动词）的一般疑问句,其结构为：助动词 + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其它?肯定回答用“Yes,主语+ dodoes.”,否定回答用“No,主语+dondoes not.”.助动词也常用缩写形式,主要有dont,doesnt,didnt等.Eg4.问句：Do your parents like English?肯答：Yes,they do.否答：No,they dont.三、一般疑问句的回答正如前面所述,回答一般疑问句时有肯定回答和否定回答两种方式,肯定回答以Yes起句,否定回答用No开头.但对一般疑问句的回答也不是一成不变的.肯定回答还可以用OK./Certainly.等；否定回答可用Sorry./Sorry,I cant.等.Eg5.问句：Can you speak English?肯答：Certainly Of course.否答：Sorry,I cant.Eg6.I am an English teacher. Are you an English teacher?Eg7.We can speak English fluently. Can you speak English fluently?Eg8.We read English every morning. Do you read English every morning?Eg9.Toms father listens to English on the radio every evening.Does Toms father listen to English on the radio every evening?六、“some”还是“any”?在一般疑问句中,要表达“一些”时 ,一般用any,但如果这个问句是用来表达 “建议、请求、邀请”等交际功能时 ,应该用some.Eg10.Is there any tea in the cup?Eg11.Do you have any children?Eg12.May I have some fish?Eg13.Would you like some tea?Eg14.Shall we buy some vegetables?Eg15.Can I borrow some money from you?Eg16.Why not have some bread?Eg17.How about some orange juice?二、特殊疑问句：以疑问代词what, who(whom), whose, which 或疑问副词when, where, how, why 放在句首提问的句子叫做特殊疑问句，答语只要针对问句中的疑问代词或疑问副词来回答，不用yes 或no。1.疑问词 + 一般疑问句 （疑问词作宾语、表语、状语或定语）。What do you want? 你要什么？When do you have English class? 你们什么时候有英语课？Whose coat is this? 这是谁的大衣？How did he know it? 他是怎么知道它的？Why did you say this? 你为什么要这么说？Which is your umbrella? 哪个是你的雨伞？Where were these buses made? 这些巴士是哪儿制造的？2.疑问代词作主语或作主语的定语时，词序与陈述句相同：疑问代词 （+名词）+谓语。Who teaches your brother Japanese? 谁教你弟弟日语？What is in the box on the table? 桌上那个盒子里装的是什么？Whose handwriting is the best in your class? 你们班里谁的书法最好？*疑问代词：who: 主语、宾语、表语、用来提问表示“人”的各种成分。 whose: 用来提问“谁的”。 which: 用来提问“哪一个/位”。 what: 提问表示内容“什么”等意思*疑问副词：when: 提问在何时。 where: 提问在何地 why: 提问表示原因的短语或句子“为什么”用“because”回答 how: 提问表示程度或方式的副词或短语“怎么样、怎样”*由疑问词how 构成的短语引导的问句how old (表示年龄)多大了, how long（表示时间或物体的长短）有多长 , how many + 复数名词 表示多少 , how much + 不可数名词（