铣削机械加工外文翻译、中英文翻译、机械类外文文献翻译

外文原文： MILLING Milling is a basic machining process in which the surface is generated by the progressive formation and removal of chips of material from the workpiece as it is fed to a rotating cutter in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the cutter. In some cases the workpiece is stationary and the cutter is fed to the work. In most instances a multiple-tooth cutter is used so that the metal removal rate is high, and frequently the desired surface is obtained in a single pass of the work. The tool used in milling is known as a milling cutter. It usually consists of a cylindrical body which rotates on its axis and contains equally spaced peripheral teeth that intermittently engage and cut the workpiece. 1 In some cases the teeth extend part way across one or both Ends of the cylinder. Because the milling principle provides rapid metal removal and can produce good surface finish, it is particularly well-suited for mass-production work, and excellent milling machines have been developed for this purpose. However, very accurate and versatile milling Machines of a general-purpose nature also have been developed that are widely used in jobshop and tool and die work. A shop that is equipped with a milling machine and an engine lathe can machine almost any type of product of suitable size. Types of Milling Operations. Milling operations can be classified into two broad categories, each of which has several variations: 1. In peripheral milling a surface is generated by teeth located in the periphery of the cutter body； the surface is parallel with the axis of rotation of the cutter. Both flat and formed surfaces can be produced by this method. The cross section of the resulting surface corresponds to the axial contour of the cutter. This procedure often is called slab milling. 2. In face milling the generated flat surface is at right angles to the cutter axis and is the combined result of the actions of the portions of the teeth located on both the periphery and the face of the cutter. 2 The major portion of the cutting is done by the peripheral portions of the teeth with the face portions providing a finishing action. The basic concepts of peripheral and face milling are illustrated in Fig. 16-1. Peripheral milling operations usually are performed on machines having horizontal spindles, whereas face milling is done on both horizontal- and vertical-spindle machines. Surface Generation in Mimng. Surfaces can be generated in milling by two distinctly different methods depicted in Fig. 16-2. Note that in up milling the cutter rotates againsi the direction of feed the workpiece, whereas in down milling the rotation is in the same direction as the feed. As shown in Fig. 16-2, the method of chip formation is quite different in the two cases. In up milling the c hip is very thin at the beginning, where the tooth first contacts the work, and increases in thickness, becoming a maximum where the tooth leaves the work. The cutter tends topush the work along and lift it upward from Tool-work relationshios in peripheral and face milling the table. This action tends to eliminate any effect of looseness in the feed screw and nut of the milling machine table and results in a smooth cut. However, the action also tends to loosen the work from the clamping device so that greater clamping forcers must be employed. In addition, the smoothness of the generated surface depends greatly on the sharpness of the cutting edges. In down milling, maximum chip thickness cecum close to the point at which the tooth contacts the work. Because the relative motion tends to pull the workpiece into the cutter, all possibility of looseness in the table feed screw must be eliminated if down milling is to be used. It should never be attempted on machines that are not designed for this type of milling. Inasmush as the material yields in approximately a tangential direction at the end of the tooth engagement, there is much less tendency for the machined surface to show tooth marks than when up milling is used. Another considerable advantage of down milling is that the cutting force tends to hold the work against the machine table, permitting lower clamping force to be employed. 3 This is particularly advantageous when milling thin workpiece or when taking heavy cuts. Sometimes a disadvantage of down milling is that the cutter teeth strike against the surface of the work at the beginning of each chip. When the workpiece has a hard surface, such as castings do, this may cause the teeth to dull rapidly. Milling Cutters. Milling cutters can be classified several ways. One method is to group them into two broad classes, based on tooth relief, as follows: 1.Profile-cutters have relief provided on each tooth by grinding a small land back of the cutting edge. The cutting edge may be straight or curved. 2.In form or cam-reheved cutters the cross section of each tooth is an eccentric curve behind the cutting edge, thus providing relief. All sections of the eccentric relief, parallel with the cutting edge, must have the same contour as the cutting edge. Cutters of this type are sharpened by grinding only the face of the teeth, with the contour of the cutting edge thus remaining unchanged. Another useful method of classification is according to the method of mounting the cutter. Arbor cutters are those that have a center hole so they can be mounted on an arbor. Shank cutters have either tapered or straight integral shank. Those with tapered shanks can be mounted directly in the milling machine spindle, whereas straight-shank cutters are held in a chuck. Facing cutters usually are bolted to the end of a stub arbor. The common types of milling cutters, classified by this system are as follows: Types of Milling Cutters. Hain milling cutters are cylindrical or disk-shaped, having straight or helical teeth on the periphery. They are used for milling flat surfaces. This type of operation is called plai n or slab milling. Each tooth in a helical cutter engages the work gradually, and usually more than one tooth cuts at a given time. This reduces shock and chattering tendencies and promotes a smoother surface. Consequently, this type of cutter usually is preferred over one with straight teeth. Side milling cutters are similar to plain milling cutters except that the teeth extend radially part way across one or both ends of the cylinder toward the :center. The teeth may be either straight or helical. Frequently these cutters are relatively narrow, being disklike in shape. Two or more side milling cutters often are spaced on an arbor to make simultaneous, parallel cuts, in an operation called straddle milling. Interlocking slotting cutters consist of two cutters similar to side mills, but made to operate as a unit for milling slots. The two cutters are adjusted to the desired width by inserting shims between them. Staggered-tooth milling cutters are narrow cylindrical cutters having staggered teeth, and with alternate teeth having opposite helix angles. They are ground to cut only on the periphery, but each tooth also has chip clearance ground on the protruding side. These cutters have a free cutting action that makes them particnlarly effective in milling deep slots. Metal-slitting saws are thin, plain milling cutters, usually from 1/32 to 3/16 inch thick, which have their sides slightly dished to provide clearance and prevent binding. They usually have more teeth per inch of diameter than ordinary plain milling cutters and are used for milling deep, narrow slots and for cutting-off operations. 译文： 铣 削 铣削是机械加工的一个基础方法。在这一加工过程中，当工件沿垂直于旋转刀具轴线方向进给时，在工件上形成并去除切屑从而逐渐地铣出表面。有时候，工件是固定的，而刀具处于进给状 态。在大多数情况下，使用多齿刀具，金属切削量大，只需一次铣削就可以获得所期望的表面。在铣削加工中使用的刀具称做铣刀。它通常是一个绕其轴线旋转并且周边带有同间距齿的圆柱体，铣刀齿间歇性接触并切削工件。在某些情况下，铣刀上的刀齿会高出圆柱体的一端或两端。 由于铣削切削金属速度很快，并且能产生良好的表面光洁度，故特别适合大规模生产加工。为了实现这一目的，已经制造出了质量一流的铣床。然而在机修车间和工具模具加工中也已经广泛地使用了非常精确的多功能通用的铣床。车间里拥有一台铣床和一台普通车床就能加工出具有适合尺寸的各 种产品。 铣削操作类型：铣削操作可以分成两大种类，每一类又有多种类型。 1圆周铣削 在圆周铣削中，使用的铣刀刀齿固定在刀体的圆周面上，工件铣削表面与旋转刀具轴线平行，从而加工表面。使用这种方法可以加工出平面和成型表面，加工中表面横截面与刀具的轴向外轮廓相一致。这种加工过程常被称为平面铣削。 2端面铣削 铣削平面与刀具的轴线垂直，被加工平面是刀具位于周边和端面的齿综合作用形成的。刀具周边齿完成铣削的主要任务，而端面齿用于精铣。 圆周铣削和端面铣削的基本概念，圆周铣削通常使用卧式铣床，而端铣削则既可在卧式铣 床又可以在立式铣床上进行。 铣削面的形成：铣削时可以采用两种完全不同的方法。应注意，在逆铣时，铣刀旋转方向与工件进给方向相反，而在顺铣时铣刀旋转与工件进给方向相同。在逆铣过程中，当铣刀齿刚切人工件时，切屑是非常薄的，然后渐渐增厚，在刀齿离开工件的地方，切屑最厚。在两种铣削方法中，切屑的形成是不同的，逆铣过程中，刀具有推动工什丌使工件从工作台上提升的趋势，这种作用有助于消除铣床工作台进给螺杆和螺母间的间隙，从而形成平稳的切削。然而，这种作用也有造成工件与夹紧装置之间的松动的趋势，这时应施加更大的夹紧力。此外， 铣削表面的平整度主要取决于切削刃的锋利程度。 顺铣时，最大切屑厚度产生于靠近刀具与工件接触点处。由于相对运动趋于把工件拉向铣刀，如果采用顺铣法，要消除工作台进给螺杆可能产生的松动。因此，对于不能用于顺铣的铣床，不要采用顺铣方法。因为在铣刀结束切削时，处于切线方向的被切材料发生屈服，所以与逆铣相比，顺铣的被加工表面没有什么切痕。顺铣的另一个优势是切削力趋于将工件压紧在工作台上，因此对工件的夹紧力可以小于逆铣。这一优势可以用于铣削较薄的工件或进行强力切削。顺铣的弱点是铣刀齿刚一切削每片铁屑时，刀齿会撞击工件的 表面。如果工件表面坚硬，像铸件，就