不定式和动名词.docx

后面常跟不定式作宾语的动词有：hope to do sth 希望去做某事 wish to do sth希望去做某事expect to do sth 希望去做某事 agree to do sth答应去做某事promise to do sth 答应去做某事 demand to do sth要求去做某事ask to do sth 要求去做某事 refuse to do sth拒绝去做某事manage to do sth 设法去做某事 learn to do sth学会做某事decide to do sth 决定做某事 pretend to do sth假装去做某事chooseto do sth 选择做某事 intend to do sth打算做某事offer to do sth 提出去做某事 plan to do sth计划去做某事apply e to do sth 申请去做某事 fail to do sth做某事失败afford to do sth 负担去做某事 prepare to do sth准备去做某事happen to do sth 碰巧去做某事 英语中能接不定式作宾语的主要动词口诀（25个主要动词）三个希望两答应，hope, wish, expect, agree, promise两个要求莫拒绝。 demand, ask, refuse设法学会做决定， manage, learn, decide/determine不要假装在选择。 pretend, choose/select打算提出俩计划， intend, offer, plan, mean申请失败负担起， apply, fail, afford准备愿望又碰巧。 prepare, desire, happenI hoped to have seen you in Paris last week.我原指望上星期能在巴黎见到你。I wish to be forever with him. 我希望能永远和他在一起。I expect to see you soon.我期盼着能马上见到你。Sally agreed to be my date tonight. 莎丽同意今晚跟我出去约会。She promised to be a film star. 她有希望成为一名电影明星。I demand to know why he had done it. 我要求知道他为什麽做出这种事。Everyone asks to have a sweet life. 每一个人都要求拥有甜蜜的生活。This is the reason why he refused to accept the fact . 这就是为什么他不想接受这个事实的原因。We finally managed to get there in time. 最后，我们设法及时赶到了那里。Anyone can learn to speak English. 任何人都可以学着说英语。I decided to conquer English from today! 我决定从今天开始攻克英语！Jim has determined to work harder than before. 吉姆下决心比从前更努力工作。She pretended to be happy when she saw her father. 她看到她爸爸的时候假装高兴的样子。Can you choose to fall? 你真能选择堕落吗? I intend to improve my English test, because it is very bad. 我打算提高我的英语成绩，因为老是考得很糟糕。Never offer to teach fish to swim. 不要教鱼游泳(不要班门弄斧)。I plan to translate the novel. 我计划要翻译这篇小说。I did not mean to hurt your feelings. 我没有想要伤害你的感情。International students can also apply to become resident assistants after a year in the dorms. 国际学生也可以在宿舍住满一年后申请成为居民助理的。He failed to seize the opportunity . 他没有把握住那个机会。How can he afford to go abroad every year? 他怎么能支付得起每年出国的费用？Do you prepare to accept the challenge? 你做好准备接受挑战了吗？Every man desires to live long, but no man would be old. 人人都希望长寿，但没人愿意变老。I happen to have an honest partner.我碰巧有一个忠实的好搭档。后面只能跟动名词作宾语的动词有：下面的顺口溜有助于记忆：喜欢、考虑不可免（enjoy，consider，escape，avoid）停止，放弃太冒险（stop，give up，risk）反对想象莫推延（mine，imagine，delay，put off）要求完成是期望（require，finish，look forward to.）建议继续勤练习（suggest，goon，practise）不禁原谅要坚持（cant help，excuse，insist on）继续注意使成功（keep on，mind，succeed in）一、 有些动词或形容词后面接动名词（Ving）作宾语，有些动词后面接不定式形式作宾语（如ask），还有些动词或形容词既可接不定式又可接ving形式作宾语（如forget, remember等），但是他们的含义却不相同。下面列举一些常用的动词和形容词，比较其后面接动名词和不定式作宾语的区别。1.remember和forgetremember/forget +doing表示“过去已经做过”，指行为已经发生过，译为“记得做过某事/忘记做过某件事”。forget常用在“Ill never forget doing.”结构中。如：Ill never forget meeting the Queen.我将永远不会忘记见过女王这件事。remember/forget +to do表示“事情要去做”，即“事情还未做”，指行为还没有发生。如：Did you remember to buy my cigarettes?你还记得给我买烟吗？2.stopstop + doing表示“停止做某件事。如：I really must stop smoking.我真的需要戒烟了。stop + to do表示”停下來去做某件事”，即“做某件事的过程中停下来去做另一件事情”。如：Every hour I stop work to have a little rest.每隔一小时我就停下工作休息一会。3.go ongo on + doing 表示“继续做同一件事情”。如：She went on talking about her illnesses until everybody went to sleep.她继续讲她的疾病直到每个人都去睡觉了。go on + to do 表示“继续做另外一件事”，是指停止原本手中的事，开始做另外一件事。如：She stopped talking about her illesses and went on to tell us about all her other problems.她停止讲她的疾病，继续告诉我们她其他的所有问题。4.regretregret +doing 表示“对已发生的事感到遗憾（已做）”，如：I dont regret telling her what I thought,even if it made her angry.我不后悔告诉她我所想的，即使让她生气。regret +to do 表示“对将要做的事感到遗憾（未做）”，如：British Rail regret to announce that the 13.15 train for Cardiff will leave approximately thirty-seven minutes late.This delay is due to the late running of the train.英国铁路公司很遗憾的通知大家开往加地夫的13.15列车将大概晚37分钟开出。推迟的原因是列车的晚点。5.allowallow + doing sth 用在主动语态中，allow后面不用跟宾语，译为“ 允许(做)某事”。当allow后面跟宾语时，用不定式作宾补，即“allow sb to do sth”，译为“允许某人做某事”。如：We dont allow smoking in the lecture room.我们不允许在讲堂里吸烟。We dont allow people to smoke in the lecture room.我们不允许人们在讲堂里吸烟。6.see，watch，hearsee,hear,watch都是感官动词，后面接动名词（doing形式）表示“当时一瞬间的动作，部分过程”，意为“看/听/看正在干什么”；后面接不带to的动词不定式，表示“看到或听到动作的整个过程”。如：I looked out of the window and saw Mary crossing the road.（=She was in the middle of crossing the road）我从窗户往外看的时候，玛丽正在过马路。I saw Mary step off the pavement,cross the road and disappera into the post office.我看到玛丽离开人行横道，穿过马路，走进邮局不见了。（目睹了从看到marry过马路到消失的整个过程）7.trytry +doing 表示“尝试着干某事”“试着（用什么方法）去做某事”，指的是一种试着、做做看的做法。如：I tried sending her flowers ,giving her presents,writing her letters;but she still wouldnt speak to me.我尝试送她花，送她礼物，还写过信，但是她仍然不和我讲话。try +to do 表示“努力去做某事”、“尽力干”，指想尽一切办法要把事情办成。如：I tried to write a letter ,but my hands were too cold to hold a pen.我努力去些信，但是我的手太冷了以至于不能握住钢笔。8.afraidbe afraid of + doing sth 表示”担心会发生某事或某情况”，但实际上未必会发生。如：I dont like to drive fast because Im afraid of crashing.(NOT. Im afraid to crash.）我不想开太快，因为我怕撞车。表示害怕做某事或不敢做某事（(指缺乏勇气或害怕其后果而不敢）等，可以用 be afraid +to do sth 或者 be afraid of + doing sth。如：Im not afraid of telling/ to tell her the truth.我不敢告诉她真相。9.sorrysorry for + doing 和 sorry about +doing 表示对过去做的事情抱歉。如：Im sorry for/about waking you up.(=Im sorry that I woke you up.)我很抱歉把你吵醒了。sorry + 不定式的完成时态（sorry + to have+过去分词）也表示对过去做的事情感到抱歉。如：Im sorry to have woken you up.我很抱歉把你吵醒了。sorry + to do 表示”对正在做的事情或将要做的事情道歉“，如：Sorry to disturb you-could I speak to you for a moment.不好意思打扰你-我能给你说句话吗？10.certain和surebe certain/sure of + doing sth 表示“句子主语的信念和感觉”，意为“（他/她）确信、自信”。如：Before the game she felt sure of winning,but after five minutes she realized that it wasnt going to be so easy.在比赛之前，她确信自己能赢，但是5分钟后她意识到赢不是如此容易的。be certain/sure + to do sth 表示说话人的看法，意为“一定会”、“肯定会”。如：“Kroftovas sure to win-the other girl hasnt got a chance.”克罗托娃一定会赢其他女孩子不可能有机会。Dont be so sure.”不要如此肯定。11.like，love， hate，prefer，begin，start，attempt，intend，continue，cant bear上述这些词后面既可以接动名词又可以接不定式作宾语，含义没有太大的区别。如：I hate working/to work at weekends.我讨厌在周末工作。She began playing/to play the guitar when she was six.当她六岁的时候，她开始弹吉他。I intend telling her /to tell her what I think.我打算告诉她我所想的。在英式英语中，常习惯用“like +doing sth”表示喜欢去做某事，指一种具体的行为，“like +to do sth”表示喜欢做，说明一种通常情况，一般指习惯爱好。试比较下面两个句子：I like climbing mountains.我喜欢爬山。I like to start work early in the morning.我喜欢早餐很早开始工作。在would like，would prefer，would hate，would love结构后面，我们则用不定式。如：Id like to tell you something.我想告诉你些事情。Can I give you a lift?No,thanks.Id prefer to walk.我能为你开电梯吗？ “不，谢谢，我喜欢走路。”Id love to have a coat like that.我想要件那样的外套。试比较下面的句子：Do you like dancing?（=Do you enjoy dancing?）你喜欢跳舞吗？Would you like to dance?（=Do you want to dance now? 邀请）我能请你跳舞吗？关于used to + to do和be used to +doing的区别，参考： be used to的用法，used to do的用法不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种： (1)把不定式置于句首。如：To get there by bike will take us half an hour. (2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：Itbe名词to do Its our duty to take good care of the old. It takes sb+some time+to do How long did it take you to finish the work? Itbe形容词for sbto do It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour. Itbe形容词of sbto do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays. It seems(appears)形容词to do It seemed impossible to save money. 在句型中，常用表示客观情况的形容词如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is形容词to do句式，如：Itskind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English. 动名词作主语Learning without practice is no good. 动名词作主语时，也常用It句式。如： Its +no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing Its no good reading in dim light. Its no use sitting here waiting. Its形容词doing Its dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days. 这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构，应用不定式代替，如：Itsimportant for you to keep fit. There is no+doing There is no saying what will happen next. 在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于Its impossible to结构。动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如：Its no good eating too much fat. Its no good for you to eat so much fat. 动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如：Its no use your pretending that you didnt know the rules. 二、作宾语不定式作宾语以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，这些词大部分可接th at引导的从句。如：I decided to ask for my money back. I decided that I would ask for my money back. When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot. 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语动词it补语to do句式。如：We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well. He feels it his duty to help the poor. 介词but,except,besides+to do(do) 在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，即带do不带to，带to不带do。如：The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in. On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV. 动名词作宾语以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imag ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,dont mind,give up,insist,on, put off等。如：I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health. 动名词作介词的宾语I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home. What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech? 动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：have difficulty(in)doing,have no trouble(in)doing,lose no ti me(in)doing,prevent/stop(from)doing,there is no use(in)doing等。部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如：begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等。 在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，如：Your handwr iting needs improving(tobe improved). hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件，接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为。在下列情况下，一般要用不定式： hate,like,love前有would(should)时，如：Id like to have a cup of coffee. 当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，如：Thestudents are starting to work on the difficult maths problem. begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时，如：I soon began to understand what was happening. advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如：Our teachers dont permit our swimming in the lake. Our teachers dont permit us to swim in the lake. 部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如：Dont forget fo post the letter for me. Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport? Remember to close the windows before you leave. I remember writing him a letter a year ago. We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting. They regretted ordering these books from abroad. mean to do 打算做某事mean doing 意味着 I meant to catch up with the early bus. This means wasting a lot of money. try to do 设法尽力做某事try doing 试着做某事You should try to overcome your shortcomings. Try working out the physics problem in another way. stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）stop doing 停止做某事 On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper. Youd better stop arguing and do as you are told. cant help doing 禁不住 cant help to do不能帮助干 They couldnt help jumping up at the news. Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I cant help to make up the room for you. go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事go on doing 继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。Well go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world. leave off to do 离开某地去干什么（目的状语）leave off doing停下某事Its time to leave off talking and to start acting. They left off to go fishing. 三、做表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter. What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例）。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mistake,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例），不定式说明主语的内容。Our work is serving the people. What he likes is taking a walk after supper. The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting. 句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving thepeople is out work,而句中是现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。四、作定语不定式作定语不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：The next train to arrive is from Washington. Have you anything to be taken to your sister? Do you have anything to say on the question? Would you please give me some paper to write on? My wish to visit France has come true at last. 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系： (1)表示将来的动作（例）。 (2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例） (3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态（例）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例）(4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例to arrive=that will arrive。动名词作定语This passage can be used as listening materials. The reading room of our school library can hold 800people. All moving bodies have energy. 句动名词作定语说明一种性能，即：用来的；第句为现在分词作定语，单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前，与被修饰词之间，可构成逻辑上的主谓关系，分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。如：The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua. 五、不定式作补足语作宾语补足语一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，这时意思才相对完整。 (1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow, ask, advise, beg, cause, drive（强迫），encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, would like(love, hate), order, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等。如：Would you like me to give your regards to Mary? I want you to understand the whole passage clearly. (2)部分动词后常接to be形容词、名词短语等形式，有时to be可省略，如：believe,consider,discov er,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understa nd等。We all believe John(to be)honest. I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School. 但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：We consider him tohave been foolish. (3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to I didnt hear anyone say anything about it. They make the students do too much homework every day. 这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第句：Thestudents are made to do too much Homework every day. (4)help,know后面的to可有可无。如： Would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform? Ive never known her(to)be late before.但：He was known to have been to France before. (5)部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如：You may depend on them to be there early. The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy. 常这样用的短语动词有：ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for（渴望）， prepare for,wish for等。作主语补足语不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如：He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late. The young university student is considered to have great promise. 六、不定式作状语作目的状语 (1) I stayed there to see what would happen. Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examinedby the doctor. (2)有时为了强调，不定式前可加in order或so as。如：Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not toforget it. 有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部 分可转换为so that,in order that,成为目的状语从句，如：I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see whatwould happen. (3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。We are glad to hear the news. I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well. 在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。如：The question raised by thestudent is difficult to answer. The room is really comfortable to live in. 常这样用的形容词有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。作结果状语We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. 不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如：soas to;suchas to Im not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。Im not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. enoughto The speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner. only to Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital. tooto Im too tired to stay up longer. 但在下列结构中，tooto并非是“太而不能”之意。如： Im only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了。（too修饰glad to have，相当 于very）We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如：To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome. 常见的短语有to be exact（确切地说），to begin with（首先），to do him justice（说句对他公道的 话），to be sure（真的）等等。 七、动词不定式、动名词的其它用法疑问词不定式结构疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。如：When to leave for London has not been decided yet. Mr. Smith didnt know whether to leave or stay there. I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. The question was where to get the medicine needed. 以上例句中疑问词不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。如：When we shall leavehow I could