语言学习题.doc

Chapter 7 Exercises for Language, Culture and SocietyI . Fill in the blanks.1. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or_ , language. 2. A speech _is a group of people who share the same language or a particular variety of language.3. Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he + ishes). Black English can_ the form of “be”. 4.The _superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language.5. A_ language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech communities.6. A linguistic_ refers to a word or the polite society from general use.7. Taboo and_ are two faces of the same communicative coin.8. Whorf proposed that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on _. 9. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the _ attitude connoted in the language that is sexist. 10. An ethnic _(dialect is spoken mainly by a less experienced privileged population that has experienced some sort of social isolation, such as_ discrimination.11. In terms of sociolinguistics,_ is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a persons language. 12. In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, _ inevitably results from the coming into cultures and different languages. (bilingualism)II. . Choose the best answer.13. _ are language varieties for use in particular speech situations.A. SlangB. Address termsC. RegistersD. Education varieties 14. In sociolinguistics, _ refers to situations typically constrained by a common set of behaviour rules. A. domain B. . situationC. society D. community 15._ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.A. A speech communityB. A raceC. A societyD. A country16. _ variation of language is the most discernible and definable in speech variation.A. Regional B. SocialC. StylisticD. Idiolectal 17. _ is not a typical example of official bilingualism.A. Canada B. FinlandC. Belgium D. Germany18._ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straight forward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A. Lingua francaB. Creole C. Pidgin D. Standard language19. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in_ and vocabulary.A. diglossiaB. bilingualismC. pidginizationD. blending20._ is a causal use of language that nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, coinages and figures of speech.A. Language tabooB. SlangC. Address termsD. Register variety21._ variety refers to speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.A. RegionalB. SocialC. StylisticD. Ideolectal22. In a speech community people have something in common _ a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it. A. sociallyB. linguistically C. culturallyD. pragmatically23. Probably the most wide-spread and familiar ethnic variety of the English language is_. A. British English B. American English C. Black English D. Australian English 24. _ in a language or a particular variety of language in a persons speech, or writing, usually ranges on a from casual to formal according to the type of communicative context. A. Regional variationB. American EnglishC. Stylistic variationD. Ideolectal variationII. . Decide whether the following statements are trueT or falseF. In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same speech situations known as domains._ 25. In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situation known as domains. _ 26. A regional variety of a language is intrinsically inferior to the standard variety of that language._ 27. The standardization of a particular dialect in relation to one or more vernaculars is the result of a deliberate governmental policy._ 28. A pidgin is not a native language of a particular region._ 29. When a bilingual speaker switches between the two languages concerned, he is converting one mode of thinking into the other. _ 30. Pidgins are rule-governed, like any human language._31. According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers perceptions deternune language and pattern their way of life._ 32. Diglossia is a universal phenomenon._ 33. Diglossia refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers._ 34. The sentences He crazy and He be sick all the time are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English._ 35. Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system._ 36. There are words of more or less the same meaning used in different regional dialects. Explain the following terms. 37. Register 38. Pigin39. Slang40. Communicative competence41. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 42 . Lingua franca43. Diglossia44. Sociolect45. Sociolinguistics 46. Speech community47. Standard language 48: Speech variety questions.V. Answer the following questions.49. What is the difference official language?50. What distinction, if any, can you draw between standard language, national languageKeysI . Fill in the blanks. 1. vernacular 2. community3. delete 4. standard 5. creole6. taboo7. euphemism8. language 9. social 10. racial11. idiolect12. bilingualismII . Choose the best answer.13. C14. A15. A16. A17. D18.C19. C20. B21. A22. B23. C 24. DIII. Decide whether the following statements are trueT or false F . 25. F They have a fairly clear functional differentiation, i. e. one language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it. 26. F It is not justifiable to say that one variety of a language is better than any other.27. F The standardization is not necessarily the result of a governmental policy, but of a historical and cultural tradition.28. T29. F When a bilingual speaker switches between the two languages, he is making transitions between the two linguistic coding systems.30. Tl,31.F The true statement is According to the strong version of the SapirWhorf hypothesis, language determines speakers perceptions and patterns their way of life.32. F Diglossia is not a universal phenomenon.33. F Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers.34. F Only he crazy is acceptable in Black English vernacular because of copula deletion.35. T36. TChapter 9 Exercises for PsycholinguisticsExercises I.Fill in the blanks.1. The localization of cognitive hemisphere of the brain is called _. 2. The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called _, one on the right and one on the left.3. The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called _ cortex.4. Lying under the skull, the human brain nerve cells called _. 5. The left hemisphere may be dominant for more than the phonetic structure of language. In fact, the left hemisphere may be dominant for a number of nonlinguistic functions. Besides having a superior capacity for processing _ ordered stimuli and programming complex motor sequences such as playing a violin, the left hemisphere is believed to be specialized for _. 6. Psychological research suggests that the two hemispheres differ in the manner in which they treat incoming stimuli, the right hemisphere processing stimuli_ and the left_ .7. In addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left hemisphere are vital to language：_: area, _ and angular_. 8. PET scans and MRI have greatly increased our ability to look inside the working brain, but as sophisticated as these techniques are, they merely measure_. ERP research offers a new and exciting approach to the study of the_ activity of the brain, data from which can be linked to specific structural and meaning properties of human language.9. The acts of comprehending and producing language are performed within the constraints of our information processing system. This system consists of three structural components: sensory stores, _ memory, and _ memory, along with a set of control processes that govern the flow-of information within the system.10. Of particular importance to speech and language function is the massive transverse fiber tract called the_ , by means of which the N, hemispheres are able to communicate with each other in the form of electrical impulses.11. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as _ speech , and speech as overt-thought. In such a case, speaking and thinking take place simultaneously.12. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has two thrusts: linguistic _and linguistic _. II . Choose the best answer.13._deals with how language is acquired understood and produced.A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. PragmaticsD. Morphology14. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control d the left hemisphere in most people?A. Language and speech.B. Visual and spatial skills.C. Reading and writing.D. Analytic reasoning.15. Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, named. _.A. Brocas area, Wemickes area and the angular gyrus B. Bmca s area, Wernicke s area and cerebral cortexC. Broca s area, Wemicke s area and neuronsD. Broca s area, Wernicke s area and Fxner s area16. When we speak, words are sent to_, which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.A. Broca s areaB. Wemicke s areaC. the angular gynasD. motor area17. What kind of patients cannot convert a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa?A. The linguistic deprivation B. Broca s aphasicsC. Wemicke s aphasicsD. The damage on the angular gyms18. When we listen, the word is heard and comprehended via _ area.A. Broca sB. motorC. neuronsD. Wemicke s19. _ is the mental functions under the control of the right hemisphere.A. Language and speechB. CalculationC. Holistic reasoningD. Associative thought20. Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is known as the _.A. brain lateralizationB. linguistic lateralizationC. right ear advantageD. cerebral plasticity21. A child acquires his/her mother tongue invariably through these phases: _, one-word, two-word and multiword.A. no-wordB. babblingC. talkingD. uttering 22. At the age of four, children _. A. can master the essentials of their mother tongue B. can only babble several soundsC. can name the things around them onlyD. can write out the grammatical rules of their language23. _ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A. LearningB. CompetenceC. Performance*D. Acquisition24. Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, that is relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of _. A. linguistic determinismB. linguistic relativismC. linguistic nativismD. linguistic behaviorismIII . Decide whether the following statements are trueT or falseF. _25. The right ear advantage (REA) is true no matter whether people have the left hemispheric dominance for speech or the less common right hemispheric dominance for speech._ 26. In general, the left hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the right side of the body._ 27. The left hemisphere is superior to the right hemisphere._ 28. The adaptability of the nervous system decreases with age, and when left hemisphere injury occurs after puberty, the danger of permanent aphasia is great._ 29. Although the age at which children will pass through a given stage can vary significantly from child to child, the particular sequence stages seems to be the same for all children acquiring a gic language._ 30. At the multiword stage, simple prepositions, especially those .indicate positions such as :m, :on and up, begin to turn up childrens speech._ 31. Children acquiring their first language beyond the critical age hardly successful, such as the case of Genie._ 32. Children acquiring a language simply as internalizing individual expressions of language._ 33. In first language acquisition childrens grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language._ 34. Modern linguists regard the spoken language as primary, not the written._ 35. The presence of a grammatical distinction in a languagethe ease of some cognitive processes, while the absence distinctions prevents these processes._ 36. A weak version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that the pre- -of linguistic categories influences the ease with which va-.cognitive operations are performed.IV. . Explain the following terms.37. Psycholinguistics38. Arcuate fasciculus39. Brain lateralization40. Right-ear advantage41. Modularity42. Bottom-up processing43. Cohort theory44. Frequency effect45. Spoonerism46. Critical period47. Behaviorist learning theory48. Universal Grammar V . Answer the following questions.49. What is dichotic listening research?50. What evidence can be given for the view that there is a critical period for language acquisition?KeysI. FIll in the blanks.1. lateralization2. hemispheres3. cerebral4. neurons 5. temporally; associative thought6. holistically; analytically7. Broea s; Werrucke s; gyrus8. blood flow; electrical 9. working; permanent10. corpus callosum11. subvocal 12. determinism; relativism II . Choose the best answer. 13. B14. B15. A16. A17. D18. D19. C20. C21. B22. A23. D24. BIII Decide whether the following statements are trueT or faLseF. 25.FThe right ear advantageis true for people who have the left hemispheric dominance for speech, and the left ear advantage is observed for people who have the right hemispheric dominance for speech.26. T27. F Both hemispheres perform important mental functions and they differ only in the manner in which they treat incoming stimuli.28. T29. T30. T31. T32. F In fact what is acquired is not a bunch of utterances but a set of rules, condition and elements that allow one to speak and understand speech. 33. F In first language acquisition children s grammar does not model exactly after the grammar of adult language.34. T35. F The presence of a grammatical distinction in a language may increase the ease of some cognitive processes. However, the absence of such distinctions does not prevent these processes.36. TChapter 11 Exercises for Schools of Modern LinguisticsExercisesI . Fill in the blanks.1. The Prague School practiced a special style of _. 2. The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between _ and phonology.3. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized subject in Britain was _ .4. Halliday s Systemic Grammar contains a functional theory behind his Functional Grammar is_ .5. Systemic-Functional Grammar is a ( n )_ oriented functional linguistic approach. 6. Structuralism is based on the assumption that grammatical categories should be defined not in terms of meaning but in terms of_ . 7. In the history of American linguistics, the period between 1933 and 1950 is also known as the_ Age. 8._ in language theories is characteristic of America.9. The starting point of Chomskys TG Grammar is his _ hypothesis. 10. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consists of three elements, that is a _, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.11. Systemic-Functional Grammar takes the actual uses of language as the object of study, while Chomsky s TG Grammar takes the ideal speakers linguistic_ as the object of study.12. The specific method of Relational Grammar in describing language structure is the multi-level analysis of_ relations.II . Choose the best answer.13. The person who is often described as father of modern linguistics is _.A. FirthB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Chomsky14. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in