纸飞机型状、体积和质量以及风等对飞行效果影响的研究.doc

纸飞机型状、体积和质量以及风等对飞行效果影响的研究Influence of the Structure, Volume and Mass of the Paper Airplane and the Wind on Flying Effect温州育英学校八（1）罗家文、黄文伟、胡益峰、瞿颖、江辰颖，指导：朱小平By Jiawen Luo,Wenwei Huang,Yifeng Hu,Ying Qu,Chenying Jiang,Class 1,Grade 8,Wenzhou Yuying School一、 研究的缘起Why to Research纸飞机陪伴了一代又一代的童年，但随着网络的普及，愈来愈多的人抱着手机、平板或坐在电脑前玩游戏，却使纸飞机渐渐消失。现在有一些纸飞机的比赛唤起了我们对于纸飞机的研究兴趣。我们研究纸飞机一是想让更多的人放下手机、电脑、平板等，二是想通过这个研究对纸飞机有进一步了解，并做出一架飞得远的纸飞机，一架飞得久的纸飞机，说不定下一次可以参加一个关于纸飞机的比赛呢！Paper airplane accompanies the generation after generation of childhood, but along with the network popularization, more and more people are holding a mobile phone, tablet computer to play games, which makes paper airplanes fade away. There are some paper airplane games aroused our research interest for paper airplanes. In order to let more people to lay down their cell phone, tablet computer, etc., and to understand more about the paper plane, and to make a paper airplane fly farther or fly for a longer time, we begin to the research of paper airplane. Maybe next time we can take part in a game on the paper planes!二、 研究方案Research Plan （一） 活动目的Research Purpose了解纸飞机的飞行效果的影响因素并以此做出令我们满意的纸飞机。Find out the factors influencing the flight effect of a paper airplane, and make a paper airplane to our satisfaction.（二） 活动方式Working Ways通过查阅相关资料进行文献研究，而后再运用控制变量法进行实验探究。Consulting relevant literature, doexperimental exploring by using the method of controlling variables（三） 分工与协作Labor Division and Cooperation1、 由黄文伟进行查阅资料并且从中选出重要的与我们分享，然后所有人一起根据资料制定实验方案。 (1) Look up and chooseimportantdata by Wen-wei Huang to share with us, then all the people make an experiment schemetogether.2、 由胡益峰和瞿颖共同准备实验器材，制定研究的细节。 (2) Experimental equipment is prepared by the Yi-feng Hu and Ying Qu, and then they set up the details of the study.3、 由江辰颖负责拍照。 (3)Chen-ying Jiangshall be responsible for taking photos.4、 由罗家文进行实验探究并将成果汇总并制成研究报告。 (4) Jia-wen Luo do the experimental investigation and make a research summary and finish the research report.（四） 预期的困难及其对策Expected Difficulties and its Countermeasures可能计时，量距离会有误差，于是多人配合并且多次实验取平均值。The timeamount and distance will have error, so many people should cooperateand do an experiment many times for the average.（五） 实验数据的收集格式（见表1-1或以下表1-2）Experimental Data Collection Format (See table 1-1 or the following table 1-2)实验对象实验次数飞行时间时间平均值飞行距离距离平均值飞行状态A-1123A-2123表1-1Table 1-1（六） 器材准备Equipment Preparation完整平整的基本相同纸N张、秒表、米尺等（见下图）。 Prepare N pieces of the basic same paper, stopwatch, meter scale, etc. (See the picture below).（七） 实验探究方案Experiment Exploration Plan1. 假设The hypothesis纸飞机的飞行效果可能与飞机头的形状（平的或尖的）有关。Paper airplane flight effect may be related to the shape of the aircraft head (flat or sharp).纸飞机的飞行效果可能与质量、大小、机翼的形状有关。Paper airplane flight effect may be related to the mass, size and wing shape.纸飞机的飞行效果可能与有无尾翼有关。Paper airplane flight effect may be related to the presence of tail wing.2. 变量分析与控制Variables Analysis and Control需改变的量分析（括号内为需要改变某个变量的方法）：Analysis for the quantity needing to change(The methods for controllingsome variableare shown in brackets):飞机头的形状平或尖（通过制作纸飞机过程中小小的改动进行改变机头形状），机翼的形状，重量，大小等（通过采用两种不同的基本机翼折法等方式进行改变）、有无尾翼侧翼（自己进行添加） The flat or sharpheadof the plane shape (by making small changes in the process of making paper airplane to realize the nose shapechange), the mass, size, the shape of the wing(by using two kinds of different basic change for twisting wing), added with and without tail wing(by adding or taking off the tail wing).不需要改变的量分析：Analysis for the quantity not needing to change:纸飞机出手时握住的地方（即重心）保持不变，可在重心位置做一个记号，纸飞机的抛出角度（尽量保持不变，始终让一个人抛射飞机）、纸飞机出手时收到的力（让同一个人放飞并尽量保持力不变） The place for one to hold a paper airplane(i.e., the center of gravity) when when it gets off his/her hand should be unchanged remain unchanged by making a mark in the position ofgravitycenter, the paper planes angle with the horizontal plane when it is thrown out(as far as possible remain the same, always let the same person throw the aircraft), the receivedforce which the paper airplane(the same person throw the aircraftand try best to keep the force constant) .3. 实验步骤：The experiment steps:（1） 由一个人负责一种类型的纸飞机，并将这种纸飞机的各种变化形态均折出来,并标号：A-1、A-2、A-3、A-4、A-5一种飞机折大概有5种形态。 (1) One person is in charge of a kind of the paper airplane, and all the various alternate forms of this kind are folded out and labeled: A - 1, A -2, A -3, A - 4, A-5. One kind has about five forms.（2） 一起到空旷的广场上面进行放飞纸飞机，一人负责放飞，一人负责测量距离，一人负责计时 (2) All the persons get to an empty square to fly paper airplanes, one person is responsible for releasing plane, one person is responsible for measuring distance, and one person is responsible for timing.（3） 将测量到的记录到上表1-1的表格之中，共同讨论并推断出实验结论。 (3) Fill the measured records into the table1-1, and discuss to deduce the experiment conclusion.三、 第一次研究过程The research process for the first time我们小组于2月10日上午往胡益峰家进行折纸飞机，于下午（微风）由罗家文，胡益峰，黄文伟三人去空旷的地方进行实验，其中罗家文负责飞纸飞机(见下图)，黄文伟负责测量飞行时间，胡益峰负责测量飞行距离，胡益峰记录。大家一起讨论处理实验数据。Our group went to Yi Feng Hus homeon the morning of February 10 for the aircraft origami. In the afternoon there was breeze browing, Jia-wenLuo, Yi-fengHu,Wen-wei Huangwe three got to an empty square to do experiment, in which Jia-wenLuo was responsible for flying paper plane (see the photo below), Wen-wei Huang was responsible for measuring the flying time and Yi-feng Hu for measuring the flying distance, and Yi-feng Hu record. We discussed together the treatment of experimental data.罗家文同学在飞纸飞机Jia-wenLuo is flying the paper plane我们制作了三组飞机，每一组我们都想方设法折出了4-6种稍微不同的形状或结构的纸飞机。We produced three sets of planes, each of which we were trying to make the 4-6 slightly different shapes or structures of the kind A, B, C(See Table2-1):A组Kind A：B组Kind B：C组Kind C：组别ABC1A-1B-1C-12A-2B-2C-23A-3B-3C-34A-4B-4C-45A-5空C-56空空C-6表2-1Table2-1（一） 实验数据收集（见表1-2）与处理Experimental data collection (see Table 1-2) and processing实验对象实验次数飞行时间（秒）时间平均值（秒）飞行距离出发点到降落点的直线距离（米）距离平均值（米）飞行状态A-112.712.787.47.5呈直线较快飞行22.507.633.147.6A-213.973.984.33.9不规则缓慢飞行24.124.133.843.4A-313.243.238.68.5呈直线较快飞行23.108.433.358.6A-415.876.044.64.3绕出发点不规则旋转，缓慢飞行26.243.136.024.8A-516.046.109.09.0呈直线较慢飞行26.319.235.978.8B-113.743.904.13.6不规则缓慢飞行24.033.233.953.4B-214.754.975.15.2不规则但总体向前缓慢飞行25.315.434.855.0B-313.873.924.04.2呈近似直线向前较快飞行23.684.234.214.5B-416.056.042.93.1绕出发点不规则近似旋转，缓慢飞行25.923.236.153.1C-112.842.958.79.0呈直线向前快速飞行23.079.332.959.0C-213.643.885.76.0不规则但总体向前较快飞行24.236.233.766.0C-313.243.129.49.2呈直线向前快速稳定飞行22.969.033.169.1C-413.423.458.58.5呈近直线向前不稳定较快飞行23.338.333.598.6C-512.672.918.68.9呈直线向前快速飞行23.029.033.059.2C-613.253.109.39.0呈直线向前快速稳定飞行22.998.733.089.1表1-2 Table 1-2（飞机标号来自表1-1，Plane mark numbers come from Table 1-1）通过对以上资料的分析我们发现在风阻比较小的情况下机头的形状似乎并不是那么的重要，只要机头的质量相对机尾略重一些就可以取得不错的飞行效果。Through analysis of the above datas we found that as long as the wind is relatively smallthe shape of the plane head seems so unimportant, if only the mass of the head is slightly heavier than its tail, goodflight effectcan be obtained.采用A组和B组折法的飞机往往不是成直线飞行，且易受凤的影响，却飞得直线距离不远，通过仔细思索我们认为应该是因为这种飞机机翼一般都会大而薄，这种类型的飞机往往飞得很久。而采用前C组折法的飞机往往飞行成直线飞行，且受风影响较小，这类飞机往往飞的不久，通过思索我们认为应该是因为这类飞机机翼往往较厚而相对细小，所以收到阻力较小，却飞得直线距离明显很远。Planes made by using the folding ways of Kind A and Kind B are usually not to fly in a straight line, and vulnerable to the wind, does not flies far enough in a straight line, by careful thinking we think it is because the aircraft wings are usually larger and thinner, but can often fly for a long enough time. While planes made by using the folding ways of Kind C are usually fly in a straight line, and less affected by the wind, by thinking we think it is because of this kind of aircraft wing tends to berelatively smaller and thicker, and received less resistance, and flies far away whith a straight line distance.侧翼、尾翼对于A、B、C三组中机翼与机头成非三角形的飞机（即使用前图二的折法）作用似乎并不大，只是是其转弯弧度似乎变大，而对于机翼与机头成三角形或近三角形的飞机（即使用前图一的折法的飞机）却使飞机飞得似乎更加的稳定，从而获得更远的飞行距离。因此，我们取得了以下成果。Flank and tail for a, B, C three groups in the wings and head into non triangular plane (i.e., the use of Figure 2 fold) the effect does not seem large, but its turning radian seems to be changing, and for wing and nose into a triangle or triangle plane (that is, the use of figure of a folded plane) but the aircraft fly seems to be more stable, thus obtaining longer flight distance. Therefore, we have made the following achievements.（二）初尝甜头Begun to taste the sweetness1.我们所做的飞得直线距离最远的纸飞机（见下图）：Paper aircrafts we did fly straight away with the farthest distant (see the piture below):飞行距离：可达15米左右(滞空时间：4秒左右)。Flight distance: up to 15 meters (Hanging Time: 4 seconds).2.我们所做的滞空时间最久的纸飞机（见下图）：Paper aircrafts we did fly with the longest hanging time (see the piture below):滞空时间：将近10秒左右（飞行距离：大约4米左右）。 Hanging Time: nearly 10 seconds (Flight distance: about 4 meters).3.我们所做的飞行距离，滞空时间都挺久的纸飞机（见下图）：Paper aircrafts we did fly with both farther distanc and longer hanging time (see the piture below):飞行距离：将近10米左右，滞空时间：将近7秒左右。Flight distance: about 10 meters，Hanging Time: nearly 7 seconds.以上研究对于什么样形状或结构的纸飞机能飞得最远或空中停留时间最长取得了令我们惊喜的成果。但由于我们在研究过程中没有充分考虑纸飞机的大小、质量和纸飞机飞行时的风向和风力等因素对飞行效果的影响，基于已经取的成果，我们重新设计了考虑其他变量的实验。As for as what kind of shape or structure of the paper airplane can fly the farthest or longest in the time, wehave achieved surprising results. But in the course of the study we did not fully consider the influence of the size,mass of the paper airplaneand the impact of the wind direction and size of force onflying effect. Based on the achievements have gotten, we redesigned experiments in the consideration of the other variables.四第二次研究过程Second research process（一）二次研究的研究方案The Second Research Plan1.活动方式：Working Ways: 基本与第一次的方案相同，着重精确控制变量进行实验探究。 The same as the first time, with the focus on the precise control of variables to carry out experimental research.2.分工与协作：Division of Labor and Cooperation:（1）由黄文伟进行查阅资料并且从中选出重要的与我们分享，然后所有人一起根据资料和已有成果制定实验方案。(1) Wen-wei Huang look up and check the importantinformation to share with us, then according to the information and achievement we have gotten to develop the experimental programall together.（2）由胡益峰和瞿颖共同准备实验器材，制定研究的细节。(2)Yi-feng Hu and Ying Quprepare the experimental equipmenttogether, and decide the details of the study.（3）由罗家文进行实验探究并将成果汇总并制成研究报告。 (3) Jia-wen Luo do the experimental investigation and make a research summary and finish the research report.（二）二次研究的实验探究方案Experimental research plan of the second study假设：Hypothesis:1、 在其他量不变的情况下，纸飞机的飞行效果可能与纸飞机的大小有关。1. In the case of other variables keeping constant, the paper planes flight effect may be related to the size of the paper plane.2、在其他量不变的情况下，纸飞机的飞行效果可能与纸飞机的质量有关。2. In the case of other variables keeping constant, the paper planes flight effect may be related to the mass of the paper aircraft.3、 在其他量不变的情况下，纸飞机的飞行效果可能与纸飞机的质量与大小同时有关。3. In the case of other variables keeping constant, the paper planes flight effect may be related to the massand size of the paper aircraft at the same time.4、 在其他量不变的情况下，纸飞机的飞行效果可能与风向风力有关。4. In the case of other variables keeping constant, the paper planes flight effect may be related to wind direction and wind force.变量分析与控制：VariablesAnalysis and Control:需改变的量分析：1.纸飞机的大小；2.纸飞机的质量；3.纸飞机飞行时的风向和风力；4.纸飞机的形状或结构。Analysis for the quantity needing to change: the size of the paper plane; the mass of thepaper plane; the wind direction and wind force during flight of the paper plane; the shape or structure of the paper plane.不需改变的量分析：Analysis for the quantity not needing to change:1. 在其他变量保持不变的调节下，如通过加厚纸张的厚度、减小纸张的大小来保证飞机的质量相同，来取得改变飞机的大小对飞行效果的影响。1. In the case of the other variables keeping constant under the regulation, such as by adding the thickness of the paper and decreasing the size of the paperto ensure the mass of the paper airplaneunchanged, wecan find out the influence of the plane saze on flight effect .2. 在其他变量保持不变的调节下，如通过保持纸飞机的大小不变，加厚纸张来保证纸飞机的大小相同，来取得改变飞机的质量对飞行效果的影响。 2. In the case of the other variables keeping constant under the regulation, such as by keeping the plane size constant and adding the thickness of the paper to ensure the plane size unchanged, wecan find out the influence of the plane mass on flight effect .3.在其他变量保持不变的调节下，如通过使用相同的纸飞机来保证质量和大小都不变的情况下，分别在有风天气和无风天气进行放飞纸飞机，来取得风向对飞行效果的影响。 3. In the case of the other variables keeping constant under the regulation, such as by using the same paper airplane to ensure the size and mass unchanged, respectively in the wind weather and calm weather flying paper plane, we canfind out the influence of the wind direction on flight effect.（三）实验数据的收集Collection of the Experimental Datas由一个人负责折一种纸飞机，并将这种纸飞机的各种变量如大小、质量等均折出来并进行标号。（格式类似1-1、1-2、1-3、1-4、2-1、2-2一种飞机折大概4种情况上下）。我们一起到空旷的广场上面进行放飞纸飞机，另一人负责放飞，第三人负责测量距离，第四人负责计时，第五人负责拍照One person is not only responsible for makine a kind of the paper airplane, but also label its variablessuch as size, mass and so on. (in a format similar to 1-1,1-2,1-3,1-4,2-1,2-2one kind of the plane could be foldedinto about four forms). We get to the empty square for flying paper plane, another person is in charge of flying, the third person is responsible for the distance measurement, the fourth person responsible for timing, and the fifth person responsible for taking photos.将测量到的记录到上，-2的样子的表格之中，共同讨论并得出实验结论。The measured is recorded into the tables likeA-1, A-2, and we discuss and deducethe experimentconclusion.将实验结论进行汇总，由罗家文进行写报告。The experimental results are summarized and reported by Jia-wenLuo.实验对象试验次数滞空时间平均值飞行直线距离平均值飞行状态1-11秒秒米米2秒米1-21秒秒米米2秒米1-3表实验对象试验风滞空时间平均值飞行直线距离平均值飞行状态1-1有风顺风秒秒米米有风逆风秒米无风秒米1-2有风顺风秒秒米米有风逆风秒米无风秒米1-3表（四）二次文献研究The second literature study百度搜索结果：折纸飞机时力求一次成功，保持手指干燥、干净，并保证纸飞机的质量很重要。虽然普遍认为轻的纸飞机比重的飞得更远，但是布莱克布恩认为这是不正确的。他打破20年前的纸飞机记录(说明)是基于他的信念：最好的飞机拥有短的机翼和重心位于掷飞机的人掷出飞机的那个点，同时长机翼和更轻的重量能让纸飞机更长的飞行但是在掷出阶段不能给予更多的力量。布莱克布恩说：“为最大高度和好的进入滑翔状态转变，必须使抛出角度为水平向上10度”。Baidu search results: Folding a paper aircraft is strived to be successful by once, with keeping your fingers dry, clean, ensuring the mass of a paper plane at a certain quantity. Although it is generally considered that the light paper plane may fly farther, but Blake Boone believes that this is not true. He brokethe paper airplane flying records of the 20 years agobecause he believe that the best aircraft has short wings and the place one holding it for throwing must be located in the center of gravity, and the long wing and lighter weight can make the paper plane flying longerwithout giving more power. Blake Boone said: “For the maximum height and changing into a good gliding state, you must control the throwing angle at 10 degrees upward with the horizontal plane.（五）二次研究的数据收集与处理我们共同做出了3大组共12架纸飞机，并于3月5日（北风微风）、3月9日（北风4-5级）并且对它们进行了试飞并记录。we made 3 groups with 12 pieces of the paper aircraf in all, and in March 5th with the north gentle breezeand in March 9th with the north wind of the 4th-5th grade, we tried for flying them and made records.1组是以飞得最远原型机为基础做的四架飞机：Thefour planes of the 1st group weremade on the basis of the prototype (Type 1) which fliedthe fartherest:Type 1 airplane2组是以滞空最久原型机为基础做的四架飞机：Thefour planes of the2nd group weremade on the basis of the prototype (Type 2) which fliedwith the longest hanging time:Type 2 airplane3组是以飞得距离和时间都比较突出的原型机为基础所做的四架飞机：Thefour planes of the3rd group weremade on the basis of the prototype (Type 3) which fliedwith both farther distance and longer hanging time:Type 3 airplane记录的数据详情见以下表b-1,b-2,b-6中（包括12架纸飞机标号）。The detailed datas recorded see the following table B-2, B-1,.B-6 (including 12 aircraft labels).实验对象试验次数滞空时间（精确到一位小数）平均值（精确到一位小数）飞行直线距离平均值（精确到一位小数）飞行状态1-1原型机14.5秒4.2秒16.3米15.7米呈直线较快飞行23.9秒15.2米1-2纸飞机增大16.2秒6.1秒8.3米8.5米不规则但总体向前缓慢飞行25.9秒8.7米1-3纸飞机增重13.5秒3.4秒16.8米16.6米呈直线向前快速飞行23.2秒16.3米1-4纸飞机增大且增重14.8秒5.0秒15.8米16.0米不规则但总体向前较快飞行25.1秒16.2米表 b-1由上表发现：保持第1组纸飞机其他量不变，体积增大飞行速度明显减小，飞行距离也大大缩短；而其他量不变，质量增大飞行速度明显增大，飞行距离也有所增加；当重量和大小同时在一定范围内增加时，总体上飞行速度略有减慢，但飞行距离略有增加。From the above table we found for Group 1: in the condition of keeping the other variables of the paper airplane unchanged,the flight velocity decreased obviously and the flight distance shortens greatly with the volume increasing, and the flight velocity increasedobviously and the flight distance increase slightly with the mass increasing. When the mass and size increasedat the same time upto a certain value, as a whole, the flight speed sloweredslightly, but the flight distance increased slightly.实验对象试验次数滞空时间（精确到一位小数）平均值（精确到一位小数）飞行直线距离平均值（精确到一位小数）飞行状态2-1原型机19.7秒10.1秒4.5米4.6米不规则缓慢飞行210.4秒4.7米2-2纸飞机增大113.2秒12.2秒2.1米2.4米绕出发点不规则近似旋转，缓慢飞行211.2秒2.7米2-3纸飞机增重17.5秒7.9秒5.1米5.2米呈近直线缓慢滑行28.3秒5.2米2-4纸飞机增大且增重110.5秒13.4秒4.9米5.2米不规则但总体向前较慢飞行216.2秒5.4米表 b由上表发现：保持第2组纸飞机其他量不变，体积增大飞行速度大大减小，飞行距离也明显缩短；而其他量不变，质量增大飞行速度明显增大，飞行距离也有所增加；当质量和大小都增加一定范围内