状语从句用法详解.doc

状语从句用法详解内容提要： 一、时间状语从句 二、地点状语从句 三、方式状语从句 四、程度状语从句 五、原因状语从句 六、结果状语从句 七、目的状语从句 八、条件状语从句 九、让步状语从句 十、比较状语从句 一、时间状语从句: 1、时间状语从句通常用下列从属连词来引导：after, before, as, once, till, until, (ever) since, when, whenever, while, now (that), as long as, as soon as。如： Now (that) youve grown up, you must stop this childish behaviour. Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us. Come and see us whenever you have time. People do not know the value of health till they lose it. 2、有些词，如 immediately, directly, instantly 等，当用于 as soon as 意义时，也可以引导时间状语从句，如： I got in touch with him immediately I received his letter. My sister came directly she got my message. The machine will start instantly you press the button. Ill telephone you directly I hear the news. Will you look for it immediately you get there? 3某些表示时间的名词词组，如 the (very) moment ( = as soon as ), the minute ( = as soon as ), the instant ( = as soon as ), the day, the year, the morning, every time, each time, next time, the first time 等，也可以引导时间状语从句，如： Ill tell you about it the moment you come. I started the instant I heard the report. The instant she saw him she knew he was her brother. Every time I catch a cold, I have pain in my back. Im going to see him next time he comes to Shenzhen. He left Europe the year World Warbroke out. He had impressed me that way the first time I met him. I started the very moment I got your letter. Ill tell him the minute (that) he gets here. 4有些关联从属连词，如 no sooner than / hardly when / scarcely when / barely when 等，也能引导时间状语从句。 如果把 no sooner, hardly, scarcely, barely 置于句首，它所连带的这部分就要倒装，如： She had no sooner heard the news than she fainted. = No sooner had she heard the news than she fainted. They had hardly started to work when the trouble began. = Hardly had they started to work when the trouble began. He had scarcely entered the room when the phone rang. = Scarcely had he entered the room when the phone rang. 二、地点状语从句:1、地点状语从句常用where, wherever 来引导，如： We will stay where you stay. (where = in the place in which; where 既连接主句与从句，又在从句中作副词修饰谓语stay。) I found my books where I left them. Wherever he happens to be, John can make himself at home. He will work wherever the people need him. Let me go wherever (= to any place to which) they like (to go). 2、有时，- where 构成的复合词也可以引导地点状语从句，如： Everywhere they went, they were kindly received / warmly welcomed. Well go anywhere the Party directs us. 三、方式状语从句:1、方式状语从句通常由 as, as if, as though 来引导，如： You must do the exercises as I show you. Please do exactly as your doctor says. It looks as if it might snow / is going to snow. He acted as if / though nothing had happened. He walked as if he was / were drunk. Mary was behaving as though she hadnt grown up. 2、在非正式文体或口语中，也可用 the way (that) (= as = in the way in which), how, like 等来引导，如： Jean doesnt do it the way I do. She is doing her work the way I like it done. You can do the job how you like. The landlord was watching him like (= just as) a cat watches a mouse. Do you make bread like you make cakes? like 作连词的用法补充说明：1). Conjunction (informal)(非正式)：in the same way that; as同一样，如People who change countries like they change clothes. 换国籍像换衣服一样的人。2). as though; as if 好像，如同I felt like Id been kicked by a camel. 我觉得好像被骆驼踢了似的。四、程度状语从句： 程度状语从句可用 to such an extent that / to such a degree that , to the degree/ extent that, in so far as （“在的范围内”）等来引导，如： The temperature rose to such an extent that the firemen had to leave the burning building. The temperature lowered to such a degree that the water froze. 试比较： The temperature rose so high that the firemen had to leave the burning building. The temperature lowered so much that the water froze. 从以上例句可以看出，程度状语从句往往也表示达到某种程度时所引出的结果，所以程度状语从句和结果状语从句在意义上有相通之处。 At that time politicians were not known to the degree that they are today. 那时政治家们并不像今天这样为人所知晓。Ill help you in so far as I can. 我会尽我所能帮助你。五、原因状语从句：1、引导原因状语从句最常用的连词是 because, since, 和as，所引导的从句可以放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后。其中 because 语势最强，since 次之，as 又次之。 because通常表示说话人认为这种理由或原因是听话人所不知道的，全句强调的重点在原因上，不在主句表示的结果上。回答why提出的问题时，只能用because；在强调句型中也只能用because从句，不能用since, as等，如： Because I cant see very well, I have to sit near the front. It was because he was ill that he didnt go with us. It was because he was ill that he didnt come. since 和as 引导的句子，重点在主句的内容，其原因或理由在说话人看来已很明显，或已为听话人所熟悉，since 和as 只是一种附带的说明原因，不是对原因进行强调，如： As he is working hard, he is likely to succeed. Since he cant answer the question, youd better ask someone else. As / Since he was not at home, I spoke to his brother. Since you insist, I will reconsider the matter. As he was in a hurry, he left his bag at home. for 是并列连词，它引导的句子只能后置。表示因果关系时，可以和because 换用；但当它用于对主句的内容加以解释或推断时，不能用because 代替，如： He couldnt have seen me, because / for I was not here. The ground is wet, for / because it rained last night. It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning. because 之前可以加上simply, only, just 等强调词，如： You shouldnt get angry just because some people speak ill of you. 2、复合连词也可以引导原因状语从句，这些连词有：now (that), seeing (that), considering (that), for the reason that, by reason that, for fear that, that等，如： Now (that) (= Since) you mention it, I do remember. Now (that) he is absent, youll have to do the work by yourself. Now (=Since) the rain has stopped, lets start. Seeing (that) all the guests have arrived, lets have dinner. She didnt go for fear that she would get lost. He has done very well, considering (that) he has no experience. I havent finished writing the report yet, not that (= not because) I dislike the work, but that (= but because) I have not time. Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job. 3、在“主语+ be + 形容词+ that ”句型中，主语通常是人，形容词通常为：glad, happy, pleased, sorry 等表示感情的形容词，这时that 可以看作原因状语从句，如： We are glad that (= because) we have reaped another bumper harvest. Im glad (that) you are all right. We are sure that our team will win. Im pleased that you have decided to come. 六、结果状语从句 结果状语从句往往放在主句之后，通常主句是因，从句是果，这和原因状语从句刚好相反，例如： He was ill, so that he didnt come. He didnt come because he was ill. 1、结果状语从句通常用下列连词引导：so that, such (a) that, such that, so that, that 等，例如： He was so angry that he left the room without saying a word. The book is written in such simple English that we beginners can understand it without much difficulty. It was such a bad accident that several people got injured. His diligence was such that he made great progress. He didnt plan his time well, so that he didnt finish the work in time. She worried so that she could hardly eat her supper. What have I done that you should be so angry with me? 2、应注意的几个问题： 在非正式文体中，由 sothat, such (a)that引导的结果状语从句，往往可以省略连词 that，这时，从句之前往往用逗号与主句隔开，在口语中则用停顿表示省略。 He was so tired (,) (that) he could hardly stand. Peter is such a good boy (,) (that) he is loved by everybody. You walk so fast (that) I cant keep pace with you. We left in such a hurry (that) we forgot to lock the door. He was so rude (that) she refused to speak to him. 当so 修饰动词时，后面应稍停顿，如： His heart beat so that he could hardly breathe. She worried so that she could hardly eat her supper. 当so位于句首时，主句的语序应倒装，如： So badly was he injured that he had to go to the hospital. So small was the mark that I could hardly see it. 七、目的状语从句1、目的状语从句通常使用的连词有：so that, in order that, that, so。否定的句式常用 lest, in case, for fear that 来引导。 目的状语从句中一般要有 can, may, could, might, will, would, should 等情态动词，如： Bring it closer (so) that I may see it better. I put down his address for fear that I should forget it. The teacher must speak clearly so that his students can / may understand well. Well sit nearer the front so we can hear better. (非正式或口语) The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it (should) go wrong on the way. Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I forget. Take an umbrella with you, in case (= for fear that) it rains / it may rain / it should rain. He left early in case he should miss the train. 2、so that / so既可以引导目的状语从句，又可以引导结果状语从句，其区别可以根据上下文的意义来判断，也可以从其结构上来判断。 凡在讲话时，so that / so从句之前有停顿，在文字中so that / so从句之前有逗号，则为结果状语从句，否则为目的状语从句，如： We all arrived at eight, so (that) the meeting began promptly. (结果状语从句) Well come at eight so (that) the meeting can begin early. (目的状语从句) 有时，由 so that或 so 引导的结果状语从句之前并没有逗号，这时，就要看从句中有没有 can, may, could, might, will, would, should等情态动词，如果有，多半是目的状语从句，如果没有，多半是结果状语从句，如： I am going to the lecture early so that Ill get a good seat. (目的状语从句) I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. (结果状语从句) 目的状语从句可以移至句首，而结果状语从句不能前移，如： So that he could be heard in every room, John spoke through a microphone. (目的状语从句) John spoke through a microphone so that he was heard in every room. (结果状语从句) 八、条件状语从句1、条件状语从句通常用下列连词引导：if, unless, supposing (that)（仅在问句中使用），suppose (that), in case, so / as long as, so far as, on condition (that), provided (that) 等，例如： In case he comes, let me know. You can go out, as / so long as you promise to be back before eleven. I will come again tomorrow provided (that) I have time. (= if) Supposing (that) it rains tomorrow, what shall we do? (= if) Unless you tell him yourself, hell lose faith in you completely. Well let you use the room on condition that / provided that you keep it clean and tidy. 2、有时可以把祈使句作为条件从句，祈使句后面要搭配and，如： Come tomorrow, and I will tell you. (= If you come tomorrow, I will tell you. ) Give him an inch and hell take a mile. (= If you give him an inch, hell take a mile. ) 注：当表示否定的条件时，可用连词or 或otherwise， 如： Hurry up, or (else) youll be late. Make up your mind, or youll miss the chance. Start at once, or / otherwise youll miss the train. (= If you dont start at once, youll miss the train. ) (= Unless you start at once, youll miss the train.) 3、if only是if的强调式，通常表示说话人强烈的愿望, “但愿, 真希望”，如： If only it clears up, well go. If only somebody had told us, we could have warned you. 如果有人告诉了我们，我们就会让你提防的。注：if only 引导的状语从句有时可以不依附于主句而独立存在，表示说话人的希望、愿望或遗憾等心情，如： If only he comes in time. (= I hope he will come in time.) If only he didnt drive so fast. (= I wish he didnt drive so fast.) If only I hadnt been late for work. (= I wish I hadnt been late for work.) 4、在真实条件句中，从句动词通常用一般现在时表示将来时间，主句通常带有情态动词，如： If you move, Ill shoot you. If I press this button, what will happen? If you come, you can see it. If you finish early, you may go. 注 当从句表示将来已经完成或正在进行的动作时，动词用现在完成时或现在进行时，如： I will return the book on Monday if I have read it. The police wont take your car away if you are sitting in it. 注 如果从句表示现在的意图、意愿、决心等，则可以用will / shall，如： If you will read the book, Ill let you have it. If you will help me, we can finish by six. If you will give up smoking / drinking, your health will improve. 5、有一种条件句，其从句动词不管主语的人称和数如何，一律用 “should + 不定式”，主句动词可根据意义需要采取不同形式，如： If he should hear of your marriage, he would be surprised. If you should hear the news, please let us know. If you should be interested, Ill tell you the whole story. If it should rain, we had better stay indoors. If he should come tomorrow, I would tell him everything. 注：在正式文体中，可用 should I (we, you etc) 代替 If I (we, you etc.) should ，如： Should I be free tomorrow, I will come. Should you see Mike, will you ask him to ring me up? Should you see my mother, tell her I am quite well. 6、非真实条件句： 当从句表示与现在事实相反的条件时，从句动词用一般过去时或 were型虚拟式，主句动词用 would / should / could / might + 不定式，如： If I were you, I should consult a doctor. If I lived in the twenty-first century, my life might be different in a number of ways. 当从句表示与过去事实相反的条件时，从句动词用过去完成时，主句动词用would / should / could / might +不定式完成式，如： If he had tried hard last term, he would have succeeded. If he had taken his doctors advice, he might not have died. 当从句表示将来不大可能实现的条件时，从句动词用一般过去时或 were / was to +不定式，主句动词用would / should / could / might +不定式，如： What would you do if it snowed tomorrow? He wouldnt do it unless you were to order him to. 在正式文体中可用“were +主语”等倒装结构代替“if +主语+ were”等结构；“had +主语 + ed分词”代替“if +主语+ had + ed分词”结构，如： Were I in your place, I would be very worried. Were John to go to the university, he would have to work hard. Had the captain been more careful, his ship would not have been sunk. Had it not been for the expense, I should have gone to Italy. 7、unless 与if not 的用法比较： If you dont start at once, you will miss the train. Unless you start at once, you will miss the train. unless 在意义上相当于if not ，在有些场合两者可以交替使用，但在有些场合又不可以互换，以下是不可互换的情况： 当ifnot 引导非真实条件状语从句时，一般不可以改用unless，例如： If she werent so silly, she would understand. (事实上她很傻，改成Unless she were so silly含义为她不傻) If I hadnt stopped her, she would have jumped into the river. (事实上我阻止了她，改成Unless I had stopped her含义为我没有阻止她。) unless 表示除外的唯一条件，因此通常不能用and 连接两个unless 从句，而if not 则不受此限，如： She wont lose weight if she does not keep a diet and if she does not take exercises every day. She wont lose weight unless she keeps a diet and takes exercises every day. (不说：unless she keeps a diet and unless she takes exercises every day.) unless 从句中可用否定词，而 if not 从句中不可再加否定词，因此在 unless 引导的否定从句中，不可用 if not 代替 unless ，如： I will go unless no one else does. I will go if no one else doesnt. Dont ask me to explain unless you really dont understand. Dont ask me to explain if you really not dont understand. 在ifnot 从句中通常用非肯定词，而在 unless 引导的肯定形式的条件从句中，通常用肯定词，而不用非肯定词，如： I will be very angry if you havent spoken to her yet. I will be very angry unless you have already spoken to her. 九、让步状语从句 1. 引导让步状语从句的主要连词有although, though, as, even though / if等。He is unhappy though he has a lot of money. 虽然他很有钱，但他不快乐。They will stand by you even if you fail.即使你没成功，他们也会支持你。注意：although/though不可与but连用，但可与yet, still等连用。例如。Though it was raining hard, yet they went on playing football. 虽然雨下得很大，但他们仍然继续踢足球。2. as引导让步状语从句时，需倒装，从句中的表语和状语或动词原形要置于句首；though引导时，倒装或不倒装皆可。如表语是名词，不可加冠词；若动词原形前置，从句要有may或might。例如：Child as he is, he knows a lot. 尽管是个孩子，他却懂得很多。 Try as he might, he could not find a job. 不管怎么努力，他还是找不到工作。3. when和while也可引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然”。例如：While they are my neighbors, I do not know them well. 虽然他们是我的邻居，但我并不很熟悉他们。4. whetheror可引导让步状语从句，意为：不管是还是，不论是否。例如：You will have