第七章英语的时态和语态.doc

英语的时态和语态知识精讲时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态;语态是说明主语与谓语之间的主动或被动关系的。英语中的时态和语态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的。现以”do”为例列出常用的各种时态和语态形式： 语 态 时 态主动语态被动语态一般现在时do/doesbe done一般过去时didwas/were done一般将来时will /shall dowill/shall be done过去将来时would /should dowould/ should be done现在进行时am/is/are doingam/is/are being done过去进行时was/ were doingwas/were being done将来进行时will/shall be doing现在完成时have/has donehave/has been done过去完成时had donehad been done将来完成时will/shall have donewill/shall have been done现在完成进行时have/has been doing过去完成进行时had been doing将来完成进行时will/shall have been doing过去将来进行时would/should be doing过去将来完成时would/should have done过去将来完成进行时would/should have been doing一、时态（Tense）英语时态分为16种：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时，以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。 下面，我们只讲高考中的常用时态。1. 一般现在时 用法： 1). 表示经常性、习惯性动作，常与频度副词连用。例：It seldom snows here.若表具体何时发生则选用其他时态。比较：It is snowing heavily./Has it snowed here this year?2). 表示现阶段发生的动作、情况、状态和特征.常见词有：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong, seem等。例：l I know what you mean.l Smith owns a car and a house.l All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.3). 表示客观事实和普遍真理。l The sun rises in the east.l Light travels faster than sound.说明 1).表示一个按规定,计划或安排要发生的动作，（仅限于“come, go, leave, arrive, start, end,continue, return, begin, open”等的动词 ）一般现在时可与表示将来时间的状语搭配使用，常见的用法是表示飞机,火车,轮船,汽车等的时刻表。例：The next train leaves at 3 oclock this afternoon. 2).在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在（有时也用现在完成时）表示将来事情。例：l If you come this afternoon, well have a meeting.l When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.比较：I dont know when he will come here.(宾语从句)2. 一般过去时 用法： 1). 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态。 l He travelled in Europe last year.l He was in Beijing some years ago.2). 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would / used to do表达的句型，本身表示的就是过去时。 例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.l He used to visit his mother once a week. 说明： 1).一般过去时常带有特定的过去时间状语，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，有时还可通过上下文来显示时间概念。- How long have you been here?- Only five minutes. Tom and Peter walked here with me. 2).一般现在时与一般过去时的区别：注意动作发生在现在还是过去。l I forgot to tell you that I had passed the exam.l What a surprise! I didnt know you were here.l I never thought you had given up the job. l Why didnt you / I think of that?l I didnt notice it.l Sorry, I didnt recognize you.3). 常用一般过去时表示主语发出的几个连续动作。l The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.l The old lady went into the supermarket ,bought some eggs and walked home.3. 一般将来时 用法： 1).shall多用于第一人称；在口语中，will可以用于任何人称。如：l I shall/will show my photos to you next Monday.l Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2). be going to +do，表示将来。a. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。说明：在对话中，听了对方说的话作出的临时反应，用will而不用be going to。- Sorry, I forgot to post your letter.- Never mind. I will post it myself tonight. b. 有迹象可能要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3).be to do表将来，按计划或正式安排即将发生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4). be about to +do，意为马上要做某事。例如： He is about to leave for Beijing.注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。但有be about to do.when(这时) 句型，表示“正要这时”。5). be on the point of doing同样可以表示“正要,将要”。 例：The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points. 6). 某些词，如come, go, leave, arrive, start等的一般现在时和现在进行时也可以表示将来。l The plane takes off at 8:00 pm.l He is leaving tomorrow.4. 过去将来时用法：表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。 例：I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.5. 现在进行时用法：表示此刻或者现阶段正在进行的动作。l He is writing a letter now.l China is developing the west.l How are you getting on with your new job?说明：1).一般说来，状态动词和短暂动词不能用于各种进行时态，除非有特别的含义。如：have, belong to, have on, look, smell, taste, feel, sound, know, think, believe, remember, forget, love, like, want, hope等。例如:l Tom, you are being rude.(说明不同于一贯的表现)l Im staying with my aunt this week. (说明暂时的动作)2).现在进行时与always, constantly, all the time, forever等副词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩(愤怒,不满等情绪)。例如:l You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。l My wife is asking me for money all the time.3). 现在进行时可表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：l The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。l Its getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。6. 过去进行时 用法： 表示在过去某一时刻或者某段时间内正在发生的动作。例：l I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.l He was playing games this time yesterday./when I came in.说明：与一般过去时的区别：一般过去时只强调某一动作在过去发生，强调结果；过去进行时强调动作在过去某时正在进行或在某一阶段持续，强调动作。I was reading a novel last night.(不一定读完)I read a novel last night. (读完) Why didnt you come to the film last night? I was watching a football game on TV.7. 将来进行时(will be doing) 用法：强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。 例：Dont worry, you wont miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.（别担心，你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。） 8. 现在完成时用法：1). 表示过去开始的动作或者存在的状态延续到现在。常和so far, up to now, recently, already,just,ever,never,for+时间段,since+时刻点，during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks),in recent years状语连用。l He has written 8 books in the last 3 years.l He has studied English for five years.l Ive told you many times to be careful.2). 表示过去发生的动作对现在的影响或结果,说话人着眼于现在。l Youve grown much taller .(you are tall now.)l I have come to apologize .(Im here now.)l Look what you have done.l I have been to Beijing twice.说明:1.现在完成时的惯用句型 1）It has been/is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：l It is the first time that I have visited the city. l This is the first time（that）Ive heard him sing.注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is +形容词最高级+that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如：This is the best film that Ive ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。3)have been to 去过某地 have gone to 去了某地 2短暂动词不能与时段连用。He has left for two years. () 可改为：He has been away for two years/since two years ago.He left two years ago.It is two years since he left.Two years have passed since he left.3. 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别在于：现在完成时强调动作持续到现在或是对现在的影响或结果；一般过去时只表示过去的某个时间里发生的动作，与现在没有联系。试比较：He has been in poor health all his life.(他还活着)He was in poor health all his life.（他已故）1). for+时段. 表示过去的动作或状态持续到现在，用现在完成时； 表示过去已结束的动作或状态，用一般过去时。例：l He lived in Beijing for two months last year.l He worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。这只是讲述一个过去的事实，他现在已经不在那家医院了。）l He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。表示他从过去开始工作，一直工作到现在，现在仍在那家医院工作。） 2). since接从句，从句中动词用一般过去时，表动作或状态的结束，主句则用现在完成时。l 10 years has passed since he left here.（自从他离开已经过去十年了。）l It has been a long time since I enjoyed myself so much.（我已经很久没这么开心过了。）3). 如句中有明确表示过去的时间状语, 则用一般过去时. 例:l I heard the story for the first time two years agol I have heard the story a few times.4).谈论已知事情的具体情况，如事情发生的时间、地点、方式等用一般过去时。l -Have you had lunch?-Yes, I had it with Lucy in a new Italian restaurant.l I wonder when he got married.l -Thats a nice picture. Did you put it yourself?l -My father has bought me a bike. -Really, when did he buy it?9. 现在完成进行时(have been doing) 用法：表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或重复地出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。 而现在完成时，侧重于动作的结束和完成。例：l We have been working on this project for over a month now. l I have been reading this book for two hours but I havent finished it yet.l I have read the book. I hope youll read it, too. Im sure youll enjoy it.10. 过去完成时(had done) 用法：表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。表示过去的过去:-|-|-|- 过去的过去 过去 现在 1). 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。常见时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：l When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.l By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.2).“时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。例如：l He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. l Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.3). 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能。例如：l We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。说明:.如果句中没有过去之前的时间状语或另一过去时态的动作,就不能用过去完成时。例：l He has come back at last. He lived on that island alone for 3 years.l Although he had lived there for 10 years, he came back to his hometown last spring. 11. 将来完成时(will have done) 用法：表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。 l The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends. l By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom 真题演练1. The house belongs to my aunt but she _ here any more. （全国I）A. hasnt lived B. didnt live C. hadnt lived D. doesnt live【解析】D。这里说的是现在的事实，所以用一般现在时；本题的干扰项是A项。2. “What are you going to do this afternoon?” “I am going to the cinema with some friends. The film _ quite early, so we _ to the bookstore after that.” (重庆卷) A. finished, are going B. finished, goC. finishes, are going D. finishes, go【分析】答案选 C。由问句和答语I am going可知，要用将来时态，排除选项A和B；电影的开始和结束是电影院在时刻表中已有的计划，用一般现在时表示，而表示最近的打算或安排，则可用现在进行时表示。3. I _ in London for many years, but Ive never regretted my final decision to move back to China. (四川卷)A. lived B. was living C. have lived D. had lived 【解析】A。从句意来看，“我”已经不在伦敦了，所以用一般过去时，但不能用过去完成时，因为句中没有另一过去时态的动作(后分句用的现在完成时)。4. Scientists think that the continents _always where they _ today. (北京卷)A. arent; are B. arent; were C. werent; are D. werent; were答案选 C。句意是：科学家认为各大陆并非一直在它们现在所处的位置。5. I have to go to work by taxi because my car _ at the garage. (重庆卷)A. will be repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. has been repaired 【解析】C。打的上班的原因是车子“在修理”，所以用现在进行时的被动语态。本题的干扰项是B项，错在不会区别经常性的行为和正在进行的行为。6. Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasnt stopped ringing. People _ to ask how I am going to spend the money. (湖南卷)A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning 答案选 D。指赢大奖以来近阶段正在发生的事，用现在进行时。7. Is there anything wrong, Bob? You look sad.Oh, nothing much. In fact, I _ of my friends back home.（全国II）A. have just thought B. was just thinking C. would just think D. will just be thinking【解析】B。从对话提供的语境来看， Bob在听到问话后回过神来，说“没什么，我只不过是刚才想起了我家乡的朋友”。“刚才在想”应使用过去进行时。8. Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didnt want her parents to know what she _. (辽宁卷)A. has done B. had done C. was doing D. is doing答案选 C。9. Your job _ open for your return. Thanks.（北京卷）A. will be kept B. will keep C. had kept D. had been kept 【解析】A。由后面的for your return可体会用一般将来时；另外your job作主语，则keep就作“保留”解，所以用被动语态。本题的干扰项是B项，错在把keep当作联系动词“保持”用了。10. “Did you tell Julia about the result?” “Oh, no, I forgot. I _her now.” (全国III)A. will be calling B. will call C. call D. am to call【解析】答案选 B。表示临时的决定，要用“will+动词原形”。11. If Newton lived today, he would be surprised by what _ in science and technology.（天津卷） A. had discovered B. had been discovered C. has discovered D. has been discovered 【解析】D。此题主从句使用的是虚拟语气，因此考生易误选A,B项。可是“科学和技术的发现”是客观事实，不应使用虚拟语气，而且what与discover之间是被动关系，故应使用现在完成时的被动语态。12. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents _ that they wont support him unless he can borrow money from the bank. (湖北卷)A. were deciding B. have decided C. decided D. will decide 【解析】答案选B。因宾语从句中的时态是一般将来时，主句中的谓语动词不可能是过去时态，排除选项A和C；由语境判断，不是“将要决定”，而是“现在已经决定”，所以排除D，而选B13. Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friends yesterday?Yes, he did. He _ his old friends for a long time.（重庆卷）A. didnt see B. wouldnt see C. hasnt seen D. hadnt seen【解析】D。由时间标志词for a long time可知应使用完成时；又根据昨天很高兴见到了老朋友这一过去事实，此处应使用过去完成时，表示在昨天见到老朋友之前他们已经很久未见面了。14.Father _for London on business upon my arrival, so I didnt see him. (福建卷)A. has left B. left C. was leaving D. had left答案选 D。15. As soon as he comes back, Ill tell him when _and see him. (北京卷)A. you will come B. will you come C. you come D. do you come【分析】答案选 A。when 引导的是宾语从句，不是状语从句。二、语态（Voice）知识精讲英语的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有及物动词才有被动语态。 1. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为九种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。各种时态的被动语态形式见总表。说明： 1)带情态动词的被动结构其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。 例：The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. 2). 非谓语动词也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)doing being done / having been done to do to be done / to have been done。 例I dont like being laughed at in public.2主动语态变为被动语态的方法1) 通常的办法是：将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，将主动结构中的谓语动词变为“be / get +过去分词”形式，将主动结构中的主语变为介词by的宾语(若动作的执行者没有必要说明则可以省略该by短语)。如：Li Lei planted the tree last year. The tree was planted by Li Lei last year. Workers made the machines in Changsha. The machines were made in Changsha. 2) 将含有复合宾语的句子变为被动语态时，应将宾语变为被动结构的主语，而宾语的补足语则留在原处成为主语补足语。如：He painted the door green yesterday. The door was painted green yesterday.。注意：表示“使,让”的动词make, have等，以及感官动词see, watch, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等，在主动语态中，接不定式做宾语补足语时，不定式前的 to 要省略，而变为被动语态时，成为主语补足语的不定式，则必须带to。如：I saw him go into the teachersoffice. He was seen to go into the teachersoffice.。3) 带双宾语的句子变为被动语态时，既可将直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，而在间接宾语前加to 或for留在动词之后；也可将间接宾语变为被动结构的主语，而直接宾语留在动词之后。但一般采用后一种用法。如He gave me the pen last year. I was given the pen last year. / The pen was given to me last year. 4)一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词that从句”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.”。有：It is said that 据说,It is reported that据报道，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that众所周知，It is thought that大家认为，It is suggested that据建议。例：It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. The boy is said to have passed the national exam.5) 短语动词变被动语态时，短语动词后面的介词或副词不能省略。如：She has never been operated on before. The baby was looked after by her sister. His plan was laughed at by everyone. 3如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。1). 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语)。 My bike was stolen last night. 2). 借助被动的动作突出动作的承受者。I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer. 3). 为了更好地安排句子。 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了）4. 不能用被动语态的几种情况。1).所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。2).表示状态的谓语动词，如：last,hold,benefit,contain,equal,fit,join,mean,last,look like,consist to等。3).表示归属的动词，如have,own,belong to等。4).表示“希望,意图”的动词，如：wish,want,hope,like,love,hate等。5. 谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1).英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用来描述主语内在的特征时，常用其主动形表达被动意义,主语通常是物而且常与否定词或副词连用。l This kind of cloth washes well.l The books sell well. 注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：The door wont lock （指门本身有毛病） The door wont be locked（指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因） 2). 表示“发生,进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。l How do the newspapers come out? l The plan worked out successfully. 3）. 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，用-ing的主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。例 The house needs repairing（to be repaired）这房子需要修理。4). 形容词worth后面跟-ing的主动形式表示被动含义；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。例The picture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read）5). 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例试比较： I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。) l With a lot of problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.l There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）6). 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）. I find this problem difficult to work out.This book is too expensive (for me) to buy. 7). 在be to blame/rent通常应用主动表被动。例Who is to blame for starting the fire?8).介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。 “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。例The building is under construction( is being constructed). “beyond+名词”结构，“出乎胜过,范围,限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)， beyond ones reach（鞭长莫及），beyond ones control（无法控制），beyond our hope 我们的成功始料不及。例The rumor is beyond belief（=cant be believed） “above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质,行为,能力等) 超过,高于”。 例His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough “for+名词”结构，表示 “适于, 为着”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。 例That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold). “in+名词”结构 ，表示“在过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。例The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed) “on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事 中”。常见的有：on sale(出售)，on show（展出）, on trial（受审）。例Today some treasures are on show in the museum