硕士学位论文-探析文化因素影响下的影视字幕翻译.doc

学校代码：10254密 级： 论文编号： 论文题目： 探析文化因素影响下的影视字幕翻译 学科专业： 外国语言学及应用语言学 作者姓名： 宋妙辉 指导老师： 姚利锁 副教授 完成日期： 二九年六月 论文独创性声明本论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。论文中除了特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或其他机构已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。其他同志对本研究的启发和所做的贡献均已在论文中作了明确的声明并表示了谢意。作者签名： 日期： 论文使用授权声明本人同意上海海事大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留送交论文复印件，允许论文被查阅和借阅；学校可以上网公布论文的全部或部分内容，也可以采用影印、缩印或者其他复印手段保留论文。保密的论文在解密后遵守此规定。作者签名： 导师签名： 日期： 63Probing Into Influence of the Cultural Elements on Film Subtitling TranslationBy Song MiaohuiUnder the Supervision ofAssociate Professor Yao Lisuo School of Foreign LanguagesShanghai Maritime University June，2009AcknowledgementsMy great gratitude should first go to my supervisor, Professor Yao Lisuo, for his earnest and tireless instructions during the two years of my study and his enlightening suggestions during my preparation of this thesis, without which the present thesis would not have been possible.Besides, I owe lots of thanks to all my teachers from whose lectures and research areas I have benefited greatly in the past two years. The two years is enriching and unforgettable for it means a lot to me besides being an opportunity for academic improvement.Apart from that, my acknowledgement goes to my dear friends and many schoolmates for providing stimulating and fun ideas for my study and research, I would also like to express my heartfelt thanks to all those who have kindly encouraged me and offered their valuable advice in my thesis writingFinally, my special gratitude is expressed to my family members for their spiritual encouragement and generous support both in my life and study when I was busy preparing for this paper.I am blessed with all my teachers，parents and friends behind me.Thank you for all.摘 要字幕翻译通常指用另一种语言来替代影片中原有语言所要表达的信息而印在影片下面的对白翻译。字幕翻译作为一种特殊的翻译，具有其独特的特点。然而由于各种原因，对于字幕翻译的研究至今还远远滞后于其他翻译领域的研究。对国内外字幕研究的回顾，可以看出国内外对字幕的研究也极不平衡。因此，本文从目的论角度对影视翻译中的文化因素的翻译作了试探性的研究，并对与其相关的名字，俚语及双关语的翻译策略进行探讨，试图找到其翻译的规律及策略。本文从目的论来分析电影字幕翻译是一个目的性很强的活动。同时，影视作为文化传播的重要大众媒介，对于其翻译中文化因素的研究不容忽视。因此，在影视翻译中，应以能更恰当的传递电影中的信息及文化，使目的语和源语观众有相同的观感，并以了解源语中的文化，思维方式和文化传统等作为主要目的，来决定字幕翻译所采取的策略。全文共分六章。第一章为综述，回顾了影视翻译的历史和发展现状。第二章的重点是讨论影视翻译的定义分类，对其翻译过程中的特点及优势也进行了探讨。第三章介绍目的论及其对于影视翻译研究的指导意义。第四章阐述文化的特点，分析了在影视翻译中出现文化差异的原因，以及目的论在处理影视翻译中的文化因素时的应用。第五章通过分析实例来探讨影视翻译中出现的具有文化色彩的名字，俚语和双关语的翻译策略。第六章是结论。指出影视翻译作为文化传播的一个重要渠道，对于其文化因素的翻译问题的研究不容忽视。处理影视翻译的文化因素时，以目的论为指导，决定翻译的策略。同时号召更多的人从事此研究。关键词：目的论,影视翻译,文化 ABSTRACTThe term “subtitling” originates from “intertitle” as parts of translated text drawn or printed on paper, filmed and placed between parts of the film action. It is taking as the replacement of message in one language by the same message in another language. Although subtitling is considered as a kind of translation, it has many characteristics different from other kind of translations. But due to various reasons, the research in the field of subtitle translation lagged far behind other field of translation. In retrospect, there is a striking imbalance of subtitling translation development between home and abroad. In view of this, this thesis gives a tentative study of the translation of cultural elements appeared in film subtitles from Skopostheorie perspective of Functionist Theory, hoping to find practical theoretical principles and strategies for its translation.Film subtitle translation is a purposeful activity in terms of Skopostreorie. As subtitle translation plays a very important role in this information age, the study of its cultural elements can not be neglected. As a result, in film subtitle translation, the main purpose of the translation should be the one that can appropriately conveys the message and the cultures, let the target language audiences get the same enjoyment and entertainment as the audiences of the source language, and enable them to experience the new and different cultures. The strategies which are adopted should be inspired by the purpose of translation. The thesis consists of six chapters. Firstly, the thesis gives a general review of the history and present situation of film subtitle translation. Chapter Two is an analysis of film subtitle translation, including its characteristics, classifications and advantages. Chapter three focuses on the discussing of Skopostheorie. The cultural element in films subtitle translation is analyzed in the fourth chapter, and at the same time this part tries to probe into the influence of the cultural elements on film subtitling translation. The fifth chapter centers on discussing the strategies of translation of cultural elements in film translation via cases study. The six part states that one of the main Skopos of film subtitle translation is to transmit culture, thus the study of its cultural elements can not be neglected. Skopostheorie is applicable to film translation of culture factors, and we should focus more attention on film translation from cultural perspective. It is also the conclusion of the thesis.KEYWORDS: Skopostheorie, Subtitling, Perspective of CultureTABLE OF CONTENTSChapter One Literature Review11.1 Research Background of Subtitle Translation11.1.1 Researches Abroad11.1.2 Researches in China51.2 Limitations of the Researches81.3 Significance of the Study9Chapter 2 Introduction to Subtitling112.1 Definition of Subtitling112.2 History of Subtitle122.3 Classification of Subtitling132.3.1 Linguistical Classification132.3.2 Technical Classification132.4 Characteristic of Subtitling142.5 Advantages of Subtitling17Chapter Three Researches on Functionalist Theory183.1 General Introduction of Skopos Theory183.2 Three Rules of Skopostheorie223.2.1 Skopos Rule223.2.2 Coherence Rule243.2.3 Fidelity Rule253.3 Significances of Skopos Theory27Chapter Four The Analysis of the Cultural Context of the Translation of Films Subtitle294.1 Studies on Culture304.1.1 General Definition of Culture304.1.2 The Role of the Culture in Subtitling Translation314.2 Reasons Leading to the Cultural Difference in the Subtitling Translation324.2.1 Historical Reason324.2.2 Geographical Reason334.2.3 The Ethical Value Reason344.2.4 Thought Pattern Reason364.2.5 Religious Reason374.3 Analysis Culture Factors from Skopos Theory Aspect in Film Subtitle Translation38Chapter Five The Strategies of Film Translation -In Terms of Culture405.1 Name425.2 Slang47Chapter six Conclusion58Bibliography61Chapter One Literature ReviewThe literature review for this thesis consists of three parts: (1) researches at home and abroad; (2) limitations of the researches in foreign countries and China respectively; (3) significance of the study.1.1 Research Background of Subtitle Translation1.1.1 Researches Abroad In 1903, with the invention of film and the development of movie industry， people for the first time endeavored to insert the translated words in the film to convey the dialogue of actors to the viewers. Since then the subtitle translation studies began to be paid much attention in western countries.The first significant academic articles focusing on film subtitle from a translation perspective appeared in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The magazine Babel published in 1960 under the title of “Cinema et Tradition”, made a symbolic starting point. The year of 1974 came across Dollerups article that showed different types of errors that arose in the subtitling of television programmers from English to Danish. “Its greatest contribution to the area is its mentioning of the pedagogical value that subtitles have in the learning of foreign languages. ”(Cay Dollerup, 1974:197-198)Professor Henrik Gottlieb from university of Copenhagen (Denmark) also contributed greatly to the area. As a prolific writer and a pioneer scholar specially focused on field of film subtitle translation, his main interests focused on the research of the question “How is the situation in minor speech communities where English is becoming more than just a foreign language, and what language policies are recommendable in the film translation industries of such countries?”(Gottlieb, 1992：161-162) Hoping to give some familiarity to the language readers, he defined and classified subtitling from the linguistic and technical aspects, and presented its formal and textual constraints; Also he described the film translation strategies and published many articles discussing about it. He also focused on the training and teaching of subtitling. He is definitely one of the scholars that have formally theorized about this area. Titfords contribution also was worth mentioning. He published an article solely focused on subtitling with a significant impact. It introduced the concept of constrained translation while talking about subtitling, and considered that “the problems surrounding this translation practice derive essentially from the constraints imposed on the translator by the medium itself.”(Christopher Titford, 1982：113) Alive Remael also observes that “whatever changes a shift in textual modes in text creation and translation may bring about, I believe it will be co-determined by power-relation between the source and the target cultures or systems.” (Alive Remeal, 2001：13)With the development of movie translation industry, under the auspices of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), a Conference on Dubbing and Subtitling took place in Stockholm in 1987. It was the first congress ever held on the subject and acted as a trigger to the explosion of conferences and publications on subtitle translation.In 1989, Delabastia also offered a detailed study of the various signs and channels that make up a film and that have to be taken into account when translating the subtitle in a film. He held the view that during the film translation process, the primary focus should be on the study of culture. A project financed by the European Institute for the Media (EIM) analyzed the different translation modes applied to the linguistic transfer of audiovisual products. The approach was markedly professional, and for the first time, statistics about the volume of translated programmers, labor costs and audience preferences were compiled in a systematic way. A year later, in 1992, the first book ever to dealing exclusively with subtitling, “Subtitling for the Media”, came out in English translated from Swedish. Worked as a subtitler for Swedish public television, Ivarssons book benefited from his exhaustive knowledge of the professional details. He also offered a very detailed history of the technical aspects of subtitling and an overview of subtitling for the deaf and hard-of-hearing. Professor Gambier from university of Turku, (Finland),who was one of the leading figures in subtitle translation, has devoted a great deal of efforts to the classification of the various subtitle translation modes, the skills of would-be subtitlers and the reception of subtitle translation. Besides many remarkable articles, his bibliographical work “Transferts Linguistiques et Audiovisuel(1993)” and his two books with the title of “Organizational Impact Communication Audiovisuel et Transferts Linguistiques (1995)” and “Language and the Media(1996)” have changed the international research landscape. He was in collaborations with Gottlieb, and collected many papers for film translation. He also took part in most of the conferences organized in this field. Meanwhile he has been president of the few international associations on AVT (FIT-Media and ESIST), and edited a large number of collective volumes in 1995, 1996, 1998 and 2001.Tomaszkiewicz wrote and published her doctoral thesis in French, which focused on the linguistic operations underlying the practice of subtitling from French into Polish. After an introduction to the general problems of translating for cinema, she carried out a detailed analysis of the two strategies in the translation of the films subtitling: elimination and condensation. Her most interesting contribution was the application of the theory of relevance to the study of film subtitling translation in 1994.Dries had a particularly productive period in the mid 90s when she worked as a researcher in the EIM. Apart from compiling research material on AVT and making it available in the library of the EIM, Dries published articles on the problems and obstacles for the free circulation of audiovisual products made in Europe because of linguistic diversity in Europe. One of her objectives was to raise linguistic awareness of all professionals working in the audiovisual industry. Thanks to her, we have a fairly detailed mapping of the different national practices of mainland Europe. She also recommended a series of guidelines aiming at promoting the production and distribution of dubbed and subtitled programmers. In an attempt to go beyond the linguistic level and to set film translation firmly in the target culture, Karamitroglou published his book “Towards a Methodology for the Investigation of Norms in Audiovisual Translation”. His main contribution lies in the fact that he has made use of very up to date translation concepts and applied them to the field of film subtitle translation, extending their functionality and expanding the possibilities of study in the field to the professional, commercial and product reception dimensions. The International Federation of Translators has been one of the first organizations in 1995 to recognize the creation of the European Association for Studies in Screen Translation (ESIST), which serves as a meeting and reference point for researchers, teachers and professionals of AVT. Despite the inclusion of the adjective European in its name, the association has a clear international vocation, as shown by the membership of people from other comers of the world, such as America, Asia and Australia. One of the most ambitious projects that the association carried out was its International Comparative Subtitling Project. Around 50 companies worldwide took part in the project, representing a total of 18 languages and more than 20 different countries. The material is available for those interested in using it for research purposes and can be obtained by contacting the secretary of ESIST.The foreign study in this area offers us a lot of valuable experience and potential directions. Problems solved can be re-studied and localized; problems unsolved can be perceived from a Chinese way, so that a feasible solution can be figured out.1.1.2 Researches in ChinaIn China, the translation of films could date back to 1910s when many film produced in America and Europe were shown in Shanghais theatres, some person explained the plot in the theatres to help viewers achieve a better understanding. Subsequently, most of the foreign films shown in China were from the former Soviet Union, the Eastern Europe (i.e. Romania, Bulgaria, etc.) or from North Korea.The 1980s saw the golden age of foreign film translation in China. With the adoption of the Open Door Policy and the increase of international communication, films from all parts of the world rushed into China and the TV industry developed rapidly. The most remarkable progress is that some competent local TV stations began to import some foreign TV plays and movies. The establishment of their own team of film translation in Shanghai, Changchun, and Beijing was symbolized by the establishment of a separate subtitling department, which specialized in import, translation and broadcasting of excellent foreign programs. The development of subtitling came into the blossom period.Since the popularity of watching subtitled films and programs has been a very recent thing in China, film subtitle translation has rarely been discussed. As far as my research could cover, from 1991 to 2008, there were only several articles concerning audiovisual translation in Chinese Translators Journal which is the most prestigious translation journal in China. Of them, Li Yunxing carries out a specialized study on subtitling translation. He conducts the analysis of translating culture-specific words from Chinese to English. He holds the view that the primary requirements of subtitling is to provide, within constraints of time and space, the most relevant information in the most efficient way. This article analyzes the features of subtitling in terms of time-space constraints, informative function and cultural factors and then puts forward corresponding strategies for film translation, with concrete examples for illustration. Qian Shaochang, the translator of the well- known American TV series Growing Pains, tried to attract attention from the academic circles to the significance of audiovisual translation by his exploration of the specialties of screen language and the unique qualities of audiovisual translation.ZhangChunbais “A Tentative Study on Film Translation” appeared in Chinese Translators Journal in l998 among the few articles which needs to be mentioned. The article mainly discusses the characteristics, principles and techniques of film translationChai Meipings study in the field of film subtitle translation also needs mentioning, the article under the title of “Reconstruction, Modification and Nonequivalence of the Cultural Image in the Film Translation” was published in Academic Journal of Suzhou University (Philosophy and Social Science)(2001,4：91-94). It constructs a cultural prospect for film translation, and indicates that in order to attract large audiences; some cultural images will be reconstructed in film translation. The way of making modification to cultural images will help the audience a better understand the inner mea