高考英语 考前冲刺精选资料语法讲解定语从句.doc

2012届高考英语考前冲刺精选资料语法讲解定语从句 定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常 出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有:when, where, why等。 1 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语和宾语。例如: is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语) he is the man whom/ that i saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语) 2) whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换)。例如: they rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。 please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3)which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如: a prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语) the package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语) 2 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。 1)关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构,因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用。例如: there are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 beijing is the place where(in which) i was born. 北京是我的出生地。 is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗? 2)that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和介+which引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。例如: his father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 he is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 3 判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如: this is the mountain village where i stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。 ill never forget the days when i worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。 判断改错: (错) this is the mountain village where i visited last year. (错) i will never forget the days when i spent in the countryside. (对) this is the mountain village (which) i visited last year. (对) ill never forget the days (which) i spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例1. is this museum _ you visited a few days age? a. where b. that c. on which d. the one 例2. is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. a. where b. that c. on which d. the one 答案:例1 d,例2 a 例1变为肯定句: this museum is _ you visited a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句: this is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选d。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选a。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语) 。 4 限制性和非限制性定语从句 1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如: this is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性) the house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性) 2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如: charles smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理?史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。 my house, which i bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 this novel, which i have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。 3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如: he seems not to have grasped what i meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。 liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。 说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 5 介词+关系词 1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。 2)that前不能有介词。 3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如: this is the house in which i lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。 this is the house where i lived two years ago. do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗? do you remember the day when you joined our club? 6 as, which 非限定性定语从句 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。as一般放在句首,which在句中。例如: as we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。 the sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来,这对我们人类很重要。 典型例题 1)alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. a. it b. that c. which d. he 答案c. 此为非限定性从句,不能用 that修饰,而用which.,it 和he 都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。 2)the weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. a. what b. which c. that d. it 答案b。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what不可。that 不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。 3)it rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park. a. that b. which c. as d. it 答案b. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点: (1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。 (2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中,prevent由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为b。 as 的用法 例1. the sameas;suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。例如: i have got into the same trouble as he (has). 我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。 例2. as可引导非限制性从句,常带有正如。例如: as we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。 as is known, smoking is harmful to ones health. as是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语;例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式。 7 先行词和关系词二合一 1) whoever spits in public will be punished here. (whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替) 2) the parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用all that代替) 8 what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever 1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything。例如: what you want has been sent here. 你要的动词都送来了。 whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么,跟我没什么关系。 2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who。例如: (错)who breaks the law will be punished. (错)whoever robbed the bank is not clear. (对)whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法,与庶民同罪。 (对)who robbed the bank is not clear. 谁抢了银行还不清楚。 3) that 和 what 当that引导定语从句时,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。what只能引导名词性从句,用作连接代词,作从句的具体成分,且不能省略。例如: i think(that)you will like the stamps. 我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。 what we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实践。 9 关系代词that 的用法 1)不用that的情况 a) 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如: (错)the tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b) 介词后不能用。例如: we depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。 we depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。 b) 在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。 c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。 d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。. e) 先行词既有人,又有物时。例如: all that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。 finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。强化练习1、stop making so much noise _ the neighbor will start complaining.a、or elseb、but stillc、and thend、so that2、we hope to go to the beach tomorrow, but we wont go _ its raining.a、ifb、whenc、thoughd、because3、the weather is too cold _ march this year. it was still _ when i came here years ago. a、for; colderb、in; coldc、in; hotd、for; hotter4、how much vinegar did you put in the soup? im sorry to say, _. i forget. a、nob、no onec、nothingd、none5、he is only too ready to help others, seldom, _, refusing them when they turn to him.a、if neverb、if everc、if notd、if any6、what should i wear to attend his wedding party? dress _ you like.a、whatb、howeverc、whateverd、how7、the research on the new bird flu virus vaccine is challenging and demanding. who do you think can do the job? _ my students have a try?a、shallb、mustc、willd、may8、id like to live somewhere _ the sun shines all year long.a、whichb、thatc、whered、in which9、i _ to go for a walk, but someone called and i couldnt get away.a、was planningb、plannedc、had plannedd、would plan10、your book, tommy? no, mom, its my friends. remember to return it to _ name is on it.a、whatb、whichc、whosed、whosever11、thank you for sending us _ fresh vegetables of many kinds. you have done us _ great service.a、不填；ab、the；ac、不填；不填d、the；不填12、now that we _ all the money, its no use turning on me and saying its all my fault.a、had lostb、lostc、have lostd、lose13、we had a really bad time about six months ago but now things are _.a、looking upb、coming upc、making upd、turning up14、when did it begin to snow? it started _ the night.a、duringb、byc、fromd、at15、young as he is, david has gained _ rich experience in _ society.a、the; theb、a; 不填c、不填；不填d、不填；the16、_ from endless homework on weekends, the students now find their own activities, such as taking a ride together to watch the sunrise.a、freedb、freeing c、to free d、having freed17、so you missed the meeting. _. i got there five minutes before it finished.a、not at allb、not exactly c、not especiallyd、not really18、do you mind if i smoke? _a、why not? b、yes, help yourself c、go aheadd、yes, but youd better not19、we must thank you for taking the trouble to cook us a meal. _.a、with pleasureb、it doesnt matterc、it was no trouble at alld、by all means20、_ the temperature might drop, coal was prepared for warming.a、to considerb、consideredc、consideringd、to be considered21、tom, you are caught late again. oh, _.a、not at allb、just my luckc、never mindd、thats all right22、what do you think of the concert? i really enjoy it. i didnt expect it was _ wonderful.a、asb、morec、mostd、very23、the engineers made two big plans for the dam, _ was never put in force.a、one of themb、whichc、one of whichd、every one of which24、i have no one _ me, for i am a new comer here.a、helpb、helpingc、to helpd、to have helped25、the little girl couldnt work the problem out. she wasnt _ clever.a、thatb、muchc、enoughd、too26、listen! his family must be quarrelling, _?a、mustnt itb、isnt itc、arent theyd、neednt they27、the police have _ power to deal with such matters by _ law.a、the; theb、不填；不填c、不填；thed、the；不填28、jack felt unhappy as they all went outing _ him.a、exceptb、butc、withoutd、besides29、that she hadnt kept her _ on her work resulted in the failure.a、headb、heartc、braind、mind30、did your sister pass the exam? she failed and is in low spirits. im sorry for her. _.a、thank youb、youre welcome c、i would think sod、never mind31、the students spent as much time getting trained as they _ studying.a、dislikedb、werec、hadd、did32、it was believed that things would get worse, but _ it is they are getting better.a、beforeb、afterc、becaused、as33、as time went by, the plan stuck _ fairly practical.a、to provedb、to provingc、provedd、to be proved34、more than one _ the people heart and soul.a、official has servedb、officials have servedc、official has served ford、officials have served for35、the president stood by a window inside the room, _, looking over the square.a、where i enteredb、into which i enteredc、which i enteredd、that i entered36、though i _ to go abroad, i changed my mind and decided to stay with my family.a、had wantedb、wantedc、would wantd、did want37、my brother is very tall. the little bed wont _ for him.a、prepareb、matchc、fitd、do38、thank you so much for the lovely evening, dennis. youre quite welcome, julie. _. wed been looking forward to seeing you.a、were glad to meet youb、im afraid you didnt have a good timec、thank you for your comingd、just stay a little longer, please39、scientists say they have found a way to produce the human bodys own cancer-killing cells through gene treatment, _ new hope to cancer sufferers.a、offeringb、showingc、takingd、making40、we are going to discuss the way of reading works _ it is used for real life purposes, and this should give you a better understanding of it.a、that b、which c、where d、when41、the dinner was delicious! i agree. i am so full. thats too bad. but some dessert _.a、has ordered b、will be ordered c、has been orderedd、was going to be ordered42、this wall of air is an effective answer to the problem and it _ work. but it is a question to put such a wall of air around the statue.a、mayb、mustc、shouldd、could43、we should know that we can only reach the top if we are ready to _ and learn from failure.a、deal withb、depend onc、carry ond、go with44、good evening. i _ to see miss jessic. oh! good evening. im sorry, but she is not in.a、cameb、comec、have comed、had come45、please call me at 8:00 tomorrow morning. im kind of forgetful. dont worry about that, youll be surely _.a、remindedb、toldc、warnedd、informed46、whats the matter with tim? oh, tims cellphone was left in a taxi accidentally, never _ again.a、to findb、to be foundc、findingd、being found47、a terrible earthquake happened in that district at the end of 2004, _ many countries in the world paid close attention to this.a、whereb、whenc、whichd、what48、how come a simple meal like this costs so much? we have _ in your bill the cost of the cup you broke just now.a、addedb、includedc、containedd、charged49、you didnt wait for mr. black last night, did you? no, but we _. he didnt return home at all.a、couldnt haveb、neednt havec、didnt need tod、should wait have50、how do you think i should receive the reporter? _ you feel about him, try to be polite.a、howb、whatc、whateverd、however51、_ has recently been done to provide more buses for the people, a shortage of public vehicles remains a serious problem.a、thatb、whatc、in spite of whatd、though what52、as we have much time left, lets discuss the matter _ tea and cake.a、overb、withc、by d、at53、mr black must be worried about something. you can _ it from the look on his face.a、reasonb、recognizec、readd、realize54、can i pay the bill by check? sorry, sir. but it is the management rule of our hotel that payment _ be made in cash.a、shallb、needc、willd、can55、if you win the competition, you will be given _ to europe for two.a、a free 7-day tripb、a free trip for 7-dayc、a 7-day free tripd、a trip for 7-day free56、hey, kelin. happy new year! _? ok, i guess. my grandma kept cooking and cooking, so i just kept eating.a、how was your breakb、how is your grandmac、where did you go for holidayd、what did you do in your holiday57、would you mind giving your advice on how to improve our business management? if you make _ most of the equipment, there will be _ rise in production.a、不填；不填b、the；ac、不填；ad、the；不填58、will $200 _ the cost of the damage? im afraid not. i need at least $100 more.a、dob、includec、coverd、afford59、if you live in the country or have ever visited there, _ are that you have heard birds singing to welcome the new day.a、situationsb、factsc、dancesd、possibilities60、i _ you, but i didnt think you would listen to me.a、could have toldb、must have toldc、should telld、might tell61、this problem may lead to more serious ones if _ unsolved.a、makingb、remainedc、keepingd、left62、i have no dreams _ to have a happy life.a、rather thanb、more thanc、other thand、less than63、you know mr. green has been ill for days? yes, i wonder if he is _ better now.a、someb、muchc、anyd、no64、$100 a month could hardly _ the cost of his life in such a big city in this country.a、spendb、takec、coverd、meet65、working in the kitchen for years made tom _ a good cook.a、forb、intoc、of d、as66、she was such a proud person that she would die _ she would admit she was wrong.a、rather thanb、untilc、afterd、before67、are you through with your homework? well, _.a、sort of b、go aheadc、why not d、thats ok68、what field will your son go into after graduation from nanjing university? im not quite certain, but he _ a good teacher of english.a、promisesb、becomesc、makesd、proves69、my mother is always warning me when i go out, “dont get off the bus _ it is stopping.”a、untilb、beforec、whiled、after70、the dance performed by the disabled actors is really a hit, but years ago no one _ they were to achieve such great success.a、must have imaginedb、could have imaginedc、should have imaginedd、would have imagined71、the young lady prefers dressing up for a party to _ by others.a、be noticedb、being noticedc、having been noticedd、have been noticed72、before the war broke out, many people _ possessions they could not take with them.a、threw awayb、put awayc、gave awayd、carried away73、_ the pressure from work, teachers have to deal with psychological problems caused by interpersonal relationship.a、as far asb、as long asc、as well asd、as soon as74、i hear your aunt likes travel, music, clothes and fine food. oh, yeah, and music may have be