职称英语理工B语法、(实用).doc

语法1,1职称英语 核心语法第一讲职称英语 核心语法第一讲英语基本句子结构（1）英汉句子结构比较：例子1：（选自2008年职称英语等级考试综合类C级考题. 阅读判断）(1)Petitions(请愿/请愿书)have long been a part of British political life. (2)Anyone who wanted to change something would（就要）get （获得）a list（名单） of signatures（签名） from people who agreed to the idea and either send （送）them to the government（政府） or deliver （递送）them personally（亲自地） to the Prime Ministers house (官邸)in London. 参考译文：如果有人想改变什么，他就要获得同他持有相同观点的人的签名，然后或者把签名单送到政府部门， 或者由他亲自送到位于伦敦的首相官邸。小结：英语注重句法结构，大部分英语句子都有主谓结构。 汉语句子注重表意， 汉语句子结构是通过意义来密切结合起来，汉语句子结构在构成上没有英语句子结构那么严谨。例子2：她走进屋子，坐在我的旁边。she go into room, sit beside me. - she go into room and sit beside me. - She went into room and sat beside me.补充：英语句子严格讲求主谓一致性，一致性包括语法形式一致（即主语的单复数形式要与谓语一致），如：She is listening（听）. They are listening（听）. The books are cheap（便宜的）.The book is cheap（便宜的）. 意义上的一致性（即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致），如：The police （警方）are investigating（调查）. 英语基本句子结构（1）补充：英语句子严格讲求主谓一致性，一致性包括语法形式一致（即主语的单复数形式要与谓语一致），如：She is listening（听）. They are listening（听）. The books are cheap（便宜的）.The book is cheap（便宜的）. 意义上的一致性（即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致），如：The police （警方）are investigating（调查）. 比较：My family has lived (居住)here（这儿） for ten years（年）.My family are all tall（高的）. 还有就近原则（即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语），如：There is a man（男人/人类） at the door(在门口).There are two people（人） at the door. she go into room, sit beside me. - she go into room and sit beside me. - She went into room and sat beside me. -She went into the room and sat beside me.提示2：充当介词宾语的名词词语的前面往往需要带定冠词，起限定范围的作用。 小结：大部分英语句子都有主语和谓语的结构。而相比之下， 汉语注重的是表意 - 汉语中不少句子没有句子主语，或有些句子的主语不明显，但句意明确。如： 出太阳了。 真吓人！ 研究得怎么样了？ 去还是不去？由此可见要看懂英语句子就首先必须要识别出英语句子中的主谓结构。 刚才提到大部分英语句子都有主语和谓语的结构， 这是因为在英语的书面语还可能会出现省略了主语和谓语的省略句结构， 而在英语口语中省略句结构更是常常出现， 如：I feel better（更好的） than（比）(I was) when he came（来） to see me. 提示3：省略结构的正确理解是职称英语阅读题中的常考点之一。How (is it ) about the result（结果）?英语的祈使句结构是典型的无主语句子结构（祈使句用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等）。如：Sit down, please.（请坐下 命令）Watch your steps. （走路小心。警告）1.22.1ReviewingNo smoking. 禁止吸烟.No parking. 禁止停车（选自2008年度全国职称外语等级考试卫生类C级试卷）6Anti-Aging(防衰老的) Secrets：Four Ways（方法） to Stay（v. 保持） Young（年轻的）A. Reduce（减少） Stress（压力）B. Avoid（避免） Isolation（与外界隔绝）C. Adopt（采用） a Positive（积极地） Attitude（态度） to Life（人生）D. Keep（保持） Your Mind（头脑） Active（活跃的）E. Maintain（保持） Balance（平衡）F. Accept（承认） Failure（失败）英语句子大多含有主谓结构，而一个英语句子到底以什么样的句子结构出现归根究底可以说就是由句子的谓语动词所决定， 如：我走向树林。句子主语谓语动词宾语我（I/me）Go（走）树林（the trees）我（I/me）be树林（the trees）- I went(走) towards（朝.） the trees.主语 谓语 状语- I was on my way to the trees.主语 系 表语小结：要学好英语，必须掌握常见动词的常用词义和常用法。 英语动词分为及物和不及物， 英语中绝大多数的动词都可以作“vi”或“vt”使用，但是所表达的语义却不相同，如：例：He can run very（非常） fast（很快地）.比较：He runs a company （公司）in Beijing.同一动词即使不不同的语境中均用作“vi”或 “vt”，但可能在不同的语境中也会具有不相同的语义，如：同用作及物动词I saw two people（人） in the room(在房间里).He saw the joke（笑话）. 同用作不及物动词I live in a city（城市）. Most people want（想要） to live forever（永远）. 2.2l 英语的基本句型、主语系动词表语（SVP）（Ssubject；Vverb；P-predicative）e.g. The flowers（花） are red（红色的）. 主语 系动词 表语（形容词） e.g. I am a worker（工人）. 主语 系动词 表语(名词) e.g. The book（书） is on the table（桌子）. 主语 系动词 表语（介词短语结构）e.g. He looks like his father. 主语 半系动词 表语（介词短语结构）补充：复习中需要掌握的常见半系动词： Look（看起来好像），seem（似乎）, turn（变成），feel（觉得），get（变成），become（变成），sound（听起来），smell（闻起来）， go（变成），remain（仍然（是）比较：The teacher looked at （看）the blackboard（黑板）. That dog looks dangerous（危险的）. e.g. The truth（真相） is that he is a liar（说谎的人）. 主语 系动词 表语（从句） e.g. What（的） I want to（想要） know（指导） is when（什么时候） you 主语 系动词 表语will leave for（出发去.） Beijing? e.g. It is important（重要的） for him to be careful（仔细的）. 主语 系动词 表语 真正主语提示：形式主语的结构也可能使用 “主系表”结构。比较：It is really（真正地） nice（令人愉快的） talking to you. It is really nice having talked to you.2.3、主语谓语（不及物动词/不及物）（SV）e.g. He has come back. （谓语：不及物动词 + 副词）主语 谓语come back: v. 回来， 恢复 e.g. They laughed at him. （谓语：不及物动词 + 介词短语结构） 主语 谓语laugh at v. 嘲笑, 因.发笑e.g. He tends to throw the ball too high. （谓语：不及物动词 + 不定式结构+ 状语）主语 谓语相关课堂练习（选自2008年职称英语等级考试综合C考卷）： Ways to Reduce Exposure to Air Pollution1 A report published recently brings bad news about air pollutionIt suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1 986 Ukraine nuclear power plant disasterThe report was published by the UKs Royal Commission on Environmental PollutionBut what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution? Quite a lot，it turns out（“结果是”/省略了to be）2 Avoid walking in busy streetsChoose side streets and parks insteadPollution levels can fall （降低）a considerable（相当多的） amount（数量） just by moving a few meters away from （远离）the main pollution sourceexhaust furies(废气)Also dont walk behind smokersWalk on the windward(顶风的)side of the street where exposure of pollutants(污染物)can be 50 percent less than on the downwind(顺风的)side3 Sitting on the drivers side of a bus can increase your exposure by 1 0 percent，compared with sitting on the side realest the pavementSitting upstairs on a doubledecked(双层电车)can reduce exposure It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the busAir pollution（空气污染） on underground trains（地铁） tends to（往往） be less toxic(有毒的)than(比) that at street level，because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles(粒子)thrown up by wheels hitting the rails，while diesel(柴油机)and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants4 When you are crossing a road，stand well back from the curb(路缘)while（当.的时候） you wait for（等待） the light（交通等） to change（变化）. Every meter really does（的确） count （重要）when you are close to（接近） traffic（车流）As（当.的时候） the traffic begins（开始） to move（移动），fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference，even though it might sound silly（愚蠢的）5 There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hoursPollution levels（程度） fall（下降） during nighttime（夜间）The time of year also makes a big differencePollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring（春天） and autumn（秋天） when winds （风）are freshest（新鲜的）Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause（造成） a build-up(堆积) of pollutants（污染物质）3.1、主语系动词表语（SVP）相关课堂练习（选自2008年职称英语等级考试综合C考卷）：Petitions（最后一段）There are（有） about 60 million people in Britain(1)So it is understandable（可以理解的） that the government（政府） wants to find out（查明） what people are thinking（思考）(2)But the problem with（关于.的问题） the e-petition site（站点） seems（似乎） to be that the British people have about 70 million opinions（意见），and want the Prime Minister（首相） to hear（倾听） all of themPerhaps he could start a petition asking everyone to lust shut up for a while3.2、主语谓语（及物动词）宾语补足语（SVOC）(C-complement) e.g. We considered（认为） him to a top student（优等生）. 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语- e.g. He was considered（被认为） to a top student（优等生）. 主语 谓语 主语补足语 e.g. The news（消息） made（使） him very（非常地） happy（高兴的）. 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语 “形式宾语结构”e.g. They find（发现） it difficult（困难的） to answer（回答） the 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语 真正的宾语question（问题）. 提示： 能用于“主语谓语（及物动词）宾语补足语（形容词）”结构的动词不多，典型的有：make: e.g. make（使.处于某种状态） me happy（高兴的） keep: e.g. keep（使.处于某种状态） the trees（树） alive（活着的） leave: e.g. leave（使.处于某种状态） the door（门） open（开着的）通常要求带to不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：advise（劝告）, allow（允许）, ask（要求）, cause（造成）, consider（认为）, expect（期待）, find（发现）, imagine（想象）, tell（命令）, order(命令)， want（希望）, wish（希望）等。要求不带“to”的不定式作宾语补足语的动词（一般为表示“感觉”或“使役”的动词）有：feel（觉得）, have（使， 让）,get(使), hear（听见）, let（让）, make（使）, notice（注意到）, see（看见）, watch（看）help后面的作宾语补足语的不定式带“to”或不带“to”都可以， 如：help Mary wash（洗） her clothes（衣服）help Mary to wash her clothes相关课堂练习（选自2008年职称英语等级考试综合C考卷）： Stop Eating Too Much（不要吃得太多） Clean your plate! ”and“ Be a member of the cleanplate club! Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparentOften，its accompanied by an appeal：“Just think about those starving orphans(孤儿)in Africa!”Sure，we should be grateful for every bite of foodUnfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites Instead of staying“clean the plate”，perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow According to news reports，US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies (肚子)A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government；according to a USA Today storyAmericans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that They prefer to have（让） customers（顾客） complain about（抱怨） too much food（食物） rather than（而不是）too little Barbara Rolls，a nutrition(营养)professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA- faddy that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1 970s，the same time that the American waistline(腰围)began to expand Health experts have tried to get（使） many restaurants（餐馆） to serve（供应） smaller portions（饭菜的）一份）. Now， apparently, some customers are calling for this tooThe restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4，000 people surveyed believed restaurants served portions that were too large；23 percent had no opinion；20 percent disagreedBut a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who cant afford fine dining still prefer large portionsSeventy percent of those earn at least $150，000 per year prefer smaller portions；but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25，000 want smaller Its not that working class Americans dont want to eat healthyIts just that，after long hours at lowpaying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good dealThey live from paycheck(薪金支票)to paycheck，happy to save a little money for next years Christmas presents31. Parents in the United States tend to ask their children A. to save food for tomorrow. B. to wash the dishes. C. mottos eat too much. D. not to waste food.32.Why do American restaurants serve large portions? A. Because Americans have big bellies. B. Because Americans associate quantity with value C. Because Americans are good eaters. D. Because Americans are too weak.33. What happened in the 1970s? A. The US government（政府） called on（号召） its people（人民） to reduce（减少） their weight（体重）. B. Health（健康） experts（专家） persuaded（劝说） restaurants（餐馆） to serve（提供） smaller portions(（饭菜的）一份) . C. The American waistline started to expand. D. The United States produced more grain than needed.34 What does the survey indicate? A. Twenty percent of Americans want smaller portions. B. Many low-income Amercing want large portions. C. Fifty-seven percent of Americans want large portions. D. Forty-five percent of Americans want smaller portions35 Which of the following is NOT true of working class Americans? A. They work long hours. B. They live from paycheck to paycheck. C. They want to save money for presents. D. They dont want to be healthy eaters.4.1Reviewinge.g. He gave（给） me a book（书）. 能带双宾语的动词有： buy（购买），bring（拿来）, call（称呼）, tell(告诉) ,advise(通知), inform (通知), give (给), pass (传递)， hand (传递) e.g. We considered（认为） him to a top student（优等生）. 通常要求带to不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：advise（劝告）, allow（允许）, ask（要求）, cause（造成）, consider（认为）, expect（期待）, find（发现）, imagine（想象）, tell（命令）, order(命令)， want（希望）, wish（希望）等。e.g. There is （有）a book（书） on the table（桌子）. 职称英语中的长句结构都是在基本句型的基础上增加一些修饰/限定结构而加以扩大， 如：We found（发现） the house（屋子） full（满的）. We found the house full of students（学生） and teachers（老师）. We found the large（大的） house full of students and teachers listening to （听）an important（重要的） report（报告）.英语句子的基本句式英语句子中的几个基本句式:陈述句，疑问句，感叹句和祈使句。反意疑问句反意疑问句是由陈述句和附在其后的附加疑问句组成。若前一部分(陈述句)用肯定式，后部分（附加疑问句）用否定式；若前一部分(陈述句)用否定式，后一部分用（附加疑问句）肯定式，如：e.g. He is a student（学生）, isnt he? e.g. He likes（喜欢） English（英语）, doesnt he? e.g. He cannot speak（说） English, can he? 对一般疑问句进行回答时使用的yes和no要分别与其后面陈述句的肯定和否定形式一致：e.g. He is a student（学生）, isnt he? 回答：Yes, he is. (是的， 他是一个学生。) No, he isnt. (不，他不是一个学生。)e.g. He cannot speak（说） English, can he? 回答：No, he cant. （ 是的， 他不会说英语） Yes, he can. （不， 他会说英语）4.2感叹句感叹句通常有what, how引导，what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，如：He is a clever boy.How（多么） clever（聪明的） a boy（男孩） he is!- How clever a boy (he is)!They are making noise. What（多么大的） noise（噪音） they are making（产生）!- What（多么大的） noise（噪音）!主语主语是全句谈论的中心话题。主语是相对谓语而言的，主语相当于句子的主题，谓语说明主语的情况、提供新的信息。英语句子的语序一般是主语位于谓语之前，但实际应用时，主谓倒置的现象有时也较常见。 例如：(划线部分是主语)1. Mr. Chen is a famous（著名的） scientist（科学家）. ( 名词作主语）2. Two-thirds of the students （学生）are boys in our school（学校）. ( 名词性的短语作主语) 3. They silently（默默地） grasped（抓住） our hands（手）. (代词作主语)4. To be able to talk with you is a pleasure（快乐的事情）. （不定式短语作主语）5. What we shall（讲） do next（其次）is not yet decided（决定）. （从句作主语）6. It doesnt matter（重要， 要紧） whether（是否） she will come or not.(It 是形式主语, whether.部分是真正的主语)4.3英语句子主语判断依据：1 位于句子开头； 2 名词性结构（单个名词， 名词短语（还包括动名词结构， 不定式结构，名词性从句）或代词（人称代词主格形式，不定代词，疑问代词（who）, it(提示：句子主语是it时要考虑it句型的可能性）；3 主语后出现了与主语在“人称和数”上保持一致的谓语动词；e.g. He is going abroad（到国外）. (he 与 is 都是单数形式)e.g. They are playing football.(they 与 are 都是复数形式) 但是在一些句子中, 句子的主语需要小心识别，如：No one（没有人） except（除了） two students（学生） was late（迟的， 晚的）. (主语是no one)提示：主语中含有附带成份（如： except， along with, together with, including, in addition to 等）时, 要注意识别出句子真正的主语。Each（每个） of us has something（某事） to say（说）. When well go out for camping（露营） has been decided（决定）. 提示：不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 提示：用连词or, either. or(或者或者), neither.nor（既不.也不.）, not only.but also (不但而且)等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。谓语 谓语说明主语的情况、提供新的信息，谓语的位置相对来说是固定的，它总是位于主语的后面。谓语可以分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。由一个动词（或动词词组）构成的谓语都是简单谓语。I like （喜欢）reading（阅读）. Hurry up(赶紧)! 复合谓语也可分为两种情况： 第一种是由情态动词，助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成的复合谓语： What does this word（词） mean（意味）? I wont do it again（再次）. Ill go（去） and move away（移走） the bag（袋子） of rice（大米）. 第二种是由系动词+表语构成的复合谓语。例如： You look the same（一样）. I feel terrible（糟糕的， 可怕的）. 例如：(划线部分是谓语)1. His parents are teachers . （系动词和表语一起作谓语） 2. We study hard. （行为动词作谓语） 3. We have finished reading the book. （助动词和行为动词一起作谓语） 4. He can speak English. （情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）英语句子谓语判断依据：1 出现在句子主语的后面；2 与句子主语保持人称和数的一致性；3 以某种时态的形式出现；4 行为动词的前面出现了助动词或情态助动词； 课堂练习：（选自8年综合类C级试卷）：（黑色加粗字体结构为句子主语， 蓝色加粗字体结构为句子谓语）Petitions （1）Petitions(请愿，请愿书)have long been a part （部分）of British（英国） political life（政治生活）（2）Anyone who wanted to change something would get a list of signatures（签名） from people who agreed to the idea and either send（递送）them to the government（政府） or deliver （递送）them personally（亲自地） to the Prime Ministers house（官邸） in London （3）They are always（总是） accepted （接收）at the door by one of the PMs officials（官员）（4）What happens（发生） then（然后）? （5）Nothing much（非常少）(省略happens) ，usually（通常）（6）But petitions have always（总是） been thought of as （一直被看作）a useful（有用的） way for those who govern to find out what the people really think （7）Thats why the UK government Launched its“epetition”site in November 2006（8）Instead of（不是.） physically collecting(收集) signatures，all anyone with an idea has to do now is to make a proposal on the government website，and anyone who supports the idea is free to add his or her signature （9）The petitions soon started to flow in（10）The idea was for the British people to express their constructive ideas（11）Many chose （选择）instead（代替） to express their sense of humor （12）One petitioner called on Tony Blair to stop the Deputy Prime Minister eating so much”（13）Another wanted to expel(驱逐)Scotland from the United Kingdom because Scottish football fast never support England in the World Cup （14）Other petitioners called on the Prime Minister to abolish the monarchy（15）Some wanted to give it more power（16）Some wanted to oppose the United States（17）Others wanted to leave the European Union（18）Some wanted to send more troops to Iraq and others wanted them all brought home（19）Some wanted to adopt the Euro(欧元)（20）Others wanted to keep the pound （21）Yet if some petitions are not serious. （22）Others present a direct challenge to government policy（23）A petition calling on the government to drop plans to charge drivers for using roads has already drawn around 18 million signatures（24）In response to that，a rival petition has been posted in support of road pricingAnd that is also rapidly growing （25）There are about 60 million people in Britain（26）So it is understandable that the government wants to find out what people are thinking（27）But the problem with the e-petition site seems to be that the British people have about 70 million opinions，and want the Prime Minister to hear all of them（28）Perhaps he could start a petition asking everyone to lust shut up for a while5.1谓语动词的时态英文中看动词可以知道时态（一般有明显的区分）， 如：eats, （be） eating, ate, (has/have/had) eaten在中文里仅凭谓语动词一般无法了解谓语动词所用的时态，如：我吃了巧克力。比较：别吵了。 我正在吃巧克力。我要吃巧克力了。如：2005年综合C阅读判断的第一题：For 2,005 years, Ireland has been （一直是）the best place for humans to live in.A.