英美概况名词解释(美).doc

名词解释1. Marshall Plan（马歇尔计划，又称欧洲复兴计划；Chapter 9）：An American policy presented by George Marshall in 1947, proposing massive and systematic aid to Western Europe in order to keep Communists out of political power in Europe and establish the international economic order.2. Monroe Doctrine （门罗主义；Chapter 6）：A foreign policy announced by James Monroe in 1823, opposing European colonialism in the Americas and taking a neutral attitude towards affairs of colonies still owned by European nations in the New World.3. Electoral College （选举人团； Chapter 12）：A mechanism in the United States for the indirect election of the President and Vice President .Citizens of the United States vote in each state and the District of Columbia at a general election to choose a slate of electors pledged to vote for a particular partys candidate. 各州选民先选出本州总统选举人，其数目与该州在国会中的议员数相等。全国50个州加哥伦比亚特区共选出538名总统选举人。各州选举人组成选举人团，分别在各州府选举正、副总统）4. Missouri Compromise (密苏里妥协案; Chapter 6）：A solution passed by the 16th US Congress in 1820，which balanced the number of slave states and free states” and also made the rule of how to define a state as a slave state or a free one.5. Winner take all principle （胜者全得原则； Chapter 12）：A principle applied in American presidential election, which means that the candidate with most votes in a state wins all of that states electoral votes.6. Melting pot （大熔炉，相对于Salad bowl； Chapter 2）A metaphor for a heterogeneous society, which is commonly used to signify the mixture and assimilation融合 of different races that have immigrated into the US. 7. Declaration of Independence （独立宣言； Chapter 4）A statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer under British rule. Instead they formed a new nationthe United States of America. It was an eloquent defence of human freedom.8. Roaring Twenties （咆哮的20年代； Chapter 7）:The Roaring Twenties a is term for Western society and Western culture during the 1920s. It was a period of sustained economic prosperity with a distinctive cultural edge in the United States, particularly in major cities such as Chicago Los Angeles, and New York. 9. Judicial review （司法审查权； Chapter 11）A power of interpretation of the Constitution, which give The Supreme Court the highest authority to examine the bills passed by Congress and policies made by president, and declare them unconstitutional and thus abolish them.10. No taxation without representation （脱离代表权就不纳税； Chapter 4）A slogan originating during the 1750s and 1760s. This slogan showed peoples belief that, as they were not directly represented in the distant British Parliament, any laws it passed affecting the colonists were illegal under the Bill of Rights 1689, and were a denial of their rights as Englishmen.11. Manifest destination （天定命运论； Chapter6In the 19th century, manifest destiny was a widely held belief in the United States that its settlers were destined to expand across North America and the expansion was right and good for the country. 12. Federalism （联邦制度； Chapter 10）Federalism is the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government with regional governments in a single political system. 13. Cold War（冷战； Chapter 9）The Cold War was a state of international tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc and powers in the Western Bloc. It was a war without large-scale fighting directly between the two sides.14. Reconstruction （南方重建； Chapter 7） It refers to a series of policies to help the South recover from the Civil War economically, politically and militarily问答题1. Constitutional division of powers, checks and balances system in American political美国政治的权力划分，制衡制度2. Cold War冷战3. Constitutional Convention美国制宪会议（美国1787在费城召开的东部十三州代表大会，在这次会议上制定了美国宪法）4. America in W