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非谓语动词,Grammar Non-finite Verbs,非,谓语动词种类,动名词 gerund,不定式 infinitive,分词 participle,学习和使用非谓语动词的要领,性质、形式、语法功能; 注意对应的逻辑主谓关系,这样可以确定使用主动形式还是被动关系; 注意句子动词与非谓语动词动作的先后关系,以确定非谓语动词用什么时态; 注意非谓语动词的否定形式; 注意一些特殊的表达形式。,非谓语动词性质,它具有动词的特点,但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用,充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用,即:除谓语以外一切成分。,表现形式,动名词和现在分词 (以write为例),动词不定式 (以write为例),不及物动词没有被动形式;过去分只有一种形式,即-ed形式。,非谓语动词语法功能一览表,第三部分 不定式 to do,以write为例,结构再现。,注:不定式的否定形式是在 to 前面加 not构成。,动词不定式也是非谓语动词的一种表现形式。 具体介绍如下: 一般式的主动形式。表示它的逻辑主语是 这个不定式动作的执行者,且这个不定式 所表示的动作一般是和谓语动词的动作同 步发生或在其后,且“发生或在其后”的情 况占大多数。,Im glad to see you. (表示原因。同步发生) He got up early so as not to be late again. (表示目的,在got up 之后。),2. 一般式的被动形式。表示它的逻辑主语是 这个不定式动作的承受者,且这个不定式 所 表示的动作一般在谓语动词的动作之后发生。,(1) The meeting to be held next Monday is very important. (2) We want the work to be done in another way.,3. 不定式的进行式。表示它的逻辑主语是 这个动作的执行者;它所表示的动作不 但与句子的谓语动词所表示的动作同 步,且正在发生;不定式的进行式没有 被动形式。,The boy pretended to be sleeping when his mother came into his bedroom. 当这个小男孩的妈妈进入他的卧室的时 候,他装作正在睡觉。,4. 不定式的完成式。表示它的逻辑主语是这个 不定式动作的执行者,且这个不定式 所表示 的动作要比句子谓语动词的动作早发生。,He is said to have studied English for two years. 据说他早先学过两年英语。 (to have studied 比is said发生的要早。),He is said to have been cheated several times because of his carelessness. 据说由于他粗心大意,已经被人骗过几次了。 The book is said to have been translated into many different languages. 据说这本书已经被译成了许多不同语言的版本。,5. 不定式的完成式的被动形式。表示它的逻辑主 语是这个不定式动作的承受者,且这个不定式 所表示的动作要比句子谓语动词的动作早发生。,不定式的语法功能,作主语。常用来指一个较为具体的内容或动作。 It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness_. Ato make Bto be made (2006江西) Cmaking Dbeing made,答案B。详解:考查不定式作主语用法。由题干可以看出本题采用的基本句式结构为“it takes +time + for somebody + to do something.” 对具体情况分析可以看出the connection与make之间存在着逻辑上的被动关系,故选B。句意:花了很长的时间体温和疾病之间的关系才被人们联系起来。,Its important for the figures regularly. to be updated B. to have been updated C. to update D. to have updated (2011北京),答案A。详解:考查不定式作主语的用法。It为形式主语,for the figures 是不定式的逻辑主语,且和不定式存在着逻辑上的被动关系,故选A。句意:定期更新这些数据很重要。,在“It is + 形容词 + of sb + 不定式”结构中,形容 词往往表示人物的性格和特征,如 kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。 在“It is + 形容词 + for sb + 不定式” 结构中,形容词通常表示事物的性质, 如 important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。,指点迷津,例句比较 It is good of you to help me with my English. 你真好,帮助我学英语。 (强调you的特征=You are good to help me.) It is good for you to give up smoking. 戒烟对你有好处。 (强调的是give up smoking这一行为 = For you to give up smoking is good.),2. 作表语。常用来说明主语的具体内涵。 I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _. (2008全国I) to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed,答案B。详解:考查不定式作表语的用法。本试题利用的句式结构是 “S + be + adj. + to do ”, 其中句子的主语又是to do的逻辑宾语,故这种结构中to do 结构只用主动形式。句意:我喜欢在夏季早早地起来,早上的空气呼吸起来非常好。,When he the door, he found his keys were nowhere. would open B. opened C. had opened D. was to open (2009湖南),答案D。详解: 考查非谓语动词用法。 Be +to do结构可以用来表示马上就要 发生的动作。句意为:当他要打开门 的时候, 他发现他的钥匙不见了。,指点迷津 某些形容词(pleasant, nice, comfortable, difficult, hard, easy等)后接动词不定式时,常用主动形式 表示被动意义。 In many peoples opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant _. to deal with B. dealing with C. to be dealt with D. dealt with (2010四川),答案A。详解:考查动词不定式作表语的用法。,3. 作宾语。用在某些动词后面做宾语。在某些动词 后面只能用-to do结构做宾语,而不用-ing形式做 宾语。 Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it _. A. reusing B. reused (2009湖南) C. reuses D. to be reused,答案D。详解: 考查动词不定式做宾语的用法。it为形式宾语,for it to be reused为真正的宾语。句意:现在人们有时把他们的废物分开,以便很容易被重复利用。重新再利用是指将来发生的动作,而且是被动的。故选D。,指点迷津 有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的 动词有: want, demand, hope, begin, seem, fail, manage, offer,pretend, promise, learn, expect, agree, determine, intend, etc.,4. 作宾语补足语。 The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable . (2011福建) held B. holding C. be held D. to hold,答案D。详解:考查不定式做宾补。具体结构为make +Object + adj. + to do. 其中adj. + to do 为宾语补足语部分,用主动形式表示被动含义。句意: 与早期版本在厚度和重量方面的不同使得 iPad 2型握着更舒适。,Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier _ into small pieces. break B. breaking C. broken D. to break (2011安徽),答案D。详解:考查动词不定式作宾语补足语的用法。本题利用了make +object + adj. +to do 结构进行考查,其中adj. +to do 为宾语补足语部分。句意:汤姆问做糖果的人们他们是否可以把巧克力做的更容易掰成小块。,5. 作主语补足语。 Leonardo da Vinci (14521519) _ birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free. (2007重庆) A. is said to by buying B. is said to have bought C. had said to buy D. has said to have bought,答案B。详解:考查谓语部分的正确用法。Buy的动作发生在say之前,选项C和D成了达芬奇自己说,无论是时间上还是与后面的语法结构上都不吻合。只有选项B能满足要求,其中to have bought为主语补足语。句意:据说达芬奇买笼子装着的鸟就是为了得到把鸟放飞,让它们得到时的快乐。,AIDS is said _ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years. that it is B. to be (2006湖北) C. that it has been D. to have been,答案D。详解:考查动词不定式作主语补足语的用法。又句意判断不定式的动作先于is said发生,故选D。由于主语AIDS已经前置,选项A和C中的it造成主语的重复,从而造成语法上的错误。选项B表示的是未来的动作,在此不能使用。,Passengers are permitted _ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane. A. to carry B. carrying (2011天津) C. to be carried D. being carried,答案A。详解:考查不定式作主语补足语 的用法。本题利用了permit sb. to do sth. 进行考查。句意:允许旅客们只能携带 一件手提行李登机。,指点迷津 主语补足语是由宾语补足语转换过来的。需要注意的问题是由些宾语补足语在主动语态中没有带to,但是到了被动语态的句子中却要加上to. The lecture made us think deeply. (宾语补足语) We were made to think deeply. (主语补补语),6. 作定语。修饰限定需要说明的名词或代词,与 所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑动宾关系或限定 意义。 The ability _an idea is as important as the idea itself. expressing B. expressed (2011湖南) C. to express D. to be expressed,答案C。详解:考查不定式作定语用法。分析题干可以看出,to express an idea 对ability期的是限定作用,即 “表达想法的能力”,故选C。,Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _ Ablamed Bblaming (2006安徽) Cto blame Dto be blamed,答案C。详解:考查不定式作定语用法。分析题干可以看出,the one 和blame之间存在着逻辑动宾关系,即the one是blame的逻辑宾语。本题所利用的习惯结构是S+ be + (the one) + to blame,即用主动形式表示被动含义。D项为干扰项。 句意:为了保护那个 16岁的男孩,格林先生站了起来说他不是那个应该受到责备的人。,1,指点迷津 不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词名代词 之后,与被修饰的名词或代词之间有逻辑上的主 谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或修饰关系。 主谓关系 The future to greet us will be bright. 我们的未来会十分美好的。 The next train to arrive was from Wenzhou. 下一列到站的火车是从温州开来的。,1,2. 动宾关系 On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write. 星期天,他总是有许多信要写。 He can find no one to make friends with. 他找不到可交朋友的人。 3. 同位关系 We students should have the courage to face any difficulty. 我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。,6. 不定式作状语剖析 (1) 作目的状语 Simon made a big bamboo box the little sick bird till it could fly. (2011四川) A. keep B. kept C. keeping D. to keep,答案D。详解:考查不定式作目的状语用法。句意:西蒙做了一个大的竹盒子以便把那只生病的小鸟放进去直到它能飞。,The children all turned the famous actress as she entered the classroom. A. looked at B. to look at C. to looking at D. look at (2009海南),答案B。详解:考查非谓语动词用法。由题干可 知句意是:当那位著名的女演员走进了教室,所 有的孩子都转过头去看她。难点:turn to 是固定 短语,表示“转向,求助” 的意思,但此处要表达 的意思却是turn (in order) to do something。,3,指点迷津 有时为了强调或突出这种目的,也可以用in order (not) to do, 和so as (not) to do结构 (so as to do不可以置于句首)。 He shouted and waved in order to be noticed. 为了引起注意,他又嚷嚷又挥手。 Ill write down his telephone number so as not to forget it. 我要把他的电话号码记下来,以防忘记。,(2) 结果状语。往往说明的是一种意外的情况。 He hurried to the booking office only_ that all the tickets had been sold out. (2006陕西) A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told,答案B。详解:考查不定式作结果状语的用法。 对于本题而言,only 是信号词,同时由 于he和to do 结构存在着逻辑上的被动关系,只 能选B。句意:他急匆匆地赶到票房,结构被告 知所有的票都已经卖完了。,1,指点迷津 不定式作结果状语使用时常常用于一些固定的模式。 必背下列句型: (1) so.as to do Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle? 把你的自行车借给我好吗? (2) such.as to do We are not such fools as to believe him. 我们还没蠢到会相信他的地步。,1,(3) enough to do He didnt run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不够快,没赶上火车。 (4) only to do He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石头砸自己的脚。 (5) too.to do His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 他的视力太差了,看不清这么小的字。,不定式用法的补充说明,3,第一点: be + to do 结构 “be + 不定式”结构可以表示将来发生的动作,常有以下两 种情况: 表示命令和指示 The room is to be locked. 这房间要上锁。 2. 表示计划或安排 We are to begin the work next month. 我们下月开始这项工作。,3,比 较 be to do表示计划和安排将要发生的动作。 Another new railway is to be built in my hometown next year. 明年我家乡又要修建一条铁路了。 be about to do表示最近即将要发生的动作。不和具 体的时间状语连用。 The manager was about to leave when his secretary called him back. 经理正要离开时,他的秘书叫住了他。,3,第二点: “ with/without + 名词 + 不定式” 结构在句子中通常起 状语的作用。 With so much work to do, I shall not be able to go to the cinema with you. 有这么多工作要做,我不能和你去看电影了。 With him to stay in the house, I feel quite safe. 有他呆在家里,我感到十分安全。 Without anything to eat, he died of hunger. 由于没有东西吃,他饿死了。,答案A。详解:考查短语区别。Turn to “转向,求助于”;turn on “打开”;turn off “关掉”;turn over “翻转,调转”。本题虽然考查的短语区别,但借助的结构是“ with/without + 名词 + 不定式”,在本题中作状语说明原因。句意:由于在这样一种吓人的情况下没有人可以求助,她感到非常无助。,With no one to _in such a frightening situation, she felt very helpless. A. turn to B. turn on C. turn off C. turn over (2006陕西),答案,第三点:用主动式表示被动含义的不定式 在句型“主语+be+形容词+to do”中,当不定式用在作 表语的形容词后作状语,而句中的主语又是不定式的 逻辑宾语时,通常用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。 这类形容词有:easy,difficult,heavy,hard,nice, bitter,dangerous,light,interestingimportant, expensive,fit,comfortable,pleasant,impossible等。 例:The picture is pleasant to look at. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to sit on 注:当不定式中的动词是不及物动词时,要根据需要补 充相应的介词。,答案,2. be + to blameto seek等结构具有的特点是作表语的不 定式与句子的主语有逻辑上的动宾关系,因而用主动形 式表被动含义。 例:A better way is to seek. Nobody is to blame for the accident. 3. 在tooto结构中常用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。 例:The desk is too short to play table tennis on. 4. 在There be句型中,something,anything,nothing等 不定代词以及名词之后的不定式往往用主动形式表示 被动含义。 例:There are six letters to write tonight. 特点:这类结构中句子的主语既是句子的主语同时又是不 定式的逻辑宾语。,答案,第四点: 有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子,也可被称 为插入语。 To be honest, we are not sure to find the girl in the forest. 说老实话,我们不能确保在森林里能找到那个女孩。 He is very honest, to begin with. 首先,他很诚实。,答案,必背的一些说法 to tell you the truth 说老实话 to begin with 首先 to say nothing of 姑且不说 so to speak 可以这么说 to be sure 诚然,固然 to be exact 精确地说 to do him justice 说句对他公道的话 to make a long story short 长话短说 to be frank 坦率地说 to be brief 简言之 to conclude 总而言之,答案,第五点: 不定式可用于感叹句,含有惊异、不满、惋惜或赞美 等感情色彩。 To think that he should do this! 想想,他竟然干出这等事! (表示惊讶) Oh, God, to see her dance! 哦,天哪,看看她的舞蹈!(表示赞美) To think that all the money has been wasted. 想想,所有的钱都被浪费掉了!(表示不满),答案,第六点:不带 to 的不定式 (1) 在why引起的一些问句中,疑问词直接跟动词原形或 “not + 动词原形”。 Why make so much noise? 为什么发出这么大的噪音? Why not join us? 为什么不加入我们?,答案,(3) 在 had better(最好), would rather(宁可), would rather.than(), cannot but (不得不,不能不), cannot help but (不能不,忍不住) 等结构后直接跟动词原形或“not + 动词原形”。 Youd better listen to your teachers opinion. 你最好听一听老师的意见。 We had best call for the doctor at once. 我们最好马上就请医生来。,第七点: 如不定式前有行为动词do,那么在表语中的不定式或 者介词except/but之后的不定式可不带to。 The only thing I could do was go home. 我能做的惟一一件事就是回家。 (2) 两个动词不定式并列使用时,为了避免重复,后面的 不定式符号to可省略。 The little girl hardly knew whether to laugh or cry. 这小姑娘不知道是哭好还是笑好。 Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.? 你能不能帮我打电话给他,叫他下午两点来开会?,(3) 在一些固定搭配中用不带to的不定式。 He let go the rope. 他松开了绳子。 I hear tell there will be an earthquake soon. 我听说不久就要有一次地震。 (4) 在感官动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice以及使役动词 make, let, have等后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to。 Just a minute. Ill have Tom show you the way. 稍等。我让汤姆给你引路。,第八点:不定式符号的单独使用。 在助动词或情态动词之后,如be, going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to等。 She must go but you dont have to. 她必须走,但你没有必要。 (2) 在want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try 等动词之后。 Did you go to see the Great Wall? 你游览长城了吗? I wanted to, but I was too busy. 我本来想去,但太忙了。,在作宾语补足语的ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, forbid等动词之后。 Dont do anything unless your father tells you to. 除非你父亲叫你去做,不然不要做任何事情。 (4) 在对话的答语中出现的 happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等形容词之后。 Will you lend me a hand? 你能帮我一个忙吗? Im willing to, but I cant now. 我很愿意,但现在不行。,第九点:如果动词不定式是to be或to have,则一 般不省略动词。 Did you finish the work? 你的工作完成了吗? No, but I hoped to have. 没有,但我希望已经完成了。,第十点:介词 to 与不定式符号 to 的辨别 英语中有很多常用短语带有to,要正确判断to是不定式 符号还是介词,千万不可混淆。 These young lads are longing to go to watch the football match. 这几个小伙子极想去看足球赛。 If you stick to the truth, you will have nothing to fear. 如果你坚持真理,就没有什么可害怕的。 注:对于这一点,在平时的学习中要注意积累。,常见的带不定式的短语: be supposed to do 应该做某事 be determined to do 决心要做某事 fail to do 未能做某事 go all out to do 全力以赴做某事 have the nerve to do 有胆量做某事 have a great mind to do 很想做某事 make up ones mind to do 决定做某事 make a point to do 坚持做某事 prepare oneself to do 有思想准备做某事 take the trouble to do 不辞辛苦地做某事,Exercises,David threatened his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid. A. to be reported B. reporting (2009上海) C. to report D. having reported,答案C。详解:考查非谓语动词用法。 threaten + n. threaten + n. (person) + with + n. threaten + to do 恐吓说要 threaten + adv.,答案A。详解:考查非谓语动词用法。由语境可以看出leave的动作发生在is said之前,且在逻辑上he是leave动作的发出者,需用主动形式,故选A。句意:-鲍勃海演出吗? -恐怕不演出了。据说他已经离开舞台了,因为他已经当官了。,- Is Bob still performing? - Im afraid not. He is said_ the stage already as he has become an official (2005江苏) A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left,答案A。详解:考查非谓语动词用法。由语境可知“学习”发生在“据说”之前,且Robert和“学习”在逻辑上是主动关系,故选A。句意:据说罗伯特在国外学习过,但我不知道他以前是在哪个国家学习的。,Robert is said _abroad,but I dont know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B. to study (1999国家) C. to be studying D. to have been studying,答案A。详解:考查非谓语的用法,分析句子可知whether +to do sth. 做了宾语从句的主语, He told us 后省略了宾语从句的引导词that。补全的句子应该是:He told us that whether they would have a picnic was still under discussion.,He told us whether _ a picnic was still under discussion. to have B. having C. have D. had (2009四川),Please do me a favor _ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7: 30 tonight. to invite B. inviting C. invite D. invited (2009湖南),答案C。详解:考查非谓语动词用法。分析题干 可以看出破折号之后的内容对do me a favor起说 明的作用, 在语法上称为同谓语现象。由于前面用 的是祈使句的请求型,后面与之对应,故选C。 其实这个句子可以直接说成Please invite my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7: 30 tonight.,If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city _by their enthusiastic supporters. (2011浙江) being cheered B. be cheered C. to be cheered D. were cheered,答案C。详解:考查非谓语动词用法。句意:如果今晚他们决赛赢了,这个队准备在这个城市巡游以接受对他们热心支持的人们的欢呼喝彩。由题干可以看出第一,动作还未发生;第二,“这个队”和“欢呼喝彩”之间存在着被动的逻辑关系,故选C。,答案C。详解:分析题干可以看出,需要回答的部分是 what, 而what在从句中占据着主语的位置,故此要从四个 选项中找出可以作主语的那一个,选项A和B是句子,但 不是主语从句,故排除;选项D属于-ing的完成式形式, 只用来作状语,-ing的一般式可用来作主语;选项C为-ing 的复合结构,可用来作主语,故选C。, I want to know what made you so worried yesterday? _. A. I couldnt finish my homework in time B. John swam faster than me in the game C. My mothers being ill at home in the countryside D. Having stayed at home for a long time,(原创),答案D。考查非谓语动词用法。分析题干意思可 以看出,空缺部分是要说明他一直努力奋斗着的 目的,只有选项D可以满足这一点,故选D。,He has been struggling _ in his business. succeeding B. to have succeeded C. succeeded D. to succeed,(原创),答案B。详解:考查非谓语动词用法。当被修饰 的名词前面有the first, the last一类的序数词限定 时,后面的定语用不定式而不用现在分词。句意: 他是最不可能说谎的人。,He is the last man _ . telling a lie B. to tell a lie C. tell a lie D. having told,(原创),答案A. 详解:考查非谓语动词用法。在would rather than句型中,当rather than放在句首使用时,只说rather than do形式;refuse后面可跟to do 结构,但不跟不带to的不定式或doing结构,故此只能选A。句意:我宁可向朋友借钱, 也不愿拒绝帮助你。,Rather than _, I would borrow money from my friends. refuse to help you B. refusing to help you C. to refuse helping you D. refuse help you,(原创),答案D。详解:考查非谓语动词用法。regret doing “对惋惜,遗憾,后悔”。,He regretted _ his teacher the question yesterday. having not asked B. asking not C. not ask D. not asking,(原创),答案A。详解:本题考查非谓语动词用法。本题利用了keep + sb. / sth. + done结构进行考查。 根据句意,sb.与它后面的动词构成逻辑上的被动关系,故选A。句意:露西的幽默感很强,她总是用她的故事把同事们逗乐。,Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues with her stories. A. amused B. amusing C. to amuse D. to be amused (2010上海),答案B。详解:考查非谓语动词用法。此处用不定式 to do sth结构作the only way 的定语,表示做的途径、方式;we can imagine 是way的定语从句,前面省略了that。句意:这是我们能够想象出来的唯一的方法来减少学生浴室对水的过度使用。,That is the only way we can imagine the overuse of water in students bathrooms. reducing B. to reduce C. reduced D. reduce (2010上海),答案C。详解:本题借助省略的表现形式考查非谓语动词用法。逻辑主语exercise与carry out之间存在着一种逻辑上的被动关系,故用carry out的过去分词形式carried out,如果把句子补全的话,可以得到if the exercise is carried out regularly,所以答案选C项。句意:这个实验表明适量的锻炼,如果定期进行的话,可以提高我们的健康。,The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if _regularly, can improve our health. (2010浙江) A. being carried out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out,答案A。详解:考查非谓语动词用法。分析题干可以看出the retired man和enable之间存在着逻辑主谓关系,且是主动关系,故选A。就enabling本身而言,在此处为现在分词短语,作结果状语。句意:这位退休老人把他大部分的积蓄捐赠给了在玉树地震中被毁坏的那所学校,结果使学生得以重返教室。,The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu, _the students to return to their classrooms. A. enabling B. having enabled C. to enable D. to have enabled (2010江苏),答案A。详解:考查非谓语动词作状语的用法。当从塔顶看的时候,南边的山脚是一片树的海洋。动词see与句中主语在逻辑上为被动关系,所以用过去分词。这种情况下使用的非谓语结构相当于一个状语从句If/ When it is seen from the top of the tower。,_ from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. (2010陕西) A. Seen B. Seeing C. Have seen D. To see,答案B。详解:考查非谓语动词用法。句意:下个月将要出版的他的第一本书是以一个真实的故事为基础的。此处表示将来发生的动作,而且是被出版,故要用不定式一般式的被动式作定语。,His first book _ next month is based on a true story. (2010陕西) published B. to be published C. to publish D. being published,答案C。详解:考查过去分词作定语。句中question与其修饰的名词students之间是动宾关系(被动关系),且为发生过的动作,因此用过去分词作定语。,A great number of students _ said they were forced to practise the piano. (2010四川) to question B. to be questioned C. questioned D. questioning,答案B。详解:考查现在分词的用法。句中现在分词作伴随状语。not trying表示“不努力做”,trying not表示“努力不”,意义不同。句意:律师专注地倾听着,努力不错过任何要点。,The lawyer listened with full attention, _ to miss any point. not trying B. trying not C. to try not D. not to try (2010四川),答案A。详解:考查非谓语动词。句意:地震过后,许多救援人员正日夜不停地工作,向青海玉树运输救援物资。 Lots of rescue workers和send之间存在着逻辑上的主动关系,又send与were working为同时发生的动作,需用现在分词一般式的主动形式,故选A项。C项表示动作已经完成,不符合题意。不

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