光电信息专业英语单词句子中英翻译.docx

词汇Ray Optics射线光学 Refraction 折射 Reflection 反射 Index of Refraction 折射率 Optical spectrum 光谱Dispersion 色散 lens 透镜 Total Internal Reflection全内反射 Prisms棱镜 right isosceles triangles正等腰三角形Spherical refracting surface 球面折射面sign convention符号法则paraxial approximation近轴近似 aberration像差chromatic aberration色差collimated平行的；使平行critical angle临界角 defect缺点，缺陷incident入射的 inclination倾斜角；偏向magnitude数量级 virtual image 虚像Diffraction 衍射 Interference 干涉 aperture 孔径 complex exponential function复指数函数complex conjugate复共轭 monochromatic单色的optical path difference 光程差 polarization 偏振resonator谐振器 resolution分辨率 Holography 全息术 wavelength 波长 microscope 显微镜beam splitter 分束器 Rainbow holography彩虹全息术 Volume holograms 体全息图 Computer-generated holography 计算机全息术 Spatial Filtering空间滤波 gratings光栅 harmonics interferogram谐波干涉图pupil function 光瞳函数 principal maxima 主极大值 Mode Locking 波模锁定；振荡型同步 Transverse modes 横向模式Laser rangefinder激光测距仪 navigation 导航Photodetector光电检测器 photomultiplier光电倍增管Photon 光子 Optical Fiber Communication 光纤通信 fiber 纤维 Optical Loss 光学损失Group集体 velocity 速度 nonlinearity非线性 anomalous-dispersion反常色散Stimulated Raman Scattering 受激拉曼散射 Self-Phase Modulation 相位调制效应 Cross-Phase Modulation 交叉相位调制 bandwidth 带宽 optical switches光开关 Photodetectors光电探测器crystal 晶体 Birefringence 双折射 electron 电子 Mechanical and thermal strength 机械和热强度 surface 表面Bandgap 能带 carrier concentration 载体浓度 discharge 放电 photovoltaic 光伏Optical Thin Film Technology光学薄膜技术Photolithography 光刻, biophotonics生物光子学, 3D Display Technology 3 d显示技术,Infrared Detection Technology红外探测技术exposure 曝光 irradiation 辐照 nanoparticle纳米颗粒句子We treat light beams as rays that propagate along straight lines, except at interfaces between dissimilar materials, where the rays may be bent or refracted. This approach, which had been assumed to be completely accurate before the discovery of the wave nature of light, leads to a great many useful results regarding lens optics and optical instruments.我们将光束处理为沿着直线传播的光线，除了在不同材料之间的界面处，其中光线可以被弯曲或折射。这种方法被认为在发现光的波特性之前是完全准确的，导致产生许多关于透镜光学和光学仪器的有用结果。When a light ray strikes a smooth interface between two transparent media at an angle, it is refracted.当光线以一个角度撞击在两个透明介质之间的平滑界面时，其为折射。The refractive index of a given material is not independent of wavelength, but generally increases slightly with decreasing wavelength.给定材料的折射率并非与波长无关，但通常随着波长减小而略微增加。A word of warning with regard to the signs in algebraic expression: Because of the sign convention adopted here, derivations based solely on geometry will not necessarily result in the correct sign for a given term. There are two ways to correct this defect. The first, to carry a minus sign before the symbol of each negative quantity, is too cumbersome and confusing for general use. Thus, we adopt the second, which is to go through the final formula and change the sign of each negative quantity. This procedure has already been adopted in connection with the “len” equation and is necessary, as noted, to make the formula algebraically correct. It is important, though, not to change the signs until the final step, lest some signs be altered twice.关于代数表达式中的符号的警告词：由于这里采用的符号法则，仅基于几何的导出不一定导致给定术语的正确符号。有两种方法来纠正此缺陷。第一，在每个负数量的符号之前携带减号，对于一般使用来说太麻烦和混乱。因此，我们采用第二个，即通过最后的公式，并改变每个负数量的符号。这个程序已经结合“len”方程被采用，并且如上所述是必要的，以使公式在代数上是正确的。然而，重要的是，不要改变迹象，直到最后一步，以免一些迹象改变两次。When conditions are such that the light is incoherent, it is not possible to detect interference effects. A discussion of wave optics is incomplete without considering the conditions that must exist for an interference experiment to be performed successfully.当条件使得光不相干时，不可能检测干涉效应。波光学的讨论是不完整的，没有考虑必须存在的条件，以便干扰实验成功地执行。Light is a transverse, electromagnetic wave characterized by time-varying electric and magnetic fields. The fields propagate hand in hand; it is usually sufficient to consider either one and ignore the other. It is conventional to retain the electric field, largely because its interaction with matter is in most cases far stronger than that of the magnetic field.光是以时变的电场和磁场为特征的横向电磁波。在领域里携手共进; 通常足以考虑一个而忽略另一个。通常保持电场，主要是因为其与物质的相互作用在大多数情况下远远强于磁场的相互作用。A transverse wave, like the wave on a plucked string, vibrates at right angles to the direction of propagation. Such a wave must be described with vector notation, because its vibration has a specific direction associated with it. For example, the wave may vibrate horizontally, vertically, or in any other direction; or it may vibrate in a complicated combination of horizontal and vertical oscillations. Such effects are called polarization effects. A wave that vibrates in a single plane (horizontal, for example) is said to be plane polarized.横波，类似于拾取弦上的波，以与传播方向成直角振动。这样的波必须用矢量符号来描述，因为它的振动具有与其相关联的特定方向。例如，波可以水平地，垂直地或在任何其它方向上振动; 或者其可以以水平和垂直振荡的复杂组合振动。这种效应称为偏振效应。在单个平面（例如水平）中振动的波被称为平面偏振。Spectral filters are devices used to modify the (spectral) transmittance of an optical system. They may be made of a homogeneous material with appropriate spectral absorption characteristics, or use other optical phenomenon, such as multiple-beam interference or optical anisotropy, to effect the modification.光谱滤光器是用于修改光学系统的（光谱）透射率的装置。它们可以由具有适当光谱吸收特性的均匀材料制成，或者使用其它光学现象，例如多光束干涉或光学各向异性，以实现修改。The fifth generation of lightwave systems employs erbium-doped fiber amplifiers for amplifying the transmitted optical signal periodically to compensate for fiber loss.第五代光波系统采用掺铒光纤放大器来周期性地放大传输的光信号，以补偿光纤损耗。As optical media, crystals are much less popular than glasses for the obvious reason that they are far more difficult to manufacture in large size. Their use is invariably motivated by the need for characteristics not readily obtainable in glass. Among these characteristics are the following: (1) Spectral transmittance characteristics extending beyond those obtainable with the usual glasses; (2) Special shape of the dispersion curve; (3) Birefringence, electro-, and magnetooptical characteristics; (4) Mechanical and thermal strength.作为光学介质，由于明显的原因，晶体比玻璃更不受欢迎，因为它们在大尺寸下难以制造。它们的使用总是由对玻璃中不容易获得的特性的需要所驱动。这些特性如下：（1）超过用通常的玻璃获得的光谱透射率特性; （2）分散曲线的特殊形状; （3）双折射，电光和磁光特性; （4）机械和热强度。For these potential advantages to be realized, ways must be found to produce highly compact components: (1) Optical waveguides whose cross-sectional dimensions are indeed of the order of magnitude of an optical wavelength. (2) Light sources and detectors of similar dimensions. (3) Light modulation and steering devices of a size consistent with (1) and (2).为实现这些潜在优势,必须找到方法来产生高度紧凑的组件:(1)光波导的横截面尺寸数量级的确实是一个光学波长。(2)光源和探测器类似的维度。(3)光调制和操舵装置的大小与(1)和(2)一致。However, to obtain high efficiencies, a low work function does not suffice; the cathode must be such that useful photoexitation can take place also within the material up to the depth of several tens of nanometers.然而，为了获得高效率，低功函数不足; 阴极必须使得有用的光激发也可以在材料内发生达到几十纳米的深度。Photoconductive detectors fall into two major categories: (1) Homogeneous detectors where a carrier, freed anywhere inside the material is drawn out by an externally applied field. (2) Junction detectors, where the carriers are generated in the neighborhood of a p-n junction to be separated by an internally generated field.光电导检测器分为两个主要类别：（1）均匀检测器，其中在材料内任何地方释放的载体由外部施加的场引出。（2）结检测器，其中载流子在p-n结附近产生以由内部产生的场分离。The thermal detectors respond due to a change in temperature which is a function of the absorbed energy and independent of its wavelength; their spectral response is determined solely by their spectral absorptivity and is therefore generally much more uniform than that obtained with a simple photon detector.热检测器由于温度变化而响应，该温度变化是吸收能量的函数并且与其波长无关; 它们的光谱响应仅由它们的光谱吸收率确定，因此通常比用简单的光子检测器获得的光谱响应更均匀。Optical thin films are widely used today in many diverse applications to control the way light is reflected, transmitted, or absorbed as a function of wavelength. They can be grouped into two major categories based on the application. In the first, the light travels parallel to the plane of the substrate with the films acting as wave guides in the emerging field of integrated optics. Here light signals could replace electrical signals in applications such as communications and computers. In the second application, the light travels perpendicular to the film plane for use as antireflection coatings, edge filters, high efficiency mirrors, beam splitters, etc. 光学薄膜目前在许多不同的应用中广泛使用，以控制光作为波长的函数被反射，透射或吸收的方式。根据应用，它们可以分为两大类。在第一种情况下，光平行于衬底的平面传播，其中膜用作集成光学器件的出射场中的波导。这里，光信号可以替代诸如通信和计算机的应用中的电信号。在第二应用中，光垂直于膜平面行进，用作抗反射涂层，边缘滤光器，高效率反射镜，分束器等。The term “thin” is used to indicate a layer whose thickness (perpendicular to the substrate) is the same order of magnitude as the wavelength of interest, and the extent (parallel to the substrate) is a very large number of wavelengths. Typical layers might range in thicknes