上海科兴英语插班生笔记.doc

插班生讲义1Constrain（社会集体的约束） restrain（个人情绪的反复；也可以是很强的限制） restrict（严格限制） Constrain the crowds from approaching the conference hall（=hallway 厅，堂） 会议厅Refrain (from sth) (fml 文) keep oneself from doing sth 克制（一个人对自己）confine 限制（空间）attain【实现（文学化）】 Attain ones goal 实现某人的目标（一般无法实现）Support(对家庭军队的养育；对观点的支持）sustain（从下往上的支持） 动态的延续Life-sustaining substances 维持生命的物质The evidence cannot sustain the argument. 证据并不能支持观点 The branch（树枝） could hardly sustain the weight of the fruit.树枝不能承受水果的重量 br:nt Maintain（保有；对家庭军队的养育；对机器的维护；对观点的支持） retain（保有） Maintain equipment 保养设备 Maintain reputation 保有荣誉 Eat well-balanced meal to maintain weight 吃平衡饮食来保持体重 Congress appropriates funds to maintain the Navy. 议会（国会）拨出资金支持海军 Maintain the view that .认为appropriate1 adj (for/to sth)suitable; right and proper 合适的Sports clothes are not appropriate for a formal wedding.运动服用於正式婚礼中是不适当的.appropriate2 vTn take (sth) for ones own use, esp without permission or illegally 拿（某事物）为己所用（尤指未经获准或非法者）; 擅用; 挪用; 窃用: He was accused of appropriating club funds.他被控告挪用俱乐部基金.Tn.pr sth for sth put (esp money) on one side for a special purpose 拨出（尤指款项）: 5000 has been appropriated for a new training scheme.为新的训练计划已经拨款5000英镑.Congress 代表大会 ；国会；议会（国家的最高权力机关）A congress is a large meeting that is held to discuss ideas and policies.A lot has changed after the party congress.Inquiring询问的 Detain（拘禁；留，中性）1. If you have an inquiring mind, you have a great interest in learning new things.All this helps children to develop an inquiring attitude to learning.2.If someone has an inquiring expression on their face, they are showing that they want to know something. (WRITTEN).an enquiring glance. =questioningThe teacher is detained by students with inquiring mind. Transform（重大转型，与form有关） convert （信念的转化，例皈依佛门；货币的兑换（n-conversion)，=exchange）Shift（转移，focus，attention，topic，interest（抽象），seat（具体）switch（在固定范围内转变，引申为开关）Transition （过渡转型，是一段时间的，针对的最主干意思是转型或过渡期）transit U process of going or being taken or transported from one place to another 搬运; 运输: goods delayed or lost in transit在运输中延误或遗失的货物 定 an urban rapid-transit system 城市高速运输系统.Transaction（交易，业务，piece of business transacted ）Transmit（无形传播signal，disease n-transmission） emit（give or send (sth) out; discharge释放能量) remit（汇寄 ；饶恕） Remit a fee, cheque, payment, etc汇寄费用 支票 款项等 His prison sentence has been remitted.他的监禁刑罚已获得赦免. Transfuse（输血n，transfusion） The injured man had lost a lot of blood and had to be given a transfusion.Effuse v 流出；吐露（ef 出+fuse流出） pouring out, esp of liquid 能量；感情；血 infuse v 注入灌输（某特性）（in 进入+fuse流进去注入）put (a quality) into sb/sth; fill sb/sth with (a quality) The transformation from planned economy to market-oriented economy（彻底的转变） He is converted to Judaism.（皈依） Make mental conversion of the local currency Switch seats shift seats to the front row把椅子移到前面 Shift the topic from politics to sports 把话题从政治转到运动 Transmit disease/signal/passion(激情）/knowledge currency / krns; kns/ nC, U money system in use in a country 通货; 货币: gold/paper currency金纸币 * trading in foreign currencies以外汇为支付手段的贸易 * decimal currency十进制货币 * a strong currency强通货 attrib 作定语 a currency crisis, deal, etc 货币的危机 交易等.current1 / krnt; knt/ adjusu attrib 通常作定语 of the present time; happening now 现行的; 当前发生的: current issues, problems, prices目前的议题 问题 价格 * the current issue of a magazine最新一期的杂志 * the current year, ie this year 今年 * current events in India印度的要闻 * her current boy-friend 她现在的男朋友.current2 / krnt; knt/ nC movement of water, air, etc flowing in a certain direction through slower-moving or still water, air, etc （水 气等的）流, 流动: The swimmer was swept away by the current.那个游泳的人被激流卷走了. * She had to swim against the current.她必须逆着水流往上游. * Currents of warm air keep the hang-gliders aloft.悬挂式滑翔机藉着暖气流在高空飞行 You can check out the transaction records in the bank. 你可以核对银行的交易记录 Certain mosquitoes can transmit malaria. mleri 某种蚊子可以传播疟疾 The capacity of public _transit_ has been greatly enhanced during Beijing Olympics. _switch_ a motor vehicle to a higher gear The current focus should be shift to combating inflation. Parents infuse some of their characteristics to children. Capacity ability to hold or contain sth 容纳某事物的能力:a hall with a seating capacity of 2000有2000个座位的大厅Motor 1.n device that changes (usu electric) power into movement, used to make machines work 发动机; 马达 2.Adj having or driven by a motor (1) 有发动机的; 由发动机驱动的: motor vehicles机动车辆Interval（小的时间间隔）period（长的历史）span（时间或桥梁的跨度可长可短）phase（个人较长的的时间段）stage in a process of change or development Margin blank space round the written or printed matter on a page 页边空白 amount of space, time, votes, etc by which sth is won 差数; 差额; 差距: a wide margin between the winner and the loser, eg a big difference in points scored 胜败双方比分的巨大差数 Marginal 1.of or in a margin 页边空白的 2.small; slight 小的; 少的; 轻微的 3.insignificant 不重要的 Border n .（自然界和行政的边界）(land near the) line dividing two countries or areas; frontier v. be a border to (sth); be on the border of (sth) 与（某物）接界, 接壤; 在（某物）的边上: Our garden is bordered on one side by a stream.我们的花园有一边以小河为界 Bond (两个人签署的契约；情感的纽带） We entered into a solemn bond.我们缔结了一项正式协定. the bonds of friendship/affection友谊感情的纽带 bound to do （必将去做）The weather is bound to get better tomorrow.明天天气一定会变好 Boundary（一个东西的限度）；line that marks a limit; dividing line 界限; 分界线 是一个圈 Scientists continue to push back the boundaries of knowledge.科学家不断地把知识领域的边缘向外扩展. Edge （具体东西的边缘）sharp cutting part of a blade, knife, sword, or some other tool or weapon （刀片 刀 剑或其他工具或武器的）锋利部分; 刀口; 锋: a knife with a sharp edge锋利的刀 Verge（抽象的边缘）On the verge of mental breakdown 几乎要崩溃了，在崩溃的边缘Rim （圆的圈的（边缘） edge or border of sth that is (approximately) circular the rim of a cup, bowl, etc杯 碗等的边Fringe（花边，毛边）；刘海儿: She has a fringe and glasses.她额前有刘海儿, 戴着眼镜 Suburb (esp residential) district outside the central part of a town or city （城镇的）郊区;（尤指）城郊住宅区: an industrial suburb城郊工业区 in the outskirts of the city（城市的外围） An interval of silence in honor（=honour） of the dead 一个为表达对死者的敬意的短暂的沉默 Life span 生命长度 attention span 注意力维持时间 Some eagles have a wing span of one and a half meters有些鹰的的2个翅膀长度为1.5米 Its just a phase, move on! 这仅仅是阶段性的 继续！ Margin of error 误差 He passed the exam with the narrowest margin.（勉强通过） Sign a bond （签合同） Beyond the boundary of existent knowledge 超过已存在知识的范围 She is on the verge of tears.（几乎要哭了）Honour(=honor) source of pride and pleasure; privilege 光荣; 荣幸: the seat of honour at the head of the table上首席位 * It is a great honour to be invited.承蒙邀请, 十分荣幸.on my honour I swear it 我发誓; 我以人格担保: I promise Ill pay you back, on my honour.我以人格担保, 一定把钱还给你in honour of sb/sth; in sbs/sths honour out of respect for sb/sth 出於对某人某事物的敬意；纪念 a ceremony in honour of those killed in battle 为纪念阵亡将士而举行的仪式trim (a) Tn, Tn.p make (sth) neat or smooth by cutting away irregular parts （藉切除不规则的部分）使（某物）整齐或光滑; 整修, 修剪（某物）: trim the top of a hedge修剪树篱 * trim ones beard (back) 修胡子. (b) Tn, Tn.pr, Tn.p sth (off sth/off)remove sth or reduce sth by cutting （用切 割 剪 砍等方式）除去或削减某物: The articles too long. Can you trim it (by a quarter)?这篇文章太长. 你能删减（四分之一）吗? The host team won the game with large margin. 客队大胜 The new discovery is _bound_ to be of great service to mankind. Science has great advances the boundary of knowledge. The audience were going out during the interval. Gardeners are trimming the _verge_ of the law. They are on the verge of a complete failure.和减少增长有关的词1数量 基本词 increase decrease Soar 激增 slump 狂跌Decline decrease 数量比率和程度的减小（decline还有谢绝和衰败期的意思) a declining birth-rate逐渐下降的出生率 declining sales销售量下降Her influence declined after she lost the election.她落选後其影响力大为降低Student numbers have decreased by 500.学生人数减少了500名. Interest in the sport is decreasing.人们对此项运动的兴趣已逐渐淡薄 People should decrease the amount of fat they eat. ?France has greatly decrease its influence in world affairs.Decrease 可以做及物动词 decline做及物动词时只能表示拒绝2面积 expand 扩大 swell 膨胀Shrink 缩小 Contract（vi金属和肌肉的收缩；订合同 n 合同） 这里的词语比较难了，不妨举几个例子摆在这里来说明一下。Swell (cause sth to) become larger or bulge outwards, eg because of pressure from inside Wood often swells when wet.木材潮湿後往往会膨胀 The wind is swelling sails.(帆) His injured wrist began to swell. 他的受伤的手腕开始肿起来 Never swell with pride when you only make a little contribution.Expand (cause sth to) become greater in size, number or importance Metals expand when they are heated.金属受热则膨胀. The treaty will help to expand the bilateral trade exchange. 条约将会帮助扩大贸易Bilateral bailtrlAdj having two sides; affecting or involving two parties, countries, etc 有两边的; （两党 两国等）双边的: a bilateral agreement/treaty 双边的协议条约.Shrink 1.使缩小(面积) (cause sth to) become smaller, esp because of moisture or heat or cold Will this shirt shrink in the wash?这件衬衫洗後缩水吗?Forests are shrinking due to urbanization.（v，urbanize）由于城市化，森林的面积正在减少 2.退缩（转） He shrank in face of challenge. （Shrink 的活用表示退缩。）Contract Metal will contract when cooled down. Metal contracts as it becomes cool. 金属遇冷收缩其它和减有关系的词 Detract from（减损）make sth seem less valuable or important 减损某事物的价值或重要性; 贬低: detract from the merit, value, worth, excellence, etc of sth有损於某事物的好处重要性价值 优点 subtract 减 (算数） Retract 1.withdraw (a statement, charge, etc) 撤回或撤消（声明 指控等）: The accused refused to retract(his statement). 那被告拒不撤消（其供述）. 2. 缩进；退缩（re向后+tract向后拉缩进） The undercarriage on light aircraft does not always retract in flight.轻型飞机飞行时起落架不一定缩回. 3.refuse to honour or keep (an agreement, etc) 拒绝执行或遵守（协议等）: retract a promise, an offer, etc 食言 撤消提议keep ones promise Protract v 延长（贬）（pro向前+tract向前拉延长） Lets not protract the debate any further.我们不要再继续争论下去了 Wither （花朵凋零） The flowers will wither if you dont put them in water.这些花不放在水里就要枯死了. (fig比喻) Their hopes gradually withered away.他们的希望逐渐破灭了 The petals of many flowers wither in sunshine.恶化 Deteriorate vi aggravate vt worsen vi/vt lessen Lessen the importance/severity/pain 带程度色彩，褒贬色彩的Taking the medicine can lessen the incidence of infection. Relieve Relieve disaster/earthquake 赈灾(唯一一个可以表达灾害减轻的词是relieve) Poverty-relief project 扶贫工程 The relief of lands 土地的起伏Alleviate 减轻疼痛程度（level）的减轻 已经被relieve包括进去了 Relieve sb of sth. 减轻Relive verb 重新体验VN to experience sth again, especially in your imagination: He relives the horror of the crash every night in his dreams. 处理丢弃类类 1.Dispose of n-disposal at disposal of sb=at sbs disposal a better way of disposing of household waste清除家中垃圾的好办法 He was forced to dispose of(ie sell)his art treasures.他被迫处理（卖）掉了自己的艺术珍藏. All the furniture has been disposed of.所有的家具都已处理掉了 The safe disposal of nuclear waste is a major problem.安全处置核废料是个大问题. a bomb disposal squad 炸弹处理小组. He has only a limited time at his disposal. 他只有有限的时间可以自由支配 the disposal of electronic trash（垃圾） 电子垃圾的处理 2.Dispense with 摒弃 省掉 If you dispense with something, you stop using it or get rid of it completely, especially because you no longer need it. He is not yet well enough to dispense with the pills.他尚未痊愈, 仍需吃药. Lets dispense with formalities!咱们不必拘礼了. Formalities were dispensed with, ie People could speak frankly or naturally. 免除了客套. Automation has largely dispensed with the need for manual checking, ie made it unnecessary. 实行了自动化就在很大程度上不需要人工检验了.Be indispensable to 对.是必不可少的Family upbringing（抚养）is indispensable to the growth of a child .家庭的抚养对孩子的成长是不可或缺的Industrial investment is an indispensable part of the expenditure of a country.工业投资在国家开支很重要。 3.Discard Discard the misconception 抛弃误解 old, discarded clothes扔掉的旧衣服. discard ones winter clothes in spring春天里换下冬装 (fig比喻) discard outdated beliefs 抛弃过时的信仰. Dispose vt Tn (fml文) place(sb/sth) in a suitable way; arrange 安排, 编排（某人某事物）; 布置: troops disposed in battle formation编成战斗队形的军队 * dispose the chairs/singers in a semi-circle 把椅子唱歌的人排成半圆形.Cn.t (fml文) make (sb) willing or ready to do sth 使（某人）愿意做某事物: His criminal record does not dispose me to trust him.他有前科, 我不能轻易相信他.Dispense vt Tn, Tn.pr sth (to sb)(a) give sth out; distribute sth 施予某物; 分配某物: On Saturday morning my father solemnly dispensed pocket money to each of the children.星期六上午我父亲郑重其事地给每个孩子发零花钱. * a machine dispensing paper towels 供应纸巾的机器. (b) (law律) administer (justice) in court 执行（法律）.Consumption 1（食物 能量 资源等的）消耗: The meat was declared unfit for human consumption.这种肉已宣布不适宜人们食用. conspicuous consumption which is an affront to people on low incomes 使低收入者感到自惭形秽的那种铺张. 2. quantity used 消耗量: We have measured the cars fuel consumption.我们测量了这辆汽车的汽油消耗量. A time-consuming task 一项耗时的任务 American industry is high energy-consuming. 美国的工业是耗能的Exhaust 体力精力的消耗 N 废气esp passive 尤用於被动语态 make (a person or an animal) very tired 使（人或动物）非常疲倦: The long cycle ride exhausted her.她因长途骑车而疲惫不堪. * He exhausted himself in the attempt.他因十分努力而筋疲力尽use (sth) up completely 用尽, 耗尽（某物）: exhaust ones patience, strength失去耐性 用尽力气 * exhaust a money supply 把钱用光 The calculating guy has exhausted his wits. 这个精明的家伙想尽了办法Calculate v work (sth) out by using numbers or ones judgement; estimate 计算; 估计: calculate the cost of sth/how much sth will cost计算某事物的费用 * Scientists have calculated that the worlds population will double by the end of the century.科学家已推算出世界人口在本世纪末将要增加一倍.Calculating adj 精明的，深谋远虑的 (disapproving) good at planning things so that you have an advantage, without caring about other people: a cold and calculating killer I never realized you could be so calculating.exhausted adj very tired 极其疲倦的: Im exhausted!我已筋疲力尽了! * The exhausted troops surrendered.部队人困马乏结果投降了. Singapore is so small a country that you can exhaust all her scenic spots within a few days, and yet it is such an open and expansive society that races live in harmony and cultures flourish side by side. Expense 个人方面的小花费You cannot not make money at the expense of your health. 你不能以健康为代价赚钱an expense of time, energy and cash时间 精力 现金的花费 He hired a plane, regardless of expense.他不惜代价, 租了一架飞机. Most children in Britain are educated at public expense.英国大多数儿童靠公费受教育.Expenditure 国家公司方面的大开支the expenditure of money on weapons购置武器的开支 expenditure of energy on a project 在一项目上耗费的精力.The company has to cut down the non-productive expenditure during the economic recession在经济萧条时期，公司不得不减少没有盈利的开支3长度东西的长度 lengthen the sleeves 增长袖子 a lengthy essay 一篇冗长的文章Article （把文章写得更详细一些） The night starts to lengthen in winter Lengthen the sleeves of the skirtprolong 只能够窄意得表示时间的拉长 并且还只有些特殊的搭配 prolong life/attention span prolong his life with new therapy Prolong the unnecessary suffering of a dying patient 延长一个将死的病人不必要的痛苦Prolonged 是个独立的ed分词 adj 漫长的Prolonged waiting 漫长得等待Stretch arms /rubber 肢体和东西的拉伸 make (sth) longer, wider or tighter by pullingThe sky stretched（形象化的用法） /extends as far as eyes can see A piece of rubber can be stretched. 一片橡胶可以被拉伸（rubber 橡胶；橡胶的） He stretch his arms for the book. Can you work for six hours at a stretch? There is a narrow stretch of land among the waters.-Extend make (sth) longer or larger (in space or time)Extend the railway 距离 Extend the meeting 时间Extend the diplomatic visit for a few more days 延长几天外交访问Can you extend your visit a few days longer?你能多停留几天吗?extend a fence, wall, railway, garden扩建篱笆 墙 铁路 花园 对比 delay延误 / suspend 终止，暂停其派生词有特殊的用法和意义 Extensive extentMake extensive research 做广泛的研究 Make an extensive study of the topic 对话题进行广泛的研究To a greater or lesser extent, I approve of your views. 我或多或少支持你的观点To a large extent, the accident resulted from failure to observe safety regulations. Dissolve 1本义溶解: Water dissolves salt.水能溶解盐2转义消失; 消散 (in sth)disappear; fade away : All his hopes dissolved at the terrible news.那个极坏的消息使他的一切希望都破灭了. The view dissolved in mist.那景色在雾中消失了.resolve on/upon/against sth/doing sth decide firmly; determine决定; 决心 1 v 2 n=resolution（要做某事）He resolved on/against (making) an early start.他决定反对尽早出发. She resolved that she would never see him again/never to see him again.她决心不再见他.show great resolution表现得十分坚定 * a man lacking in resolution缺乏毅力的人 * His speech ended on a note of resolution.他演讲结束时语调很坚决.Resolvable adj that can be solved or settled 可解决的; 可解答的. Solution 解决办法problems that defy solution, ie cannot be solved 无法解决的问题 the solution to a crossword puzzle纵横填字谜的谜底 She can find no solution to her financial troubles.她经济困难无法克服. Resorting to violence is not the best solution to an argument.使用武力不是解决争执的上策.名言 It is hope that sustains life. 是希望支持生活 I have infinite curiosity over what death is like. 我对死亡有无限的好奇 - Otto Jespersen Struggling is the way of life and the way to strengthening a species.挣扎是人生常态，也是强化种族的方式 Follow your heart 随心 Choose a path. 选择一条路 Move on like a fool. 执着前行 Aspiration 报复，理想 Time Management 时间管理Self-discipline 自我约束an athletes self-discipline运动员的自律力 Dietin