Lisa美语笔记整理.doc

元音音素：通用：单元音：前元音：/i/ /i:/ /e/ /后元音：/u/ /u:/ / /:/ / /a:/ 中元音：/ /:/ 双元音：合口双元音：/ei/ /ai/ /i/ /au/ /u/ 集口双元音：/i/ / /u/KK:单元音：/i/ / / / / / / / / /u/ / / 双元音：/e/ /o/ /a/ /a/ /DJ:单元音：前元音：/ /i:/ /e/ /后元音：/ /u:/ / /:/ / /:/中元音：/ /:/双元音：合口双元音：/e/ /a/ / /a/ /集口双元音：/ /e/ /辅音音素KK&DJ：爆破音：/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/摩擦音：/f/ /v/ / / /s/ /z/ / / /r/ /h/破擦音：/ts/ /dz/ /tr/ /dr/ /t/ /d/ 鼻音：/m/ /n/ / 边音：/l/半元音：/w/ /j/ 1.元音音素/i/ / / / / / (/) / / /u/ / / /e/ /o/ /a/ /a/ /please see meat believethis difficult if dinnerbed men dress friendapple man stand angryhot topic office modernbut gun jump love always tall bought thought book foot pull push tookmoon shoes room blue first Thursday girl worklate gate baseball stay OKgo drove slow moment time wild nine diningnow house ground announceenjoy noise boys annoying2.中性/松元音 / / / / 紧元音 /i/ / / /u/ / fool - full hot - hut steel - still bag - beg3./i/与/ /i/嘴唇向两边收紧，扁唇；舌头在口腔里向后收紧see cheese please beat believe deceive/ 嘴唇放松；舌头位于正常位置，放松if different this thing system gymfeet - fit leave - live sleep - slip these - this feel - fill steel - still eat - it beach - bitch sheet - shit 注意：主要区别不是长短而是紧松。被强调时，松元音也可变长Wow, your house is big!4./a/与/a/上下张大嘴，把舌头贴在口腔底部，舌尖触碰下齿hot father army watch /嘴唇放松；舌头位于正常位置，放松up fun but number cousin country love son other done/a/发音通常较长，特别是重读的名词和形容词Thats impossible.I love my new job.shot - shut Don - done lock - luck cop - cup not - nut robber - rubber5./u/与/ /u/双唇收圆，小圆唇food moon blue true/双唇稍撅look took shook would could should push pullfool - full Luke - look pool - pull 6./嘴角向两边拉开；上下齿高度为食指中指指尖叠加高度；舌头下贴，向后收紧。英美发音不同：class math math class发音通常较长，特别是名词和动词apple angry man fat dance class dance class Los Angeles California random answer 7./上下张口，口型呈椭圆形，像鸡蛋，略撅嘴。英美发音不同call tall fall small always automobile August audience applaud saw law awful He paused in the hall to talk with Paul.The author talked to the small audience.We all thought you bought it at the mall.Its awful that he always breaks the law!Hes exhausted because hes been walking all day long.8./o/滑动post moment go flow slow show road boat soap No, I dont.Dont go.so slow almost over9./ 一短，一长发音方式 /+/r/her teacher grammar learn heard bird first girl work worry word nurse hurt work early learn the words early bird perfect world10.单词重音重读音节内的元音要读得重而长banana Canada biology photography 句子中的重读：确定重读单词，重读音节内的元音要读得重而长I love my new job.I love it.I have to call him.Youre really tall.Its hot.Lets go to the park.I got a job at the hospital.11.单词非重读音节的弱化symbol local record句子中的弱读Lets meet at two oclock.Id like to talk to the pilot.Lets meet for breakfast.Id love to go for a walk.12.辅音/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /f/ /v/ / / /s/ /z/ / / /r/ /h/ts/ /dz/ /tr/ /dr/ /t/ /d/ /m/ /n/ / / /l/ /w/ /j/ 13.发准每一个音句子中单词的每个辅音都要发音到位。因此，我们在讲英语时要注意自己的口型probably in general seven twelve数字练习：1-2014.清辅音与浊辅音/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /f/ /v/ / / /s/ /z/ / / /tr/ /dr/ /t/ /d/ /ts/ /dz/ 清辅音前的元音发音较短，浊辅音前的元音发音较长ice - eyes back - bag safe - save pick - pig lock - log light - lied leaf - leave cup - cub15./ / 舌尖位于两齿间，轻触上齿，气流由舌尖和上齿间流出bath both math Thank you. Thursday thirsty anything healthy father mother there this soothe16./l/ 尾音/l/：释放舌头，让舌尖触碰上齿后面并停留，气流由舌头两侧流，softer and longer，要能听出清晰的音call Bill school wall feel ill feel ill awful film awful filmlittle animal little animal Ill call you to tell you about the film.I feel terrible about the political scandal,I think Ill be able to handle it by myself.Youll do well at school.17./r/舌头卷曲，不接触口腔，向后面拉英式英语元音因素后的/r/通常不发出来hear learn teacher German Robert Parker first person computer picture over there park 18./w/卷起嘴唇，肺部有大量的气流流出，声带振动wait welcome always quick quiet question require quality liquid 19./v/上齿轻触上唇，浊辅音very vote five eleven seven village visit vacation November vow - wow vet - wet vine - wine vest - west20./s/ /z/has is was because these those please always books bags boys laughs feels plays名词复数及动词第三人称单数/s/ &/z/读法清辅音后读/s/浊辅音或元音后读/z/21.停顿辅音与连续辅音停顿辅音 爆破音/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ 连续辅音 /s/ /z/ /f/ /v/ / / / / / / 音节后的 /m/ /n/ /l/ 爆破音后接辅音时失去爆破爆破音在句尾时失去爆破不释放的/t/：位于句尾，或后接可连读外的辅音No, its not.Im not that hot.Youre quite right.I cant do it.I want that blue hat.Robert, you might be right.Its not that different.What did you eat last night?I cant wait for that flight.22.当/t/处于两元音之间，听起来像轻而快的/d/，弹跳/d/better city ability water little auto automatic metal data Yes,it is.I got up at eleven oclock.Do you want to get in or get out?I bought it at a computer store.What a nice day it is!23.同一音节内，当/t/后面跟着/n/时发出en声：发/t/时，把舌头保持在上齿龈，然后直接发/n/，让气流由鼻腔流出，发出en声written mountain certain curtain I am certain thats the tallest mountain.My cotton shirt has buttons.I have forgotten when the book was written.Martin was born in Great Britain.24./ /thinking working practising interesting thing/ /的连读What are you thinking of?What are you talking about?bringing singing hanger 25./tr/ /dr/短轻/t/ /d/后接/r/try travel tradition introduce controldry drama drop drastic address hundred Sandra 26./t/ /d/t+u=/t/ d+u=/d/actually statue nature picturegraduate educate schedule individual 连读中的同化/t/ +/j/=/t/ Why cant you do it?/d/+/j/=/d/ Did you do it?Would you like to see the schedule?Arent you graduating in the spring?Cant you see the statue?Did you get a college education?27.动词过去式读法动词以/t/ /d/结尾，ed读/id/ waited needed painted completed attended counted invited动词以除了/t/的清辅音结尾，ed读/t/stopped worked parked cooked passed laughed pushed watched 动词以除了/d/的浊辅音或元音结尾, ed读/d/robbed loved realized used called played28.节奏和语调重读与弱读构成了节奏29.音节重读音节的概念重读音节的元音发音更响亮更长(louder,longer and higher in pitch)seat science success audiovisual urbandecade colleague female Japan Iran locate donate detail parenthesis necessary nssri necessity 30.双音节词读音规则90%的名词，前一个音节重读office problem window paper building mother father60%-70%的动词，后一个音节重读apply agree create relax complain enjoy同一个单词名词和动词的不同读法record object progress insult conflict present insert recall 31.”ate”组合的单词动词读/et/ 名词或形容词读/t/graduate estimate articulate 动词 /et/negotiate abbreviate calculate nominate donate 形容词或名词 /t/delicate chocolate accurate affectionate intimate 32.后缀的重读规则-ese 重读后缀 Chinese Japanese Portuguese -eer重读后缀pioneer volunteer engineer -ique重读后缀antique boutique critique technique -ic重读后缀前的音节realistic elastic electric strategic optimistic terrific pacific 从名词到形容重读的变化origin - original industry - industrial memory - memorial finance - financial president - presidential 33.非重读音节：轻而短madam problem symptom albumoclock doctor photographyatom Adam读音相同的不同单词lesson - lessen profit - prophet seller - cellar caller - collar 两读音不同economy memory control contain develop Europe information commercial34.句子中单词重读的依据 重读单词的重读音节要louder,longer and higher in pitch实词重读，虚词（功能词）弱读I will be driving to the market to buy something to eat.I will be driving to the market to buy something to eat.实词+实词 后一词通常重读I got a new job.Do me a favor. See you later.Lets go for a walk.Did you do your homework?谓语+宾语 宾语为代词，谓语要重读Did you get it? Did you get the job?Did you see it?Did you see the film?Who stole it?Who stole my money?Who stole the money from me?I was washing the dishes for her.Hes fixing the car for them.I just got a new job.I am so excited about it. I couldnt find one for a long time.Im working at the store. Im selling womens shoes.I started working there last week.On the first day, I was really nervous.There was so much to learn.35.长句子朗读根据语速，划分信息单位（意群，虚拟分组）；确定信息单位中的焦点词（关键词），焦点词通常在信息单位的后面部分；停顿多数发生在信息单位间，和出现焦点词的时候I was driving to the market to get something to eat,because I was very hungry.I was watching a movie with my friends when suddenly it started to rain.I was watching a movie with my friends when suddenly it started to rain.I was so tired that I couldnt wait to get home.I was so tired that I couldnt wait to get home.If I forget to pay my bill, please remind me about it.He wants to know if you need anything from the supermarket.Did you know it was snowing in all parts of the East Coast?When we climbed to the top of the mountain we could see the ocean.When we climbed to the top of the mountain we could see the ocean.36.形容词+名词：重读名词Its a hot day.You did a good job.I have blond hair.Im wearing a black jacket.Im wearing a black blouse and a black jacket.I have brown eyes.I had a nice job.I have an older brother.I went to a party and I had a good time.That was fast.That was a fast flight.I have five.I have five dollars.Its old.Its an older film.Hes younger.Hes my younger brother. （younger：作形容词时，与作比较级时的读法不同）That was great.I had a great time.I have an older brother and a younger sister.She has brown hair and blue eyes.That old lady has a little dog.My new car has four doors.I read a good book during the long flight.双形容词+名词：重读前一形容词和名词big black dogangry old manlong hot shower现在分词作定语，与动名词不同。现在分词不重读，动名词则须重读，如：a sleeping child 现在分词不重读a sleeping car 动名词须重读如何区分现在分词与动名词：现在分词表示其所修饰的名词的动作，也可以说现在分词与其所修饰的名词在逻辑上具有主谓关系。动名词则表示其所修饰的名词的性质或用途，二者在逻辑上无主谓关系。以以上两个短语为例，现在分词sleeping即表示其所修饰的名词child的动作，在逻辑上，child是主语，sleeping是谓语。动名词sleeping则表示其所修饰的名词car的用途，二者在逻辑上没有主谓关系。37.名词短语和复合名词的重读：重读前一单词eyelid eyebrow forehead earring hair style hair color hair brush hair salon book shelf washing machine laptop window frame drivers license credit card cellphone car keys chewing gumPlease give me your phone number with the area code first.My house has three bedrooms and two bathrooms.I got a headache from the loud rock music.The police officer was on a motorcycle.After their wedding day they went on their honeymoon.Dont put the newspaper in the trashcan.I bought a birthday present for my roommate.38.动词短语（动词+副词）的重读规则：重读副词注意辨别 动词+副词 与 不及物动词+介宾 两种情况。前者副词为实词，修饰动词，须重读，如：”Put on your coat.”；后者介词为虚词，不重读，如：”Ill look after him.”。1.在“动词+副词”短语中，若宾语是名词时，则该名词既可放在动词与副词之间，也可放在副词之后；若宾语是代词时，则该代词只可放在动词与副词之间，不可放在副词之后。Itstimeforbreakfast.WaketheboyupItstimeforbreakfast.Wakeuptheboy.Itstimeforbreakfast.Wakehimup.2.在“动词+介词”短语中，其宾语无论是名词还是代词，都须放在介词后面。不及物动词加上介词后，才能构成一个相当于及物动词的短语。Listentome.Lookattheblackboard.如何判断动词后面的小品词是副词还是介词呢？1.介词后面必须跟名词或代词作宾语。Lookafterthebaby.Sendforadoctor.副词后面可以带宾语，此时副词之前的动词一定是及物动词。Putonthecoat.或Putthecoaton.副词后面也可以不带宾语，此时副词前的动词一定是不及物动词。Inspringtheflowersstarttocomeout.2. “动词+副词”短语中的副词对动词起修饰、补充作用，而“动词+介词”短语中的介词则不起这个作用。3.“动词+副词”短语中的副词与动词的宾语存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。而“动词+介词”短语中则不存在这种关系。如：1）Thelifttakeshimdown.宾语him与副词down存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。2）Godowntheroad,youllfindthehospital.宾语theroad与介词down不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。简单来说，副词是实词，可以用来修饰动词，形容词，其他副词和句子。动副词组后面能否接名词取决于动词的词性。如果前面是不及物动词，则后面不接名词，如speakaloud。如果前面是及物动词，则后面必须接名词做该动词的宾语，该名词可以放于副词之前也可以放于副词之后，一般来说，比较长的名词词组多置于副词之后，但是代词则必须置于动词之后副词之前，如putonyourcoat=putiton。这里on作为副词对动词put的方位进行修饰限制。介词是虚词，又称前置词，用法如其名，后面必须接名词或可以代替名词的词（如代词、动名词或名词性从句等）做该介词的宾语。动介词组后面必须接一个名词，与动词无关。如果前面是不及物动词，则构成动+介+名结构，如laughattheboy。如果前面是及物动词，则是动+名+介+名结构，如putthebookonthedesk。可以看出来，词组最后面的名词与前面的动词无直接关系，是介词at和on所指向的目标。I found out about it.Can you look it over for me?Ill think it over and Ill call you back.I cant figure out why it broke down.When he grew up he moved out.动词短语化的名词读法：重读前一音节work out - workout make up - makeup check up - checkup break up - breakup turn off - turnoff print out - printoutI wanna work out.I had a great workout.Id like to buy some new makeup.I went to a doctor to get a medical checkup.They decided to break up.It was a very painful breakup.Thats a real turn-off.I would like to print out the information.Please give me the printout39.人名和地名重读两个音节重读最后一个South America United Kingdom Los Angeles /lsndls/ Las Vegas /l:sveis/ Mexico City South Africa Central Park George Washington Barack Obama b:rk Julia Roberts Brad Pitt Tom Cruise 三个音节重读最后一个Martin Luther King John Fitzgerald Kennedy John Wilson and Bob Jones went to South America.Central Park is in New York.His father likes Bob Dylan, but his grandfather likes Frank Sinatra.Barack Obama was elected president of the United States.Is that Julia Roberts or Nicole Kidman?40.缩写词和数字重读缩写词：重读后一字母，是一个整体，注意连读现象CNN UCLA PhD ASAP PC HTML DVD CD IQParker: PAR - KER 数词：重读后一数词thirty seven ninety nine fifty eight eight hundred twelve area code 310-555 8239An important day in American history is July fourth, seventeen, seventy six.He was born in nineteen eighty seven.I went to work at 9:15 and came home at 5:45.Flight 507 left LAX at 7:25.This CD costs $19.99.He was born in LA in 1987.When they got married, he was 31 and she was 29.41.特殊重读：特别强调时的重读This is the best ice cream Ive ever had. 正常重读This is the best ice cream Ive ever had. This is the biggest dog Ive ever seen.在日常交谈中通常不需要用到特殊重读I love your new car.You dont smoke, do you?I used to smoke.I dont smoke now but I used to smoke.You will not go there tomorrow night, right?I will go.Do you speak French? Or German?I speak French and German.Mary made a cake for my birthday.42.声调陈述句、祈使句、特殊疑问句通常降调一般疑问句通常降调All right. All right? Hello? Who is calling?Hello. Nice to meet you. I like it.Have a nice day.My name is Bob.Its cold outside.Im tired.Im hungry because I havent eaten all day.I feel good.Today is Monday.Im gonna go to work soon.How are you?How old are you?Where do you live?What do you do?Where were you born?How did you do that?Are you hungry?Did you eat?Did he go?Did you like it?Did you call me?Are you angry at me?Why are you angry at me?Is it hot in there?Why is it so hot in there?Did you get there late?Why did you get there late?Have you been to New York?How many times have you been to New York?Did it start?What time did it start?43.句子里声调变化列举多个物品或动作的句子中：前几个名词升调或降升调，最后的名词或动作降调I bought chicken, fish, apples, and sugar at the supermarket.I woke up, ate breakfast and went to work.I like to run, to play tennis and to swim.I have milk，water，butter and eggs.We have coke, water, lemonade , ice cream and iced tea in the fridge.句子中，前半句升调或降升调表未完成I think its gonna rain, but Im not sure.Id love to eat that, but Im on a diet.If you give me your number, Ill call you.引导短语，使用升调或降升调on the other hand however in my opinionOn the other hand, maybe Ill go.On the other hand, Ill take the blue one.If you ask me, I think you did a good job.If I were you, I would talk to him.选择疑问句，前者升调，后者降调Should I call you or send you an email?Do you like chicken or beef?Does he have green eyes, or blue eyes?Is he a young man or an old man?Are you married or single?They have four children ages seven, nine, eleven and fourteen.I went to the gym, came home and called my friend.As far as I know, Im not allergic to anything.According to the weather report, its going to rain.44. 高级技巧：连读，省读，正式场合与非正式场合口语45.辅音+元音连读：自然流畅的语流连读时注意：连读不不是读的快连读遵从弱读、重读原则信息单位间不连读in an instantJohn is a friend of mine.Im an actor.build up come over call up for a while where is what if Hold on a minute.Give me a cup of coffee.Just a momentIts all Ill need for a while.Where is his uncle?Does everybody here work out?Can I think it over?Why did Adam bring it up again?46.辅音间的连读相同辅音连读：只读后一辅音。可稍微延长后一辅音，但不要停顿Bill likes swimming.Im gonna stop practising. Ill see you next time.I wish she would call me.I had a bad day yesterday.There are nine nails left.His name is Bob Barker I love vegetables.Everything is going great.I used to smoke. （注意：used to词组中used的读音为/just/；表示“用过的”时读音为/juzd/）相同发音点的辅音相连：只读后一辅音。相同发音点辅音组：/p/ /b/ /m/ /t/ /d/ /n/ /l/ /k/ /g/ / /f/ /v/ / / /s/ /z/ / / /tr/ /dr/ /t/ /d/ /ts/ /dz/ I have five friends. I have a big kitchen. Its supposed to be a good movie.I need to go.注意：爆破音的失爆现象I wish she would talk to me.Did that man know about the situation?I could drive you there right now.He always seems so happy.I used to work crazy hours but these days Ive slowed down.47.元音间的连读：轻连读扁唇i音：/i/ / /e/ /a/ /see it very interesting carry on we all may I enjoy it boy is 圆唇u音：/u/ /o/ /a/who is two hours blue oce