名词及冠词.doc

名词 41-47一. 名词1. School begins in September. 不可数 抽象指上学There are three schools in this town. 可数Go to school. 不可数 抽象指上学Go to the school. 可数普通名词1. 鲸鱼是哺乳动物的译法Whales are mammals.=A whale is a mammal.=The whale is a mammal.2. I met a boy. The boy had a ball in his hands.集合名词A. 单数,复数都可以Family家庭,家人, audience, class班级,同学, club俱乐部,会员, company公司,职员, crew机组,机组人员, crowed, government, public, staff, team1. His family is a big one. 家庭His family are all tall. 家人2. Our team has won the championship. 我队The team were all excited. 队员B. 复数形Police, cattle, people, poultry pultri n. 家禽Cattle 牛群 cow 母牛 bull 公牛 ox阉公牛One person, two persons/people1. The police have caught him.2. Many people were angry at the case.C. 单数形类 只有单数baggage行李类, clothing服装类, furniture家具类machinery机械类, merchandise商品类, poetry诗类, scenery风景类D. 注意Fruit1. 水果种类不加冠词的单数形 fruit2. 水果种类一种a fruit 两种以上fruitsA kind of fruit, two kinds of fruits3. 成果,结果fruits1. Do you eat much fruit?2. The potato is not a fruit but a vegetable. 一种水果3. His success was the fruits of hard work.Fish1. 表数量一条鱼 a fish 两条鱼 fish2. 种类一种 a fish 两种以上 fishes3. 鱼肉Fish1. I caught three fish yesterday.2. There are a lot of fishes living in the sea. 很多种鱼People1. 人们 people2. 国民,民族 a people, two peoples, 1. Ten people were injured in the accident.意外死亡 be killed2. The Chinese are said to be an industrious indstris people.industry n.工业；勤勉 industrial adj. 工业的 industrious adj. 勤勉的Hair1. 全部头发/毛发/汗毛 hair2. 一根根 a hair/hairs1. She has thick hair.2. He pulled out two white hairs. 两根白发抽象名词Kindness, beauty, honestyA. 一般用不加冠词的单数形1. I like music.2. This is important information.B. 表程度 可加much, any, some, a little, little等1. I have little hope of succeeding.2. I have a lot of homework to do.Homework 作业类,总称C. 限定 可加the1. Necessity is the mother of invention. 那个抽象的妈妈限定的妈妈(类)需要为发明之母2. You should know the difficulty of learning how to drive a car. 学开车的困难限定的困难(类)D. 数抽象名词时 用 a piece of一则 / an item of一项1. He gave me a wonderful piece advice.注意wonderful的位置A piece of wonderful advice.two pieces of advice2. She sent us an item of news.E. 表示个别行为,事件时,可加a/an,也可用复数形1. The computer is a marvelous m:vils invention.2. I will tell you my views of the matter.F. Of+抽象名词adj.With+抽象名词adv.1. He is a man of ability.He is an able man.adj. 能；有能力的；能干的2. The information is of no value to me.value vlju: n.价值The information is valueless to me.valueless vljulis adj. 无价值的3. Mary passed the exam with ease.Mary passed the exam easily.其他用法of importanceimportant adj.with carecarefully adv.on purposeintentionally ent n.意图 intentional adj.故意的 intentionally adv. 故意地，有意地by accidentaccidentally adv.物质名词没有固定形状或范围的物质如 light, water, moneyA. 一般情况不加冠词的单数形This statue is made of stone. 石头材料The crowed threw stones at the police. 石块pebble小卵石 stone适中石 rock大岩石 boulder巨石B. 限定量时可用some, a lot of, much1. I dont need much money to buy than camera.2. We have little rain here.这里几乎不下雨C. 特定的物品,可加冠词,代名词或所有格1. This beef is from Australia. 特定的牛肉2. Lets go to the liquor store. 特定的某家酒吧D. 将物质名词量化数字+of+物质名词1) 形状A piece of chalk 一支粉笔A sheet of paperA slice of bread 一片面包A loaf of bread 一条面包Two loaves of bread2) 容器A bottle of colaA glass of water 玻璃杯A cup of tea 有把儿的杯子3) 单位A pound of butter 一磅奶油A liter of milk 一公升 升=公升A spoonful of sugarA school of whales 一群鲸 (鱼类)A herd of cattle 一群牛 (大动物)A flock of birds 一群鸟 (小动物) Birds of a feather flock together一丘之貉/物以类聚feather fe 羽毛专有名词特定人或事物的名称A. 一般情形开头字母大写,不加冠词无复数形1. Dr.Jones photographed many wild animals in Africa.2. Henry walked down Bridge Street to save time.B. 加the 就一个,用来限定/表”尊重”1) 河川,海洋,海峡the Amazon, the Pacific Ocean2) 船,列车the Titanic, the MRT台湾的捷运3) 公共建筑the White House, the British Museum4) 报纸,杂志the Times, the Asahi 朝日新闻C. 加不定冠词/复数形的专有名词1. A Mr. Brown has come to see you. 一个叫brown的人2. He is the Edison of Taiwan. 台湾的爱迪生3. My wife was a Smith. Smith家族的人4. He has two Picassos. 他有两幅毕加索的画.二. 名词的复数形1. 规则变化女英雄 heroineheruin例外Stomachs, pianos, photos, roofs, safes保险箱, beliefs信条2. 不规则变化常见Man-men, woman-women, foot-feet脚,英尺, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, child-children单复同形Japanese, Chinese, carpk:p n. 鲤鱼, sheep, deer, species物种rein deer圣诞老人的驯鹿外来语的复数形幽默humor 现代modern 沙发sofadatum-data, medium-media, crisis-crises, analysis-analyses文字,数字,简称的复数形UFOs/UFOs, the 80s/80s八零年代, CDs/CDs复合名词Passer-bypassers-byCollege studentcollege studentsWoman astronautwomen astronauts重点1. 单数,复数意思不同paper纸-papers文件work工作-works工厂job, workpart time job 有薪水的工作work, You have lots of work to do.part部分, parts零件A man of parts 有才能的人water, waters水域,洪水Waters of Amazon ash灰, ashes骨灰,房屋被烧后的残垣force力, forces军队Armed forces陆海空三军armed adj. 武装的 arms 武器custom风俗习惯, customs关税 the customs 海关manner方法, manners规矩礼仪letter信, letters文学A deer-John letter 分手信air空气, airs装腔作势Tom likes to put on airs2. 必用复数形glasses眼睛, contact lenses隐形眼镜, trousers裤子, scissors剪刀, shoes鞋, socks袜子, gloves手套 3. 学科名称字尾为ics,但为单数形mathematics, politics, physics, economics4. 表金额,距离,时间, 用单数动词One hundred dollars is enough to buy that jacket,Twenty miles is a long distance to run.Ten years is called “a decade”. score二十三. 名词的所有格1. Jims mom2. A girls high schoolApril Fools Day3. 不规则变化过的名词用NsChildrens toysMens coats4. 复合名词最后一字加sMy father-in-laws hobbies 公公/岳父Her boy friends birthday 男性朋友 boyfriend男友5. 共同所有及个别所有Jacks and Peters fathers are doctors. Jack的爸爸和Peter的爸爸Jack and Peters roomJack和Peter共用的房间6. 表时间.距离,重量,金额等名词 可用Ns/Nsten minutes break 十分钟的休息tomorrows weather 明天的天气three miles distance 三英里的距离a pounds weight 一磅重a dollars worth 一美元的价值7. 表国名,地名Ns/Nsthe worlds populationTaiwans climatethe United States future / Americas future8. 上述例子,若为无生命都可用 B of A 表达The roof of the churchThe front of the building 那栋建筑的正面注意1.这个问题的答案 the answer(s) to the question.那个比赛的门票 the ticket(s) to that game(获得)非常成功的关键 the key to great success2.在门口那个男人的忠告The advice of the man at the gate.若用Ns形式, at the gate没地方放了9. 重点:表场所,建筑的名词在所有格通常省略My mother went to the bakers (shop). 面包店bakers (shop)=bakery 面包店 Im going to the dentists (office) tomorrow.A decayed tooth 蛀牙四. 冠词不定冠词a/an+可数单数名词定冠词the+单数名词,复数名词,不可数名词1. a和an的区别2. the的发音3. a/an的用法a) 表示不特定的单数可数名词Waiter, there is a fly in my soup.b) 话题中第一次提到的单数名词I saw a bird. The bird is flying in the sky.c) 表示一个Rome was not built in a day. 一天Its all Greek to me. 我完全不懂,一窍不通Its a piece of cake. 小菜一碟,易如反掌d) 表示某一个a certainHe came back on a Christmas.e) 表示一些someThat painting looks more beautiful from a distance. f) 表示相同one and the sameBirds of a feather flock together. 物以类聚fine feathers make fine birds人靠衣装，佛靠金装g) 表示每一个perWe have six English classes a week.h) 伴随a的管用表现a great many 非常多的a little a few as a rule 一般来说at a loss 不知所措in a hurry 匆忙all of a sudden 突然have a cold in a sense 某种意义come to an end 结束for a while 一会儿once in a while 偶尔to a degree 非常地with a view to 为了1. As a rule it ruins little in Kaohsiung in winter.2. He was at a loss for words.3. It is true in a sense.4. I go to the movies once in a while.五. 定冠词的用法a) 表示特定事物You took photo of me. Show the photo to me.The wine I drank at the party was very good.b) 从状况可知所指为何之名词前Did you remember to lock the door?c) 表唯一之物the sun, the moon, the universe, the north北方, the south, the right右边, the Bible圣经, the tropics, the President 总统d) 用于最高级或the only, the first, the last, the sameHe is the only person I can trust.e) by the 单位 以什么为单位In England, they buy butter by the pound.We were hired by the hour.We were hired 被雇佣We were fired 炒鱿鱼f) the+形容词 指一类人,采复数形the rich, the poor, the old, the young, the learned l:nid有学问的人 注意发音g) the+形容词 表抽象的意义Everybody loves the true, the good and the beautiful. 真善美h) 介系词+the+身体的某部位1. He shook her roughly by the shoulder.2. He kisses the girl on the forehead.Forefather祖先, forefinger食指the five fingers (thumb, index/fore finger, middle finger, ring third finger and little finger)3. The man was shot through the heart.六. 冠词之特别用法a) half, many, quite, rather, such