主语从句及非限制定语从句.doc

主语从句一 定义：在复合句中充当主语成分的句子叫做主语从句。二 主语充当主语的句子类型： 1. 常规主语从句，即句子在复合句中充当一个主语；主语从句的时态不受主句的时态影响和限制。（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.（4）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.（5）What caused the accident remains unknown.（6）Whatever you did is right.（7）Who the watch belongs to is unknown.（8）What we need is time.（9）What we need are good doctors.小结:（1）引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等；（2）连词位于句首不能省略；（3）主语从句大多数情况下视为第三人称单数，但也有例外，如例（9）注意：当what引导的名词性分句作主语时，主谓一致问题极为复杂。2. 为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在句首位置，真正主语搁置于句末（1）It is certain that he will win the match.（2）It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.（3）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting.（4）It is strange that he should do that.（5）It is important that we all should attend the meeting.（6）It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas.（7）It is a pity that we wont be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.（8）It is still a mystery what caused the accident.（9）It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai)（10）It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese.（11）It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.（12）It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there)小结:（1）为避免头重脚轻，常以形式主语it引导从句。 It+形式主语谓语+从句。（2）由于主语从句一般被认为是单数形式，形式主语的谓语动词、be动词+表语 均为单数第三人称形式或过去式.主语从句的用法主语从句与宾语从句两者的用法和在句中的作用是不同的，下面从它们的各自用法来介绍。一主语从句主语从句定义：在句子中担当主语的是一个从句，这个从句就叫做主语从句。主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较主语从句常用it作形式主语，一般常用句型为：It is+名词/形容词/过去分词+主语从句例如：It is still a question whether she will come or not.It is strange that you should like him.It is still unknown which team will win the match.另外，还有一些比较多见的结构：It turned out that;It has been proved that;It happened/occurred that;It is well-known that等等而强调句则不同，它的结构是：It+be+被强调部分+that+从句强调主语：It is the times that produce their heroes.时势造英雄强调宾语：It is English that Prof.Lin teaches us.强调状语：It was in shanghai that I saw the film.判断是否是强调句有一个方法，就是将that以后的“句子的其余部分”拿出来单独看，看有没有缺成分，缺的是什么成分，再把谓语动词后面that前面的那部分，带到你认为缺成分的地方，如果放进去是一句完整的句子了，那就说明是强调句。2. 用it 作形式主语的结构(1) It is +名词+that从句It is a fact that 事实是It is an honor that 非常荣幸It is common knowledge that 是常识(2) it is +形容词+that从句It is natural that 很自然It is strange that 奇怪的是(3) it +不及物动词+that从句It seems that 似乎It happened that 碰巧(4) it is+过去分词+that从句It is reported that 据报道It has been proved that 已证实3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况(1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。(2) It is said , (reported) 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week.(3) It happens, It occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.(4) It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not.(5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，而that 则不然。例如：What you said yesterday is right.二 宾语从句用以区分主语从句的几个特征：1、引导词：whatwhichwhosewhenwhetherifwhere2、语序：宾语从句必须是用陈述语句。（名词性从句都是陈述语序）如：I think that you must work harder.宾语从句的引导词、连接词的区别、否定转移等现象。补充：从句的语序永远是陈述句。非限制性定语从句的分类(1)who引导的非限制性定语从句Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook.我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，擅长于烹调。My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year.我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果。(2)whom引导的非限制性定语从句。关系代词whom用于指人，在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句末。如：Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。Mr Smith，from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。(3)whose引导的非限制性定语从句。whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。如：The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。Above the trees are the mountains, whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。The play，whose style is rigidly formal，is typical of the period.这剧本是那个时期的典型作品，风格拘谨刻板。(4)which引导的非限制性定语从句。关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句，在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。 which指代主句中的名词，被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。如：These apple trees，which I planted three years ago，have not borne any fruit.这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。She is an artist，which I am not.她是一位艺术家，而我不是。Water，which is a clear liquid，has many uses.水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。The two policemen were completely trusted，which in fact they were.那两个警察完全受到信任，事实上，也真是如此。 which指代主句中的形容词。如：She was very patient towards the children，which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。She is always careless，which we should not be.她总是马虎大意，我们可不应该这样。 which指代主句中的某个从句。如：He said that he had never seen her before，which was not true.他说以前从没见过她，这不是真的。 which指代整个主句。如：In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.在那么多人面前他有点紧张，这是可以理解的。He may have acute appendicitis，in which case he will have to be operated on.他可能得了急性盲肠炎，如果是这样，他就得动手术。When deeply absorbed in work，which he often was，he would forget all about eating and sleeping.他经常聚精会神地工作，这时他会废寝忘食。(5) when引导的非限制性定语从句关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语，指代主句中表示时间的词语。如：He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.他将把郊游推迟到5月1号，那时他将有空。(6) where引导的非限制性定语从句关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，指代主句中表示地点的词语。如：They went to London，where they lived for six months.他们去了伦敦，在那儿呆了六个月的时间。They reached there yesterday, where a negotiation of sale will be held.他们昨天抵达那里, 有一个关于销售的谈判在那儿举行。(7) as引导的非限制性定语从句as引出非限定性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明但通常用于像as we all know, as it is known, as is known to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限定性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，且引出的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如， 就像”之意。如：As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.美国人都知道，马克吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。（as在从句中作主语）He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case.他忘了带笔，这是常事。（as在从句中作主语）He is absorbed in work, as he often was.他正在全神贯注地工作，他过去经常这样。（as在从句中作表语）Boy as he was， he was chosen king.他虽是孩子，却被选为国王。（as在从句中作表语）As we all know, the earth is round.众所周知，地球是圆的。（as在从句中作宾语）The two brothers were satisfied with this decision，as was agreed beforehand.两兄弟对此决定都满意，这项决定在事前都已得到他们的同意。(as在从句中作主语)Taiwan is，as you know，an inseparable part of China.你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。(as在从句中作宾语)(8)“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句在介词后引导非限制性定语从句。关系代词which有时并不代表主句中某一确定的词，而是概括整个主句的意思。介词的选择取决于它与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines，without which the yield would be halved.他们缺搭葡萄架的杆儿，没有它们产量会减少一半。They thanked Tom，without whose support they would not have succeeded.他们很感激Tom，没有他的支持他们是不会成功的。(9)“名词/代词+of+which / whom”引导的非限制性定语从句It now has 20，000 hectares of land，more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation.现在它拥有两万公顷土地，其中三分之二之多已经耕种。Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300.000 kilometeThere are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.大厅里有三十把椅子，绝大部分是新的。The textile mill has over 8，000 workers and staff，eighty per cent of whom are women.这家纺织厂有8千多职工，女职工占百分之八十。关系词引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词:as,which.引导非限定性定语从句的关系副词主要有：when,where。注意：不能用that作为关系代词的两种情况：非限定性定语从句；介词+关系代词区别1、as引导的定语从句可以放在句首、句中和句尾，which引导的定语从句可置于句中或句尾。2、当as后面有“is或was+过去分词”构成的被动语态时，be动词is或was可省略。3、 as有时也可用作关系代词 。若as在从句中作主语，其引导的句子可以放在句首或句中。但which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放句中。4、as有正如一样、按照、正像、因为的意思，所以常用于肯定句，而which则用于肯定，否定都可以。5、在固定结构中使用as 例如：the same as 、as as。例句：1 Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which , of course, made the others unhappy.（从句部分的意思为：这当然使别人不高兴；而不能译为正如使别人不高兴。故用which。）2 Chongqing is not the same city as we have seen in other places.重庆和我们在其它地方看过的城市不一样。常见易错题目及解答方法1. 引导限制性定语从句时，关系代词which可以与that互换；但引导非限制性定语从句时，只能用which。 例1.She heard a terrible noise, _ frightened her.A. that B. which C. what D. who例2.She heard a terrible noise _ frightened her.A. that B. / C. what D. who解析： 例1意为：“她听到一个可怕的声音，这使她感到恐惧。”that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句，故选B。例2意为：“她听到了一个使她恐惧的可怕声音。”引导修饰noise的限制性定语从句可以用which或that来引导,故选A。2. 先行词为reason时，限制性定语可以用why或for which来引导；非限制性定语从句则只能用for which来引导。 例3.I had told them the reason, _ I didnt attend the meeting.A. for which B. at which C. for whom D. why例4I had told them the reason _ I didnt attend the meeting.A. when B. which C. why D. for that解析： 例3意为：“我早已把理由告诉他们，于是我没有出席会议。”先行词为reason时，非限制性定语从句应用for which引导，故选A。例4意为：“我已经把为什么没有出席会议的原因告诉他们。”the reason why.是常见搭配，答案为C。3. 引导限制性定语从句的关系代词在从句中担任宾语时可以被省略；但引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词即使作宾语也不能省略。例5.He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother,_ he loved and respected as his own mother.A. as B. which C. / D. whom解析： 本句意为：“他急于去医院看望他的继母，他像对待亲生母亲一样孝敬她。”关系代词whom引导非限制性定语从句并作宾语，不能被省略，故选D。4引导限制性定语从句时并作从句宾语的关系代词whom可以用who来代替；但在非限制性定语从句中，whom就不能用who替换。 例6.Do you know Tom, _ we talked about?A. which B. that C. whom D. who例7.The American journalist _ the announcer mentioned in the news broadcast is said to have been killed by the gangsters. Which of the following is wrong?A. who B. whom C. whose D. /解析： 例6意为：“你认识汤姆吗? 我们谈到过他。”应选C。例7意为：“播音员在新闻广播中提到的那位美国记者据说已遭歹徒杀害。下列哪一项是错误的？”关系代词作mentioned的宾语且指人时，可用who/whom/that，在限制性定语从句中可省略，故C是错的。5当非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句时，其关系代词只能用as ，不能用which。此时非限制性定语从句可置于主句之前、之后或之中。例8_ I expected, he didnt believe me.A. Which B. As C. That D. When解析： 本句意为：“正如我所预料的那样，他不相信我的话。”非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句，应用as引导，故答案为B。例9.Mary was late for school,_ often happened.A. as B. for which C. that D. why解析： 本句意为：“玛丽上学迟到了，这是常有的事。”根据句意，关系代词as引导的非限制性定语从句修饰前面的主句，其位置非常灵活，故答案为A。6. 由“介词+关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句，关系代词指代整个主句时，不能用as，只能用which。 例10.He bought the car for more than $20,000,_ his father was angry.A. about that B. with as C. when D. with which解析： 本句意为：“他花两万多美元买了这辆车，他父亲对此很生气。”which位于介词with的后面，指代前面的主句，故答案为D。注意事项1. which引导的非限定性定语从句是用来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分。2. as有时也可用作关系代词 。as引导非限制性定语从句，若as在从句中作主语，其引导的句子可以放在句首，也可以放在句中。但which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放句中。例句：As is reported in the newspaper ，some artistic treasures(艺术珍品） will be on show at the exhibition （展览品）on the weekend.3. 在非限定性定语从句中，关系词不能用that和those。从句区别1.限定性定语从句: 从句不能省略,如果省略整个句子意思不完整。非限定性定语从句: 从句可以省略,如果省略整个句子意思仍然完整 。2.限定性定语从句:先行词可以用that引导。非限定性定语从句: 先行词不可以用that引导。3.限定性定语从句:引导词有时可以省略。非限定性定语从句:引导词不可以省略。4.限定性定语从句:主句与从句不需要用逗号隔开。非限定性定语从句:主句与从句需要用逗号隔开。5.限定性定语从句: 从句只修饰先行词。非限定性定语从句:从句既可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分。6.限定性定语从句:不能修饰一个事件。非限定性定语从句:可以修饰一个事件。功能用途限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧凑，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如：1.Rain forests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nations in which they are located .为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展，热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐。2.Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。3.They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点，隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句或句中某个成分进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意