语法7 非谓语.doc

英语语法学习 班级：_ 姓名：_第七节：非谓语动词广西崇左市高级中学 黄林郁一、非谓语动词的形式变化非谓语形式构成时态语态复合结构否定式主动被动不定式一般式to do（主动+未发生）to be done（被动+未发生）for sb. to do sth.或of sb. to do sth.在“to”前加not或never完成式to have done（主动+已完成）to have been done（被动+已完成）进行式to be doing（主动+正在进行）/v-ing一般式Doing（主动+正在进行）being done（被动+正在进行）sb.或sbs doing作主语要用sbs doing在前加not特别注意复合结构的否定式： sbs not doingsbs not having done完成式having done（主动+已完成）having been done（被动+已完成）过去分词 done没有变形(被动+已完成)在前加not二、非谓语充当句子成分一览表 成分非谓语1. 主语2. 表语3. 宾语4. 宾补5. 定语6. 状语To do doingdone三、各种非谓语形式充当某一相同成分时的区别：1、非谓语作主语时的区别意义to do 不定式多指具体的动作（或一次性的动作） To look after the child is what he needs to do today.doing动名词多指一般的或习惯的行为 Looking after children is his job.2、非谓语作表语时的区别 意义to do 不定式多指具体的动作（或一次性的动作） What he needs to do today is to look after the child.doing动名词多指一般的或习惯的行为 His job is looking after children.(另外，-ing形容词修饰物“使人”; -ed 形容词修饰人 “感到.”)3、非谓语作宾语时的区别：主要区别在于不同的动词后接不同的非谓语情况常用动词只接to do 做宾语的动词hope, wish, expect, want, offer（主动）, long(渴望), fail（失败）, ask, decide, pretend（假装）, manage（成功）, agree, afford（供得起） determine（决心）, promise（承诺）, happen（碰巧）只接doing做宾语的动词或短语mind, miss(错过), enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, advise, finish, escape（逃避）, excuse（原谅）, appreciate（喜欢）, admit（承认）, dislike, avoid（避免）, risk（冒险）, feel like（想）, succeed in, be fond of, be engaged in（忙于）, insist on（坚持）, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, be worth, be busy, look forward to, devote oneself to, object to（反对）, get down to（开始）, pay attention to, stick to接to do 或doing 均可的动词意义基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer(喜欢), continue（继续）（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）意义相反stop to do 停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事意义不同remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生）go on to do（接着做另外一件事）go on doing（接着做同一件事）try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）try doing（试试去做，看有何结果）mean to do（打算做，企图做）mean doing （意思是，意味着）cant help （to） do（不能帮忙做）cant help doing（忍不住要做）considerto do/ be认为做/是consider doing考虑做某事 注意： need/ want/ require doing = need /want/require to be done Your hair needs cutting = Your hair needs to be cut (你的头发需要剪了。 4、非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别分 类常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例 句To do ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encouragehave, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make主谓(主动)关系，强调动作将发生或已经完成(使役动词和感官动词作谓语时，to do 宾语省to)I expect him to help me.I made him help me several times.(省略to)I saw him go upstairs. (省略to)wish sb. to do ( ) hope sb. to do ( )advise sb to to ( ) suggest sb. to do ( )To be done动宾（被动）关系，强调动作将发生I expect our work to be finished soon.Doingnotice, see, watch, hear, find, feel, catch, leave, keep, have,主谓（主动）关系，强调动作正在进行，尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.I saw him crossing the street.Being done动宾（被动）关系，强调动作正在进行I heard the song being sung when I went by.过去分词动宾（被动）关系，动作已经完成，多强调状态We found the village greatly changed.I saw him run over by a car.注意背诵以下句子： 1. He is said to go abroad next month. = People said he will go abroad next month. = It is said that he will go abroad next month. 2. He is said to have been to Europe last year. = People said he went abroad last year. = It is said that he went abroad last year. 3. He is said to be studying abroad now. = People said he is studying abroad now. = It is said that he is studying abroad now.5、 非谓语动词做定语的区别分 类区 别例 句to do 在“have”句型中, to do与被修饰词之间虽有被动关系，但不能用to be done; 表示将来。He hasnt got a place to live in. （ 主语he 执行live in 动作）I have a lot of papers to type. （ 主语I 执行type 动作）to be done与被修饰词往往有被动关系，表将来。The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.doing(动名词)通常指被修饰词的用途，类别，材质等，无逻辑上的主动关系； （现在分词）与被修饰词之间是主动关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生the boiling water the falling leaves/the developing country being done与被修饰词往往有被动关系，being done 表正在进行。The meeting being held now is very important.过去分词done与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成或只表示状态the boiled water the developed countrythe fallen leavesThe meeting held yesterday is very important.6、非谓语动词做状语的区别分 类区 别例 句to do 与主句的主语往往有主动关系。不定式作状语，大多作目的状（为了) 或表示意料外结果。 To get good marks, you should study hard. to be done与主句的主语往往有被动关系。不定式作状语，大多作目的状（为了) 或表示意料外结果。I hurried to the cinema only to be told there was no ticket left.doing 与主句的主语之间是主动关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生Seeing from the sky, we can find our city more beautiful. having done与主句的主语之间是主动关系，强调动作发生在谓语动作之前Having finished his homework, he watched TV.being done与主句的主语之间是被动关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生Being scolded, little Tom had his head down.having been done与主句的主语之间是被动关系，强调动作发生在谓语动作之前Not having received their reply, he wrote a second letter.done与主句的主语之间是被动关系。表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成或只表示状态Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.注意以下非谓语作状的特例（独立成分）：Judging from the appearance, he must be a strong man. To tell you the truth, I dont like it that much.小结：非谓语的时态要与谓语的时态区分开来。谓语时态是由时间状语决定的。而非谓语不同的“时态”是通过和谓语动作的比较来选用的，如在谓语动作之