天津市高考英语二轮复习 第三部分 阅读理解 专题十五 推理判断课件.ppt

专题十五推理判断 2 考情概览 考试说明 指出 阅读文章的主要目的是获取信息 即作者所要传达的信息 在实际的阅读活动中 有时需要根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理 推测作者未提到的事实或某事发生的可能性等 这类题目旨在考查考生透过文章的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力 属深层理解题 3 阅读能力的考查不仅要求理解具体事实细节 也要求理解抽象的含义 既要求理解字面意思 又要求理解其深层含义 既要求理解文章中某句 某段的含义及全文的逻辑关系 又要求根据其含义及逻辑关系进行推理和判断 4 1 推理判断题常见的命题方式有以下几种 1 wecanknowfromthepassagethat 2 wecaninferfromthepassagethat 3 thepassage authorimplies suggeststhat 4 itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat 5 theunderlinedsentenceindicatesthat 6 fromthepassagewecandrawtheconclusionthat 7 wheredoesthispassageprobablycomefrom 8 thepassageisprobablytakenoutof 9 theauthordevelopedthepassage hismainideaby 10 thefirst lastparagraphservesasa n 5 2 推理判断题解题策略 1 细节推断题细节推断题要求考生根据文章内容 推断具体的细节 如时间 地点 人物关系 人物身份 事件等 一般可以根据短文提供的信息 或者借助生活常识进行推理判断 考生要把握文章的内在关系 理解文章的真正含义 然后做出判断 此类题常用infer imply suggest conclude learn intend mean describe等词提问 或提问中含有表示推测的情态动词 如 can could might would等和其他表示可能性的副词或词组 如probably mostlikely等 6 典例分析 2017 全国 卷 b minutesafterthelastmovieendedyesterdayattheplazatheater employeeswerebusysweepinguppopcornsandgatheringcokecups itwasascenethathadbeenrepeatedmanytimesinthetheater s75 yearhistory thistime however thecleanupwasalittledifferent asonegroupofworkerscarriedouttherubbish anothergroupbeganremovingseatsandothertheaterequipmentinpreparationforthebuilding send thefilmclassicthelastpictureshowwasthelastmovieshownintheoldtheater thoughthemovieis30yearsold mostofthe250seatswerefilledwithteary eyedaudiencewantingtosaygood byetotheoldbuilding theaterowneredbradfordsaidhechosethemoviebecauseitseemedappropriate themovieissetinasmalltownwheretheonlymovietheaterispreparingtoclosedown 7 bradfordsaidthatlargemoderntheatersinthecitymadeitimpossiblefortheplazatocompete headdedthatthetheater slocation 位置 wasalsoareason thisusedtobethecenteroftown hesaid nowtheareaismostlyofficebuildingsandwarehouses lastweeksomecityofficialssuggestedthecitymightbeinterestedinturningtheoldtheaterintoamuseumandpublicmeetingplace however theseplanswereabandonedbecauseoffinancialproblems bradfordsoldthebuildingandlandtoalocaldevelopmentfirm whichplanstobuildashoppingcomplexonthelandwherethetheaterislocated thetheateraudiencesaidgood byeasbradfordlockedthedoorsforthelasttime after75yearstheplazatheaterhadshownitslastmovie thetheaterwillbemissed 8 26 whatwillprobablyhappentothebuilding a itwillberepaired b itwillbeturnedintoamuseum c itwillbeknockeddown d itwillbesoldtothecitygovernment 推理判断题 从文章倒数第二段最后一句可推知 要在原地建造一座购物中心 因此剧院应该是会被推倒 故选c项 9 27 whatcanweinferabouttheaudience a theyaredisappointedwithbradford b theyaresadtopartwiththeoldtheater c theyaresupportiveofthecityofficials d theyareeagertohaveashoppingcenter 推理判断题 从第二段第二句 thoughthemovieis30yearsold mostofthe250seatswerefilledwithteary eyedaudiencewantingtosaygood byetotheoldbuilding 可推知 观众对老剧院依依不舍 teary eyed 热泪盈眶的 故选b项 10 2 因果推断题本类题目要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因 考生要正确把握文章的内涵 理解文章的真正含义 因果推断题不是考查文章直接给出明显的因果关系 它不是细节理解题 它需要考生通读文章或者某个段落 在字里行间推断出题设的因果关系 因此 要准确把握文章的内容和作者要表达的意图 切忌以个人观点或者个人想象主观臆断其中的因果关系 常见的题设中经常出现why because becauseof whatis wasthemainreason等词汇 11 典例分析 2016 全国甲卷 b fiveyearsago whenitaughtartataschoolinseattle iusedtinkertoysasatestatthebeginningofatermtofindoutsomethingaboutmystudents iputasmallsetoftinkertoysinfrontofeachstudent andsaid makesomethingoutofthetinkertoys youhave45minutestoday and45minuteseachdayfortherestoftheweek afewstudentshesitatedtostart theywaitedtoseewhattherestoftheclasswoulddo severalotherscheckedtheinstructionsandmadesomethingaccordingtooneofthemodelplansprovided anothergroupbuiltsomethingoutoftheirownimaginations 12 onceihadaboywhoworkedexperimentallywithtinkertoysinhisfreetime hisconstructionsfilledashelfintheartclassroomandagoodpartofhisbedroomathome iwasdelightedatthepresenceofsuchastudent herewasanexceptionallycreativemindatwork hispresencemeantthatihadanunexpectedteachingassistantinclasswhosecreativitywouldinfect 感染 otherstudents encouragingthiskindofthinkinghasadownside irantheriskoflosingthosestudentswhohadadifferentstyleofthinking withoutfailonewoulddeclare buti mjustnotcreative doyoudreamatnightwhenyou reasleep 13 oh sure sotellmeoneofyourmostinterestingdreams thestudentwouldtellsomethingwildlyimaginative flyingintheskyorinatimemachineorgrowingthreeheads that sprettycreative whodoesthatforyou nobody idoit really atnight whenyou reasleep sure trydoingitinthedaytime inclass okay 14 28 whydidtheteacheraskthestudentstotalkabouttheirdreams a tohelpthemtoseetheircreativity b tofindoutabouttheirsleepinghabits c tohelpthemtoimprovetheirmemory d tofindoutabouttheirwaysofthinking 推理判断题 文章第四段最后一句 buti mjustnotcreative 引出下文师生间的对话 根据文章最后一句 trydoingitinthedaytime inclass okay 可以看出 老师以孩子晚上做的梦引出白天课堂上要勇于尝试 大胆想象 因此a项正确 15 3 文章来源推断题要推测文章的来源 则要求考生本身具备一定的常识 比如考生要对报纸 杂志 网络 科普 小说 广告 说明书 旅游指南等有基本的了解 这样才能根据文章的特点对号入座 选出正确的答案 16 典例分析 wheniwasnineyearsold ilovedtogofishingwithmydad buttheonlythingthatwasn tveryfunaboutitwasthathecouldcatchmanyfishwhileicouldn tcatchanything iusuallygotprettyupsetandkeptaskinghimwhy healwaysanswered son ifyouwanttocatchafish youhavetothinklikeafish irememberbeingevenmoreupsetthenbecause i mnotafish ididn tknowhowtothinklikeafish besides ireasoned howcouldwhatithinkinfluencewhatafishdoes 17 asigotalittleolderibegantounderstandwhatmydadreallymeant so ireadsomebooksonfish andievenjoinedthelocalfishingclubandstartedattendingthemonthlymeetings ilearnedthatafishisacold bloodedanimalandthereforeisverysensitivetowatertemperature thatiswhyfishprefershallowwatertodeepwaterbecausetheformeriswarmer besides waterisusuallywarmerindirectsunlightthanintheshade yet fishdon thaveanyeyelids 眼皮 andthesunhurtstheireyes themoreiunderstoodfish themoreibecameeffectiveatfindingandcatchingthem 18 whenigrewupandenteredthebusinessworld irememberhearingmyfirstbosssay weallneedtothinklikesales people butitdidn tcompletelymakesense mydadneveroncesaid ifyouwanttocatchafishyouneedtothinklikeafisherman whathesaidwas youneedtothinklikeafish yearslater withgreateffortstopromotelong termservicestopeoplemucholderandricherthanme igraduallylearnedwhatweallneedistothinkmorelikecustomers itisnotaneasyjob iwillshowyouhowinthefollowingchapters 19 35 thispassagemostlikelycomesfrom a afishingguideb apopularsalesbookc anovelonchildhoodd amillionaire sbiography文章出处题 根据最后两句话 itisnotaneasyjob iwillshowyouhowinthefollowingchapters 这不是一份轻松的工作 我将在下面几章里向你们展示如何去做 由此可知 文章来自教授大家如何做销售的书籍 故选b项 20 4 篇章结构推断题根据不同文章的内容和写作目的 作者会采用记叙 议论 说明或应用文体 作者也会采用叙述 例证 对比等不同的组织结构 答题时须从作者的写作手法入手 分清层次 明确主旨 并找出文中作者的观点以及与其紧密相关的论据 21 英语文章讲究使用主题段和主题句 主题段通常在文章的开头 简要概括文章的中心思想 主题句根据段落的写作手法的不同可能在段落的开头 也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾 段与段之间常用连接词和过渡词连接 使文章行文连贯 逻辑严密 不同的文段在全文中可能会起到 引言 介绍 introduction 举例 example 对比 comparison 结论 conclusion 评论 comment 背景 background 论证 demonstration 等作用 为突出主题 作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章 通过举例 比较 类比等手法来阐明主题观点 这类题是近年来出现的主要考查议论文结构的新命题方式 并逐步得到认可 对文章结构的考查主要有两个层面 一是按段落的组织方式 二是按写作方法 论证方法 22 典例分析 2016 北京卷 d whycollegeisnothomethecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportantgrowthinautonomy 自主性 andthedevelopmentofadultidentity however nowtheyarebecominganextendedperiodofadolescence duringwhichmanyoftoday sstudentsarenotshoulderedwithadultresponsibilities 23 forpreviousgenerations collegewasadecisivebreakfromparentalcontrol guidanceandsupportneededtocomefrompeopleofthesameageandfromwithin inthepasttwodecades however continuedconnectionwithanddependenceonfamily thankstocellphones emailandsocialmedia haveincreasedsignificantly someparentsgosofarastohelpwithcoursework insteadofpromotingtheideaofcollegeasapassagefromtheshelterofthefamilytoautonomyandadultresponsibility universitieshavegivenintotheideathattheyshouldprovidethesameenvironmentasthatofthehome 24 toprepareforincreasedautonomyandresponsibility collegeneedstobeatimeofexplorationandexperimentation thisprocessinvolves tryingon newwaysofthinkingaboutoneselfbothintellectually 在思维方面 andpersonally whileweshouldprovide safespaces withincolleges wemustalsomakeitsafetoexpressopinionsandchallengemajorityviews intellectualgrowthandflexibilityarefosteredbystrictdebateandquestioning learningtodealwiththesocialworldisequallyimportant becauseacollegecommunity 群体 differsfromthefamily manystudentswillstruggletofindasenseofbelonging ifstudentsrelyonadministratorstoregulatetheirsocialbehaviorandthinkingpattern theyarenotfacingthechallengeoffindinganidentitywithinalargerandcomplexcommunity 25 moreover thetendencyforuniversitiestomonitorandshapestudentbehaviorrunsupagainstanothercharacteristicofyoungadults theresponsetobeingcontrolledbytheirelders ifacceptablesocialbehavioristoostrictlydefined 规定 andcontrolled theinsensitiveoraggressivebehaviorthatadministratorsareseekingtominimizemayactuallybeencouraged itisnotsurprisingthatyoungpeoplearelikelytoburstout particularlywhentherearereasonstodoso ourgenerationoncejoinedhandsandstoodfirmattimesofnationalemergency whatislackingtodayistheconflictbetweenadolescents desireforautonomyandtheirunderstandingofanunsafeworld therefore thereisthedesirefortheirdormstobereplacementhomesandnotplacestoexperienceintellectualgrowth 26 everycollegediscussionaboutcommunityvalues socialclimateandbehaviorshouldincluderecognitionofthedevelopmentalimportanceofstudentautonomyandself regulation ofthenecessarytensionbetweensafetyandself discovery 27 70 whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthepassage i introductionp pointsp sub point 次要点 c conclusion 28 文章结构题 本文一 二段阐明大学生过分依赖家庭 未实现从被家庭庇护到提高自主意识和成人责任意识的成功转型 为introduction 第三段为p1 建议大学生积极探索 实验 辩论 质疑 提升思维能力和个人素养 四 五段为p2 从两个方面 即sp1和sp2 强调了社交行为的重要性 最后两段为总结段 故选c项 29 a b c 2017 天津卷 d ireadsomewherethatwespendafullthirdofourliveswaiting butwherearewedoingallofthiswaiting andwhatdoesitmeantoanimpatientsocietylikeours tounderstandtheissue let stakealookatthreetypesof waits theverypurestformofwaitingisthewatched potwait itiswithoutdoubtthemostannoyingofall takefillingupthekitchensink 洗碗池 asanexample thereisabsolutelynothingyoucandowhilethisisgoingonbutkeepbotheyesfixedonthesinkuntilit sfull duringthesewaits thebrainslipsawayfromthebodyandwandersaboutuntilthewaterrunsovertheedgeofthecounterandontoyoursocks thiskindofwaitmakesthewaiterhelplessandmindless 30 a b c acousintothewatched potwaitistheforcedwait thisonerequiresabitofdiscipline properlypreparingpackagednoodlesouprequiresaforcedwait directionsareveryspecific bringthreecupsofwatertoboil addmix simmerthreeminutes removefromheat letstandfiveminutes ihavemydoubtsthatanyonehasactuallyfollowedtheproceduresstrictly afterall forcedwaitingrequirespatience perhapsthemostpowerfultypeofwaitingisthelucky breakwait thistypeofwaitisunusualinthatitisforthemostpartvoluntary unliketheforcedwait whichisalsovoluntary waitingforyourluckybreakdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatitwillhappen 31 a b c turningone slifeintoawaitinggamerequiresfaithandhope andisstrictlyfortheoptimistsamongus onthesurfaceitseemsasridiculousasfollowingthedirectionsonsoupmixes butthelucky breakwaitwellservesthosewhoarewillingtodoit aslongasonedoesn tcometorelyonit wishingforafewgoodthingstohappenneverhurtsanybody wecertainlydospendagooddealofourtimewaiting thenexttimeyou restandingatthesinkwaitingforittofillwhilecookingnoodlesoupthatyou llhavetoeatuntilalargebagofcashfallsoutofthesky don tbedesperate you reprobablyjustasbusyasthenextguy 32 a b c 语篇导读 本文为一篇说明文 我们的一生有三分之一的时间都在等待 文章主要讲述了三种类型的等待 并告诫我们 下次在等待的时候 不要灰心丧气 33 a b c 1 whiledoingawatched potwait wetendto a keepourselvesbusyb getabsent mindedc growanxiousd stayfocused b 解析细节理解题 根据第二段的第五句 duringthesewaits thebrainslipsawayfromthebodyandwandersaboutuntil ontoyoursocks 以及最后的mindless可知 你的思维会从你的身体溜走 在外面游荡 直到水满溢出来 淋湿了你的袜子 也就是说 在我们等着洗碗池放满水的过程中 往往会心不在焉 故选b项 34 a b c 2 whatisthedifferencebetweentheforcedwaitandthewatched potwait a theforcedwaitrequiressomeself control b theforcedwaitmakespeoplepassive c thewatched potwaitneedsdirections d thewatched potwaitengagesbodyandbrain a 解析细节理解题 根据第三段中的 thisonerequiresabitofdiscipline 可知 被迫等待 需要一点纪律 需要自我控制 需要详尽的说明 而且需要耐心 b选项文中未提及 而c项与d项均属于 被迫等待 的特征 属于张冠李戴 故选a项 35 a b c 3 whatcanwelearnaboutthelucky breakwait a itislessvoluntarythantheforcedwait b itdoesn talwaysbringthedesiredresult c itismorefruitfulthantheforcedwait d itdoesn tgivepeoplefaithandhope b 解析推理判断题 根据第四段的最后一句 unliketheforcedwait waitingforyourluckybreakdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatitwillhappen 可知 等待幸运的突破并不意味着一定会产生你想要的结果 故选b项 36 a b c 4 whatdoestheauthoradviseustodothenexttimewearewaiting a takeitseriously b don trelyonothers c dosomethingelse d don tloseheart d 解析推理判断题 文章最后一段的第二句是thenexttime引导的时间状语从句 其中提到了三种等待 don tbedesperate是主句 这是句子的核心 因此我们可以推断 作者建议我们不要绝望 不要心灰意冷 故选d项 37 a b c 5 theauthorsupportshisviewby a exploringvariouscausesof waits b describingdetailedprocessesof waits c analyzingdifferentcategoriesof waits d revealingfrustratingconsequencesof waits c 解析推理判断题 纵观全文可知 作者分析了三种不同类型的等待来支持自己的观点 故选c项 38 a b c 2016 天津卷 c whenjohnwasgrowingup otherkidsfeltsorryforhim hisparentsalwayshadhimweedingthegarden carryingoutthegarbageanddeliveringnewspapers butwhenjohnreachedadulthood hewasbetteroffthanhischildhoodplaymates hehadmorejobsatisfaction abettermarriageandwashealthier mostofall hewashappier farhappier thesearethefindingsofa40 yearstudythatfollowedthelivesof456teenageboysfromboston thestudyshowedthatthosewhohadworkedasboysenjoyedhappierandmoreproductivelivesthanthosewhohadnot boyswhoworkedinthehomeorcommunitygainedcompetence 能力 andcametofeeltheywereworthwhilemembersofsociety saidgeorgevaillant thepsychologist 心理学家 whomadethediscovery andbecausetheyfeltgoodaboutthemselves othersfeltgoodaboutthem 39 a b c vaillant sstudyfollowedthesemalesingreatdetail interviewswererepeatedatages25 31and47 undervaillant theresearcherscomparedthemen smental healthscoreswiththeirboyhood activityscores pointswereawardedforpart timejobs housework effortinschool andabilitytodealwithproblems thelinkbetweenwhatthemenhaddoneasboysandhowtheyturnedoutasadultswassurprisinglysharp thosewhohaddonethemostboyhoodactivitiesweretwiceaslikelytohavewarmrelationswithawidevarietyofpeople fivetimesaslikelytobewellpaidand16timeslesslikelytohavebeenunemployed theresearchersalsofoundthatiqandfamilysocialandeconomicclassmadenorealdifferenceinhowtheboysturnedout 40 a b c working atanyage isimportant childhoodactivitieshelpachilddevelopresponsibility independence confidenceandcompetence theunderpinnings 基础 ofemotionalhealth theyalsohelphimunderstandthatpeoplemustcooperateandworktowardcommongoals themostcompetentadultsarethosewhoknowhowtodothis yetworkisn teverything astolstoyoncesaid onecanlivemagnificentlyinthisworldifoneknowshowtoworkandhowtolove toworkforthepersononelovesandtoloveone swork 语篇导读 本文为议论文 研究人员发现 一个在童年时期曾在家里或社区工作过的男人长大后会拥有更大的社会价值感 他的个人幸福指数也会更高 而且这种感觉会在他人生中的各个阶段都有所体现 41 a b c 1 whatdoweknowaboutjohn a heenjoyedhiscareerandmarriage b hehadfewchildhoodplaymates c hereceivedlittlelovefromhisfamily d hewasenviedbyothersinhischildhood a 解析细节理解题 由第一段第四句 hehadmorejobsatisfaction abettermarriageandwashealthier 可知 他对自己的工作和婚姻状况都比较满意 故选a项 42 a b c 2 vaillant swordsinparagraph2serveas a adescriptionofpersonalvaluesandsocialvaluesb ananalysisofhowworkwasrelatedtocompetencec anexampleforparents expectationsoftheirchildrend anexplanationwhysomeboysgrewintohappymen d 解析推理判断题 由第二段georgevaillant所说的话可知 那些在家里和社区工作的男孩子能力较强 并且感觉到自己是对社会有用的人 由于他们自我感觉好 所以其他人也会感觉他们很优秀 这些话解释了为什么有些男孩子会成为幸福的男人 故选d项 43 a b c 3 vaillant steamobtainedtheirfindingsby a recordingtheboys effortinschoolb evaluatingthemen smentalhealthc comparingdifferentsetsofscoresd measuringthemen sproblemsolvingability c 解析细节理解题 由第三段中的 theresearcherscomparedthemen smental healthscoreswiththeirboyhood activityscores 可知 vaillant steam是通过比较不同组的分数获得他们的发现的 故选c项 44 a b c 4 whatdoestheunderlinedword sharp probablymeaninparagraph4 a quicktoreact b havingathinedge c clearanddefinite d suddenandrapid c 解析词义猜测题 由画线词后一句可得知那些在童年时期工作过的人 其人际关系和收入优于其他人 失业率也低许多 故可推出男人童年时期的经历与成年后的发展之间的联系是令人惊奇地直接明了 分析选项中只有c项最贴近其词义 45 a b c 5 whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph a competentadultsknowmoreaboutlovethanwork b emotionalhealthisessentialtoawonderfuladultlife c lovebringsmorejoytopeoplethanworkdoes d independenceisthekeytoone ssuccess b 解析推理判断题 由最后一段第一 二句可知 责任感 独立性 自信心和能力是一个人情感健康的基础 它们也能够帮助人们使他们明了必须要合作 一起朝着共同的目标前进 由此推出 情感健康对于一个快乐的成年人的生活是必要的 故选b项 46 a b c italianswereremindedtoslowdownandrelaxonworldslowday anannualeventcelebratinglife ssimplepleasures let stakethisdaytostopandthinkaboutallthethingswemisswhilewe rerushingthroughourlives saidbrunocontigiani thepresidentoftheartoflivingslowlyassociation contigiani 62 aone timehigh poweredmanager isnowanambassadorfortheslowlifemovementaroundtheworld hestartedthefirstworldslowdayin2007toencouragethevaluesoflivingandworkingatamorenaturalpace andtomakepeoplerethinktheirdailylifestyle 47 a b c contigiani sassociationsuggests 14commandments forlivingbetter suchaswakingupfiveminutesearliertoenjoybreakfastwithoutrushing othersincludewalkingwheneverpossible andreadingintheeveningsinsteadofwatchingtelevision thisyear contigianileftitalywheretheeventhasspreadaroundthecountryforshanghai oneofthefastestmovingcitiesintheworld theslow livingsupportersaidhewanderedaroundthebusieststreetsofthecommercialcenterforanentireafternoon invitingpeopleto slowdown amongthe 14commandments theoneaboutwakingupfiveminutesearlierwasthemostpopularbyfar contigianisaid 48 a b c backinitaly thenowwell knowneventhostsaloto