英文学术论文翻译-中英文对照(三).ppt

主语的选择(Options for subjects) 1、对等(Equivalence)( Follow the Chinese topic-comment order, use noun phrases etc.) 1）财源有限，开销无穷。 (Our ) Financial resources are limited but expenses limitless.,2）如果不适当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。 Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.,3）这些新政策将使人民的购买力提高，市场繁荣，金融活跃，绝不会如一些人所说将使国家财政一团糟。 These new measures will, we believe, increase the peoples purchasing power and lead to thriving financial and commercial conditions rather than make a mess of the countrys finances as some people argue.,2、转换(Shift) (find elements in the original to use as the subject) 2-1 By changing word category 1) 中日两国发展和平友好关系，符合两国人民的长远利益。 The development of relation of peace and friendship between China and Japan is in accord with the long-term interests of the two people.,2）游中国当然是必游长城。 A must for all the tourists to China is to visit the Great Wall. 3）中国的国民意识是把追求家庭幸福提到个人幸福之上，而美国人似乎与此相反。 In the Chinese ideology, the pursuit of family happiness has been elevated to the place before personal happiness, while for the Americans the order seems to be the reverse.,2-2 By means of inference (decide SV based on thorough interpretation) 1）发现错误，要改正错误。 Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.,2）我们的各项工作都取得了一些成就，但不能因此而骄傲自满。 We have made some achievements in various fields of our work but we must not get conceited and arrogant. 3）我们的自然科学比较落后，要努力向外国学习。 In natural science, we are rather backward and we should make a special effort to learn from foreign countries.,2-3 Reversing 1）沿路都是小商店。 Small shops dot the way. 2）他这样悍然行事使我们非常气恼。 Hot anger burned in our minds against him at his rashness.,3)对建筑师来说，将正在营业的旅店进行翻修实在是难上加难。 One of the greatest challenges for an architect is a renovation of an operating hotel.,3. Supplement 1) 弄得不好,就会前功尽弃。 If things are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost. 2) 没有调查研究就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.,3) 重点是普及义务教育，积极发展职业教育和成人教育，适度发展高等教育，优化教育结构。 We should lay emphasis on making compulsory education universal, vigorously developing vocational and adult education, moderately developing higher education and optimizing educational structure.,4、Use “it“ 1）有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎。 Isnt it a great pleasure to meet friends from afar? 2）这个都市圈设想按五个层次展开。 It is conceived that the city areas will be built into five divisions.,3）希望今后上海能够与更多的外国城市结为友好城市。 Its hoped that Shanghai will establish friendly relations with more foreign cities in the future.,5、Personification 1）世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. 2）世纪交替，千年更迭，人类社会的发展正在揭开新的篇章。 The turn of the century has opened a new chapter in the development of the human society.,6、There Be 1）自1983年以来，已经建立了一百多个这样的组织。 There have been established more than one hundred organizations of such kind since 1983.,2）古今中外，在商贸市场上历来都是大鱼吃小鱼。 There exists a law at all times and in all countries that the great fish eat up the small in the world of business.,Exercise,热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立和发展贸易关系。 一九六四年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使世界大为震惊。 一切都考虑进去，她的建议似乎更切实可行。 将拨出专款支持这些属于五个高科技领域的项目即新材料机械电子学，电子信息，生物技术，新能源和节能技术。 普遍的看法是，简化手续，提高工效，比给企业经济方面的优惠更为重要。,Customers from various countries and regions are welcome to establish and develop business contacts with us. Chinas first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world. Everything taken into consideration, her proposal seems more practicable. A special fund will be set aside to support these products which fall within five hi-tech spheresnew materials mechatronics, electronic information, biotechnology, new energy resources and energy conservation. It is a general opinion that to simplify formalities and to enhance efficiency are more important than to give preferential economical treatment to enterprises.,汉语的基本句型及其翻译,汉语造句以名词为重心，以词组、散句和分句为手段，善于按时间、逻辑顺序进行横排式叙述，有时断句不严，外形松散。有人称汉语是时间型的动态结构，主要体现于形式自由，富于弹性。 英语则以“主谓”主干结构为重心来统领各种语言成分，句界分明，外形严密。 因此，汉语各种句型译成英语时，不仅在逻辑关系上而且在外形上都应该体现出英语句法结构的特点。,一、主谓单句 汉语的主谓单句，从外形结构上来看，跟英语的“主谓”结构是相似的，但它的主语和谓语表达却与英语有许多不同的地方。所以翻译汉语主谓单句时，至少应注意几个问题。,1、防止主语的机械对应。 中国近几年来发生了巨变。 There have been great changes in China these years. These years have seen (witnessed) great changes in China. Great changes have taken place in China these years. China crackles with the dynamics of changes these years.,2、防止谓语动词的机械对应。 汉语的有些动词搭配能力很强，同一词处在不同的语境，意义就会大不相同。所以译成英语时应避免机械对应而应寻求意义对应。例如“回答”与不同的词搭配，用在不同的语境，译法就不一样。,接下来女发言人回答了记者的提问。 For the next few minutes the spokeswoman answered questions from some journalists and correspondents 中国通过对美国商品征收报复性关税来作为对美方违反中美贸易协定的回答。 China replied to Americas violation of the Sino-US trade agreement with imposing punitive tax on American exports to China,3、要译出汉语谓语动词隐蔽的时态、情态及语态。 到本世纪末时中国会繁荣起来。 By the end of the century China will have become prosperous. 2) 街旁都种了树。 The streets are lined with trees. 3) 他想去那儿碰碰运气也不错。 He thought it might be wise to try his luck there.,二、 无主句 汉语中有众多的无主句，译成英语时或视情况补加主语（祈使句可以不补），译成完整的句子；或译为被动语态句。 1)为建设一个伟大的社会主义国家而奋斗！ Strive to build a great socialist country! 2) 剩下的时间不多了。 There is very little time left.,3) 认识落后，才能去改变落后；学习先进，才有可能赶超先进。 Backwardness must be perceived before it can be changed. A person must learn from the advanced before he can catch up and surpass them. 4) 不入虎穴，焉得虎子？ If one does not enter the tigers den, how can he get a tigers cub?,三、流水句 流水句是一种特殊的无关联词语复句，其特点是在非句终的句段出现句终语调，语义联系比较松散，句段之间难以补上关联词语。译成英语时，多译为若干个以“主谓”结构为主干的分立单位或者并列散句，并适当增加关系词，语义重心一般无须调整。,1) 在中国要是没有自行车，生活是难以想象的，可是没有多少年以前，人们还把自行车看成奢侈品，很多人都买不起，再说，自行车也供不应求。 It is hard to imagine what life would be like in China without the bicycle. Yet it wasnt so many years ago that a bicycle was considered a luxury, beyond the reach of many people. Moreover, it was in short supply.,四、主题句 主题句的前一部分叙理或叙事，后一部分进行总结或评论，表达作者的观点和意图。汉语的主题句有时译成英语的掉尾句，即结论和评论放在最前面，叙述放在后面,正好与汉语主题句相反。有时评论和结论也可按汉语主题句的原序翻译，原则是读起来要通顺，同时还要符合英语的惯用法。汉语主题句中叙述部分如包含几个小句子，译时应按照内在联系进行归整和适当编排。,1) 过去向我们学习的人，现在反而超过了我们。这对我们确实是一个鞭策。 It was a real challenge that those who had learned from us now excelled us. 2) 灾难深重的中华民族，一百年来，其优秀人物奋斗牺牲，前赴后继, 摸索救国救民的真理，是可歌可泣的。 For a hundred years, the finest sons and daughters of the disaster-ridden Chinese nation fought and sacrificed their lives, one stepping into the breach as another fell, in quest of the truth that would save the country and the people. This moved us to songs and tears.,五、连动句 所谓连动句就是一个主语统辖两个以上的谓语动词。这里有两种情况：一是动作是同时发生，称为并列动词，译成英语时也译为并列谓语。二是动词有发生的前后之分，有条件、方式、因果、假设、目的、主次等关系。这时译成英语时，就要选定一个主要动词作谓语，形成“主谓”主干，而把其他动词作为“陪衬”成分，化作动词不定式、动名词短语、分词短语或者介词短语，挂靠在主干上。,1）当前经济改革的重点是要以我国国民经济的支柱国有企业为重点，配套推进社会保障体制的改革，巩固和完善宏观管理体制改革的措施，进一步转变政府职能，培育市场体系，沿着建设社会主义经济体制的方向继续前进。 The current economic restructuring should focus on the reform of state-owned enterprises, the pillars of our economy, plus the supporting reform of social security system. It also aims at strengthening and improving measures in reforming the macrocontrol system, further shifting the functions of the government, fostering a market system and pressing ahead in the direction of a socialist market economy.,六、兼语句 兼语句的谓语有两个动词，但两个动词不共一个主语，亦即：前一个动词的宾语是后一个动词的主语。汉语兼语句从结构上类似英语的复合宾语。兼语式一般可以把第二个动词译为不定式、介词短语、分词、形容词、副词、名词等。,1) 我们真诚地祝你们成功。 We cordially wish you success. 2) 我们公司请外宾共进晚餐。 Our company requested that the foreign guests have supper with us. 3) 他们谴责他的和平努力是背叛。 They condemned his peace efforts as betrayal. 4)我们迫切需要钱购买我们需要的机器。 We wanted money badly to buy the machines we needed. 5)我们将随时让你知道情况。 Well keep you informed.,Exercise,埃菲尔铁塔是巴黎的标志，也是早期巨型铸铁建筑的里程碑。此塔是由法国工程师埃菲尔为1889年的巴黎世界博览会设计并制造的。 不算后装的广播天线，塔高300米（984英尺）。底部是由四条嵌在混凝土基座上的拱形巨腿构成的。四条腿内则成弧线，逐渐交汇，形成锥型塔身。全塔共有三层平台，每个平台都有观光廊；第一层还有一个餐厅。铁塔共用了约7000吨铁，还设有楼梯和电梯。塔顶部有气象站、广播站、电视发射天线，还有一套为埃菲尔准备的房间。,外位结构 外位结构(Separate Construction)，是英语语言中一种重要的句法手段。这种结构在英语语言里的应用随处可见。英语中常见的外位结构有：动词非谓语形式，形容词短语、介词短语、名词短语、状语从句省略形式等。这些结构的应用，能够使得语言表达达到简洁流畅、生动有力的效果。,在汉译英过程中，为了让译文符合英语语言的表达习惯，力求译文语言达到简洁流畅、生动形象的效果，译者往往在译文中采用外位结构形式。然而，由于东西方文化间的差异以及英汉两种语言的思维方式和思维习惯的不同，在汉译英时，译者常忽略其所使用的外位结构的逻辑关系。一般地说，外位结构在逻辑意义上要与句子的主语保持一致，即外位结构的表意主语(Notional Subject)从逻辑上讲应该是整个句子的主语，否则会导致整个句子结构在逻辑意义上的垂悬(Dangling)。,一、动词非谓语形式 众所周知，英语动词的非谓语形式包括分词(现在分词、过去分词)、不定式、动名词。在汉译英时,若采用这些形式,译者切记它们的表意主语,以免产生垂悬结构。请看下例： (1)他虽年近50,两鬓斑白,却精神饱满,充满热情。 原译：Nearly fifty，graying at the temples，he is still high-spirited and full of enthusiasm 改译：Nearly fifty，with hair graying at the temples，he is still high-spirited and full of enthusiasm,(2) 就算你的理论是对的，又怎么把它付诸实践呢? 原译：Admitting your principle to be right，how could you put it into practice? 改译：Admitted to be right，how could you put your principle into practice? (3)当我看到那些旧照片时,童年时代当即浮现在脑海里。 原译：On seeing the old photos，my childhood came back to my memory 改译：On seeing the old photos，I recalled my childhood,(4) 老实说，你考试没及格。 To tell the truth，you failed in the exam (5) 从外表上看，他是个老实人。 Judging from the appearance，he seems an honest man,二、形容词短语 在英语语言里，形容词短语也常被用作外位结构，目的在于精练语言。然而，在汉译英时，译者同样不能忽视它们的表意主语。例如： (1)年轻而有雄心，他的目标变得更高。 原译：Young and ambitious，his aim is higher 改译：Young and ambitious，he aims higher,(2)为了对学生负责，那个问题不值得考虑。 原译：Responsible for the students，the matter was not worth considering. 改译：Responsible for the students，the teacher suggested the matter shouldnt be worth considering,三、介词短语 在英语语言中，大多数介词短语在句中起着连接、修饰作用。因而，在汉译英时，尤其是将介词短语置于句首时，译者务必要考虑其逻辑关系，使得介词短语的表意主语与句子的主语一致。 (1) 5岁时，母亲开始教她弹钢琴。 原译：At the age of five，her mother began to give her piano lessons 改译：At the age of five，she began to learn piano playing from her mother,(2) 在极度绝望中,人们不难想像一个人将会做些什么。 原译：In utter despair，people could easily imagine what a man would do 改译：In utter despair，what a man would do is easily imaginable (3) 作为一件生日礼物,他送给她一本新出的汉英词典。 原译：As a birthday gift，he gave her a newly-published Chinese-English dictionary 改译：He gave her a newly-published Chinese-English dictionary as a birthday gift,四、名词短语 名词短语用作外位结构,在英语里也很常见。这些名词短语一般用作修饰语或者用作同位语成分,通常置于句首,并由逗号将其与句子隔开。然而,译者应该注意,这样的名词短语的表意主语往往是句子的主语。 (1) 熊是天性好奇的动物,甘饵之香气总是吸引着它们。 原译：Naturally inquisitive creatures，the smell of sweet things always attracts bears 改译：Bears，naturally inquisitive creatures，are always attracted by the smell of sweet things,(2) 一对夫妻只生一个孩子，这项政策使许多家庭享受到幸福。 原译：One couple one child，many a family enjoys happiness from this policy 改译：One couple one child，this policy makes many a family happy(or enjoy happiness) (3) 经济全球化,政治多元化-这是当前形势的主要特点。 Economic globalization and political multipolarization-this is the main feature of todays international situation,(4) 万恶之源并不是金钱,而是金钱恋过分贪婪的金钱恋。 It is not money，but the love of money-the excessive，covetous love of money，that is the root of all evil (5)能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭,这是一条普遍公认的规律。 Energy can neither be created nor destroyed，a universally accepted law,五、状语从句省略形式 在英语语言中，状语从句的省略形式使用频繁，目的是为了简练句子结构。译者在汉译英过程中使用此种结构时，应注意其上下文的逻辑关系。如： (1) 他还是个小孩，对政治没什么兴趣。 原译：As a small boy，politics is of little interest to him 改译：As a small boy, he has little interest in politics,(2) 正当聚精会神看书的时候，一不速之客来访。 原译：While absorbed in reading，an unexpected visitor called 改译：While absorbed in reading，she was called on by an unexpected visitor,EXERCISES 1.要想见识广，广泛阅读非常必要。 2.子曰：“默而识之，学而不厌，诲人不倦，何有于我哉?” 3.他一专多能，能文能武。 4.得知她终于恢复了体力,这令我兴奋不已。 5.高耸的楼房，设备先进的学校，更多的猪鸡牛羊在今天的农村我们处处看到繁荣景象。,1. To be well-informed，one needs to read widely 2. Confucius said: “To treasure up knowledge in silence, to learn without satiety and to instruct others without weariness-what one of these things have I done?“ 3. Being expert in one thing and good at many, he is able to wield the pen and the sword.,4. I learned，to my great joy， that she finally recovered her strength 5. High buildings，well-equipped schools，more pigs，chickens， cattle and sheep- signs of prosperity are seen everywhere in modern countryside.,科技文本的翻译,2007.12,1. 汉英科技文本特点和翻译原则,汉语科技文本用词非常严谨，行文规范，注重客观性，而且描述平易，一般不带个人感情色彩，有准确、正式、逻辑严密等特点。汉译英时，我们应当留心科技英语特点，注意以下事项：,(1) 科技英语专业术语性强，汉译英时强调术语翻译的准确性。 专业术语语义具有严谨性和单一性，因而反映的信息更加准确。译者除了有较高的汉英语言水平外，还必须掌握一定的专业知识。翻译时，通过悉心的词义辨析获得该词词义以后，给概念以约定俗成的译名。 药品的保存期 shelf life 瞳孔 pupil 肺活量 vital capacity,(2) 科技英语大量使用抽象名词和介词，汉译英时应当注意动态语言和静态语言的转换。 科技英语大量使用抽象名词和介词，尤其是名词化结构，使语言呈明显的静态倾向。这是因为英语动词受到形态变化规则的严格约束，使用起来颇受限制。而动词派生的名词化结构往往可以替代句子，把原来的施动含义潜蕴在结构的深层里，从而有效地简化叙事层次和结构，使行文更加紧凑、简洁。汉语动词则没有形态变化的约束，使用起来十分简便，因而在汉语文本中出现频繁，这使得科技汉语语言在一定程度上呈动态倾向。汉译英时，译者要注意将汉语的动态语言转换为英语的静态语言，以符合科技英语文体特征和表达习惯。,中国已成功发射了第一颗试验通信卫星。这颗卫星是由三级火箭推动的，一直运转正常。它标志着我国在发展运载工具和电子技术方面进入了一个新阶段。 The successful launching of Chinas first experimental communication satellite, which was propelled by a three-stage rocket and has been in operation ever since, indicated that we have entered a new stage of carrier rocket and electronics.,（3）科技英语时态变化不明显，汉译英时多采用一般现在时。 除了描述科学史实时仍须使用过去时态，科技英语通常大量使用一般现在时，以便给人精确无误的“无时间性”（timelessness）感觉。 人工杂交是人工创造生物新类型的一种方法。通过杂交形成的新品种，可以把两个或两个以上亲本的优良性状结合起来，成为一个具有更高生产性能和更能抵抗不良环境的新的生物类型。 The new types formed through artificial cross breeding, a method of creating new biological types, can combine the fine qualities and forms of two or more parents and become new biological types of higher productivity and more resistance to unfavorable conditions.,(4) 科技英语被动语态和非人称句使用较多，汉译英时应当进行必要的转换。 它之所以没能广泛用作建筑材料，是因为砖和石料已能胜任，且更加美观。 It was not widely used as a building material since bricks and stone seemed adequate and aesthetically more satisfying. 这一发现在科学界得到了很高的评价。 The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of science.,(5) 科技英语衔接性强，汉译英时应注意添加必要的衔接手段以保证语义连贯。 吸拔时先用右食指、中指夹持罐腹，用拇指按压罐底，使气罐变成凹底形状，随后把气罐平放于应吸部位上，再用左手拇、食两指固定罐口，右手拇、食两指移到罐腹进行挤捏，使罐底凸起，一旦罐底变成凹形就可牢固吸着。 First, clamp the belly part between your right-hand fore and middle fingers, press the thumb against the bottom so that the air jar becomes concave; then lay the jar mouth on the part of the body to be cupped. Second, fix the jar mouth with the left-hand thumb and forefinger, then move the right-hand thumb and forefinger to squeeze the belly part so that the bottom of the air jar becomes convex. Once the belly part is concave the jar is cupped tightly.,2.科技文本标题的英译,汉英论文标题应该简短精炼，突出主题。这也是标题英译的原则。英文论文标题通常由介词短语与名词词组构成，字母通常大写。比如： 符号学视野中的网络互动 Semiotic Perspective on Cyberspace Interaction 计算机信息系统在预防药物性不良反应中的作用 Preventing Adverse Drug Events (ADEs): The Role of Computer Information System 铝及铝合金正反向挤压力比较 Comparison between Direct and Indirect Extrusion Forces of Aluminium and Aluminium Alloy,薄基岩浅埋煤层长壁保水开采技术适用条件分类 Adaptable Conditions Classification of Water Protection Mining Technology of Longwall Coalface for Shallow Coal Seam with Thin Bedrock,3. 科技文本摘要的英译,翻译汉语科技论文摘要时，选词要从技术概念的角度出发，取其本质性的指称意义，避免生搬硬译。采用何种语态、时态和句型，要看原文中拟表达的意思而定，力求译文准确、地道。,摘要 : 车身设计在汽车设计中，占有极其重要的地位。本文根据现代设计方法的要求，在与传统设计相比较的基础上，对客车车身造型设计、零部件有限元分析、内饰设计、色彩设计及其一体化设计方法进行了研究，增加了各设计阶段之间的相关性以达到协同设计的目的。 关键词: 客车车身设计; 有限元分析; 内饰设计; 色彩设计,Abstract : The body design is of great importance in bus design. On the basis of comparing traditional and modern design methods, the authors of this paper illustrate the research they have made on the integrated design method of body modeling, finite element analysis of parts, interior ornament and color design which satisfies the requirements of the modern design method. This research helps to increase the relativity of different design phases for the realization of good cooperative design. Key words : modeling of bus body; finite element analysis; interior ornament; color design,摘要: