（英语语言文学专业论文）女性主义译者的身份——兼分析朱虹的翻译.pdf

descriptive chinese abstract i 摘摘 要要 随着“文化转向”在翻译界的深入，对翻译的认识已不再停留于两种语言转换的 层面上，人们开始关注翻译与社会文化之间的互为影响的联系。随着西方女权主义运 动的蓬勃开展，女性试图摆脱以往长期受歧视受压迫的从属地位，并要求在政治，文 化，生活等方面取得与男性等同的权利。该运动很快影响到了文学与翻译领域,并导致 了女性主义翻译的诞生。作为翻译研究与女性主义思潮相结合的产物，女性主义翻译 理论兴起于 80 年代初的翻译研究的“文化转向”大潮。其旨在反抗男性与原作在社会 与文学中的绝对权威， 提高女性与翻译的地位。 因此， 女性主义翻译积极探讨翻译被“女 性化”的过程。 这一活动自然离不开译者的参与。 从翻译研究历史来看， 译者总被置于“仆 人”的阴影之中，长期处于文化的边缘地带。而作为译者中的特殊一员,女性主义译者试 图颠覆传统译者的屈从地位，并为女性赢得权益。 本文通过梳理女性主义翻译理论，分析了女性主义译者在翻译中所体现的四种不 同身份，即女性主义读者，女性主义重写者，文化操纵者以及差异的倡导者。此外， 由于中国的女性主义运动不像西方开展得那样深入，同时长期受中国传统翻译观“信， 达，雅”的影响，中国的女性主义翻译较为贫乏。作为西方女性主义的引入者，朱虹试 图从女性角度进行翻译，将女性主义意识移植到译文中，让国外读者听到中国女性的 声音，了解中国女性的现状。鉴于此，本文具体地分析了朱虹的翻译文本，以揭示她 作为具有女性主义意识的译者的身份特征。 本文在导论中，回顾了女性主义翻译研究和译者研究在中西方开展的情况，指出 女性主义译者在翻译中起着积极的干预作用。对其身份的研究有助于进一步认识女性 主义翻译的本质。第二章通过探讨女人与翻译之间的相似性以及联盟性，进一步阐述 中西方的女性主义，从而引入女性主义翻译这一概念，并诠释女性主义翻译的特点和 意义。第三章围绕历史上的译者及其卑微的身份展开讨论。在具有“绝对权威”的原 作者的阴影笼罩之下，历史上的译者一直处于隐形和从属的地位。第四章深入探讨了 女性主义译者在翻译过程中是怎样扮演女性主义读者、女性主义重写者、文化操纵者 以及差异的倡导者这四种角色的。第五章通过分析朱虹的译本，研究了朱虹在进行女 性主义翻译时所担当的不同身份，并总结了其对中国女性主义翻译的贡献。朱虹从女 descriptive chinese abstract ii 性的角度进行翻译，试图让世界了解中国女人，这一意识影响到她的翻译选材与翻译 策略。 本文得出以下结论：女性主义译者具有多重身份：女性主义读者，女性主义重写 者，文化操纵者以及差异的倡导者。其多重身份有利于突显女人在语言和社会中的地 位。朱虹是中国女性主义翻译的先驱者，其翻译体现了女性主义译者的多重身份。但 由于特定的历史和文化原因，朱虹温和地进行女性主义翻译。在突显女性意识方面， 她的翻译策略较西方女性主义译者温和。 关键词：女性主义翻译;女性主义译者;女性主义读者;女性主义重写者;文化操纵者;差 异的倡导者 english abstract iii abstract with the “cultural turn” in translation studies, translation studies does not stay at the level of linguistic transferring any more. people gradually pay more attention to the relationship between translation and other social-cultural aspects. as the feminist movement has been developing in the west, women try to cast off their subordinate position of discrimination and oppression for a long period of time. at the same time, they ask for the equal rights to men in political, cultural and social life. soon this movement affects the fields of literature and translation and then gives birth to the feminist translation. as the integration of translation studies and the feminist movement, feminist translation theory sprang in the “cultural turn” in the early 1980s. it aims to rebel the absolute authority of men and the original in the social and literary ladder and promote both women and translation. to do so, feminist translation must investigate the process through which translation has come to be “feminized”. clearly, this process can not be fulfilled without the important participation of translators who are always confined to the shadow of “servant” and reduced to a marginalized status in the traditional translation studies. being a special group of translators, feminist translators try to subvert the subordinate status of traditional translators and fight for rights for women. this thesis explores the multi-identity of a feminist translator as a feminist reader, a feminist rewriter, a cultural manipulator and an advocate of difference in translation. besides, in china, feminist movement is not so rooted as in the western countries; moreover, chinese translators have long been constrained by the chinese traditional translational norm of faithfulness, fluency and elegance. naturally, chinese feminist translation is relatively barren. as the introducer of western feminism, zhu hong tries to translate from the womens perspective and transplant her feminist ideology into the translated version, so as to make chinese womens voices heard and make their current state understood by the foreign readers. thus a case study of zhu hongs translation is introduced to analyze her identities in feminist translation. english abstract iv in the introduction to this thesis, the literature review of the studies of feminist translation and translators both in the west and china is given. it is conducive to the recognition of the essence of feminist translation and the identities of feminist translators who significantly manipulate their translations. the second chapter explains feminism in the west and in china by probing into the similarities and alliance of women and translation. then it introduces the concept of feminist translation and analyzes the characteristics and significance of feminist translation. chapter three discusses the humble identity of the traditional translator throughout history. we can conclude that under the shadow of the “absolute” authors, traditional translators have been invisible and subordinate for long. chapter four focuses on the multi-identity of a feminist translator as a feminist reader, a feminist rewriter, a cultural manipulator and an advocate of difference. chapter five analyzes the case study of zhu hongs feminist translation with the aim of identifying her multi-identity in translation, and then summarizes her contributions to the feminist translation in china. zhu hong intends to translate from the womens perspective so as to make chinese women understood by the world. this ideology influences her translation choices and translation procedures. to conclude, the identity of the feminist translator provides a new perspective for the research into feminist translation. the multi-identity of a feminist translator, namely, a feminist reader, a feminist rewriter, a cultural manipulator and an advocate of difference, is conducive to the visibility of women in language and society. zhu hong can be regarded as the forerunner in chinese feminist translation and the identities of feminist translators are illustrated in her translation. however, due to the unique historical and cultural reasons, zhu hong is mild in her feminist translation and cant adopt the radical translation procedures as her western counterparts can. key words: feminist translation; feminist translator; feminist reader; feminist rewriter; cultural manipulator; advocate of difference 湘潭大学湘潭大学 学位论文原创性声明学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的 研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或 集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均 已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。 作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权书学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保 留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借 阅。本人授权湘潭大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行 检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。 涉密论文按学校规定处理。 作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日 导师签名： 日期： 年 月 日 chapter 1 introduction 1 chapter 1 introduction translation studies has taken the cultural turn since the 1980s with the result of addressing translation and translating from the perspective of cultural studies. susan bassnett and andr lefevere say that the cultural studies: could offer a way of understanding how complex manipulative textual processes take place: how a text is selected for translation, for example, what role the translator plays in that selection, what role an editor, publisher or patron plays, what criteria determine the strategies that will be employed by the translator, how a text might be received in the target system. (bassnett without the others involvement, there can not exist a translators subjectivity, and the trace of subjectivity can only be recognized through chapter 1 introduction 5 the related “otherness”. therefore, any subjectivity concerning translators is an extended reproduction of the other and any translated text is an extended reproduction of the original. referring to the relationship between the female translator and the author, wang jianguo and jia jia have made some contributions. they (2001: 60) have proposed that the female translator has been promoted to be the cooperator with the author, or even the creator instead of a subordinator to the author. in addition, there are also some scholars exploring the translator from the aspect of translation practice. wang xiaoyuan and meng xiangzhen are the most remarkable ones. they have explored the translation practice between english and chinese based on the feminist translation theory. wang xiaoyuan has discovered the implied “malecentered consciousness” in translated versions by comparing the twelve chinese translated versions of pride and prejudice. moreover, meng xiangzhen has found the gender differences in translation by contrasting yang yi(female)s with fang ping(male)s chinese translated versions of wuthering heights (蒋骁华 2004: 14). though the above discussions about translators are from several different perspectives in china, few papers deal with the chinese feminist translator with case studies. i have explored the feminist rewriting of the discourses with a comparative study of two translated versions of jane eyre and analyzed the translation procedures and methods employed by chinese feminist translators (陈钰等 2005: 123). this can be also regarded as a first attempt to explore the feminist translators with a case study. “identity issues have become a crucial factor in our understanding of culture today” (simon 1996: viii). thus, the identities of translators need to be explored. it not only affects translators translating activity but also reflects how they translate. traditionally, translators are usually regarded as faithful servants and are always invisible. but feminist translation has brought about a revision of the identity of the traditional translator. and the identities of feminist translators reflect how they translate in feminist way and how they fight for the rights of women and translators. so it is worth studying the identities of feminist translators. in this thesis, a study of the identities of feminist translators is presented, which can not only chapter 1 introduction 6 provide a chance to break fetters on both translators and women, and give prominence to them, but also make us understand more deeply how the translation is completed by feminist translators. for the sake of exemplifying the identity of the feminist translator, here i take the case study of zhu hongs feminist translation. zhu hong is the introducer of western feminism into china and the translator of chinese contemporary female literature to the english readership. influenced by western feminism and concerning about the womens problem, zhu hong will be definitely filled with the feminist ideology and transplant it into her translation more or less. for her, it is her responsibility to make the world understand the contemporary chinese women and hear their voices from the problems which women face. it is undoubted that the identities of feminist translators will be illuminated more convincingly and clearly by analyzing zhu hongs feminist translation. 1.3 research questions and objectives feminist translators argue against the conventional identity of the translator as the servant for the author. this thesis attempts to make a systematic research on the identity of the feminist translator and discuss how those identities play a part in interpreting and rewriting the source text in a feminist way and constructing a female culture. by analyzing the translation of zhu hong, her identities in translation and her translation procedures are to be identified clearly. it will encourage researchers to pay more attention to the feminist translators intervention in feminist translation and the significance of feminist translation, so that the inferiority of both the translator and translation can be re-evaluated. moreover, it can provide more spaces for readers to interpret the text in the feminist way and certainly benefit the progress of culture, civilization and equality between women and men. 1.4 methodology and arrangement of content two fundamental theories such as “hermeneutics” and “deconstructionism” are introduced to support the points of view. and the contrasting technique is also adopted to affirm the status of the feminist translator. in addition, a self-created diagram is used to chapter 1 introduction 7 describe the process of feminist rewriting of the discourses. with zhu hongs feminist translation as the case study, the identity of the feminist translator has been exemplified. this thesis aims at defining the identities of feminist translators and exploring how feminist translators identities are reflected in translation. it consists of six parts. in the introduction, the studies of feminist translation and translators both in the west and china are reviewed. it will help us to recognize the essence of feminist translation and the importance of feminist translators. the second chapter discusses the similarities and alliance of women and translation and makes a brief introduction of feminism both in the west and in china. then it introduces the concept of feminist translation and points out the features of feminist translation. chapter three talks about the humble identity of the traditional translator who has been subordinate and invisible for long under the shadow of the “absolute” author. chapter four theoretically explores the multi-identity of a feminist translator as a feminist reader, a feminist rewriter, a cultural manipulator and an advocate of difference. chapter five demonstrates the multi-identity of a feminist translator by analyzing the case study of zhu hongs feminist translation, and then summarizes her contributions to the feminist translation in china. chapter 2 gender and feminist translation studies 8 chapter 2 gender and feminist translation studies gender is a social construct which specifies the roles that men and women play. as an analytical tool, gender becomes increasingly highlighted in various fields. early use of “gender” was taken over by american feminists. “gender is used to designate the socio-cultural attitudes that go with biological sex” (von flotow 1997: 100). gender emphasizes particularly on sociality while sex stresses on biology. the sexual difference is not able to properly annotate the social roles and opportunities which males and females share. however, centered on the problems such as “what is the meaning being a woman or a man?”, gender studies not only observes the female and the male, but also pays attention to the differences of manner in which women and men view the social problems. it is a fact that “gender was understood to be the basis of womens subordination in public and private life” (ibid: 6). because of the gender differences, social conventions that limit womens opportunities to gain access to the world have formed. inevitably language is a kind of limitations for women who lose their own voices in the “patriarchal language”. since discussions of “patriarchal language” have played an important role in feminist research on gender, and language transfer is the basic element under discussion in translation studies, gender and translation studies can unavoidably merge together. just as von flotow declares that “given the political weight that both feminist thinkers and the political correctness reaction have assigned to language, it is clear that gender must become an issue in translation” (ibid: 1). simon also tells that “it is hardly a coincidence that the period which saw the development of feminist and then gender studies also witnessed a remarkable growth in translation studies” (simon 1996: viii). 2.1 women and translation back in the human history, women and men together created their offspring and homelands. however, the world is under the control of men in which women are deprived of their basic rights. under the patriarchal system, unfortunately as the second social class, chapter 2 gender and feminist translation studies 9 women remain at the bottom. and they are subject not only to the rule of patriarchal authorities, but also to the dictation of their husbands. as blind spots in the history and only objects existing in the patriarchal society, women have undergone extreme oppression in this male-dominated system and muffled their own voices. the traditional notion that men are superior and women are inferior is deeply rooted in peoples mind. even a good wife should be evaluated in relation to her husbands happiness rather than her endurance of the torments her husband inflicts upon her. exactly as a woman is only ever the other of a man, translation is metaphorically conceived as being just a mirror to its original. there is a conventional view in which a translation is considered as the secondary work subservient to the source one. the source text is endowed with privileges while the translation is secondary and derivative to the source text. the equality between them does not exist. even though perfectly translated, the translation can not receive the same evaluation as the source text. “translating activity is regarded as matrimony whose fidelity is based on the unfair contract between the translation and the source text” (刘军平 2004: 5) . 2.1.1 similarities tracing back to the translation history, we can find many metaphors related to women and translation. a tag used to describe translation that “les belles infideles” implies that if translations (and women) are faithful, they are probably ugly; if they are beautiful, they are likely to be unfaithful. obviously, it shows the depreciation to women and translation. an english translator john florio uses a neat equation that all translations are “reputed females”. the reason is only that they are necessarily “defective”. another feminist translation scholar lori chamberlain also makes an analogy between the womens social marginal position and translation in literature. whats more, the american translation theorist george steiner has male-oriented imag