Lesson10(forEnglishmajors2011秋季).ppt

Lesson 10,Translation of Scientific Texts,Stylistic Features,Style: formal, well-knit, logic, with no flashbacks Grammar: The common employment of complete sentences especially long, complex sentences, passive voice, non-restrictive verbs, conditional, subjunctive mood, attributives, etc. Lexicon: scientific terminologies,Certain Modes for Scientific Writings e.g. An experiment Para.1 Instruction Para.2 Presentation of the experiment Para. 3 Conclusion,Frequent use of charts, tables, formula, codes, signs, etc. e.g. 2X(X+1)= X+(X+1)-1 Twice the product of any two consecutive numbers is less by unity than the sum of the squares.,语篇的衔接(cohesion),语篇的衔接:构成语篇的句子必须是相关的,不仅意义上相关,在同一个语义场,而且结构上相关。有照应手段(cohesive device)把它们联在一起。,语篇的衔接(cohesion),衔接是体现在语篇的表层结构上。 主要通过语法手段,如照应(reference),替代(substitution),省略(ellipsis)等, 词汇手段如复现关系(reiteration) 、同现关系(collocation)来表现结构上的衔接,语篇的连贯(coherence),连贯指的是语篇中语义的关联,连贯存在于语篇的底层,通过逻辑推理来达到语义连接。 翻译时,充分利用篇章表示词以外,有时需要省译或增译关联词语,改变某些词语的说法,以便体现原文语义结构的逻辑连贯性。,Physical comfort does not depend on temperature alone but on other factors as well. One of the major factors on which comfort depends is humidity. High humidity helps prevent heat loss from the body and makes even high temperature less bearable. Dehumidifying the air helps the body to lose heat and thus bear higher temperatures. However, beyond certain limits, removing the moisture from the air becomes harmful to the body. The mucous membranes of the nose and throat can become dry, thus increasing susceptibility to respiration diseases.,第一句:承上启下 第二句: 核心部分 其余四句: 附属部分 核心句与附属句的逻辑关系为cause, result, purpose关系,核心部分为为结果,附属部分为原因,整段逻辑概念十分清楚.,Translation of Scientific Texts,1. Faithfulness 2. Consistency in Lexicon 3. A Good Command of Some Sentence Patterns ( seen on page 337) 4. Stress on the nature to be logic, Scientific and specialized,Five steps：,1. A thorough reading to decide the relevant field involved and to have a preliminary understanding of its contents 2 . Sentence-study and lexicon-checking 3 . Detailed study of the logic for adaptation if necessary 4 . Study of structure in case of adjustment in organization in target language 5 . Proof-reading for any details to attain a better version,Drafts,Faithfulness Coherence Refinement,英汉科技篇章翻译五步骤：,1. 通读原文，确定学科类属并初步了解原文的内容。 2 . 逐步翻译各个句子，并根据专业类属仔细分析具体词义。 3 . 弄清指代关系，重复必要的名词，适当增加关联词。 4 . 弄清原文整体结构，调整译文语序。 5 . 通读检查译文，注意用词及语气的一致，并核查日期、时间及数据等重要细节。,至少三稿,一稿忠实 二稿通顺 三稿润色,Physical comfort does not depend on temperature alone but on other factors as well. One of the major factors on which comfort depends is humidity. High humidity helps prevent heat loss from the body and makes even high temperature less bearable. Dehumidifying the air helps the body to lose heat and thus bear higher temperatures. However, beyond certain limits, removing the moisture from the air becomes harmful to the body. The mucous membranes of the nose and throat can become dry, thus increasing susceptibility to respiration diseases.,身体舒适并不只取决于温度,还取决于其他因素。决定身体舒适的主要因素之一乃是湿度。湿度高,容易妨碍身体散热,从而使体温更高,让人难以忍受。 然而,除去空气中的湿度若超过一定限度却对人体有害。这时鼻和喉的黏膜会变得干燥,从而易感染呼吸道疾病。,A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) （脱氧核糖核酸） fingerprinting in criminal investigation. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA, the molecules of which genes are made. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is. However, it is in the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses.,DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tool in the attempt to produce guilt, not just establish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect.,The controversy in 1998 stemmed from a report published in December 1991 by population geneticists Richard C. Lewotin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., and Daniel L. Hartl of Lewotin and Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone. In particular, they argue that the current method cannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethic group. Lewotin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns methods which are adequate.,1998年初，科学界就刑事侦察中使用DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）指纹识别的做法产生了争议。DNA 指纹识别始于1989年，用于根据人们的图谱识别个人特征，基因就是由DNA分子组成的。除了红血细胞以外，身体的每个细胞都有DNA。DNA指纹识别已经在许多方面得以成功运用，例如用于父子关系鉴定，从而确定某个孩子的父亲是谁。然而，正是在刑事侦察领域DNA指纹识别显示出了潜在的威力，其利用也引起了人们的争议。,DNA指纹识别和其他分析技术给刑事侦察手段带来了重大变革，给刑侦人员提供了强有力的新工具，用于定罪而不是仅仅用于证明清白。在刑事侦察中，将嫌疑犯的指纹图谱与在作案现场发现的头发或血迹资料中提取的DNA指纹图谱相比较，若两个DNA样本吻合便可以作为给嫌疑犯定罪的依据。,1998年的争论来源于一篇报道，该报道发表于1991年12月，作者是马萨诸塞州剑桥市哈佛大学人口遗传学家理查德C莱沃丁和密苏里州圣路易斯市华盛顿大学医学院的人口遗传学家L哈特尔。莱沃丁和哈特尔对偶然发生的两个DNA指纹吻合的可能性的计算方法提出了质疑。他们特别指出，目前的方法尚不能完全确定，两个可能吻合的DNA样本是出自一个人还是出自同族成员中的两个人。莱沃丁和哈特尔呼吁研究出更完备的DNA图谱检测手段。,From Chinese to English,为了拓展农业产业的新领域，建立以可持续性环境和稳定的生态系统为目的的发展战略，我们必须紧密协作，把与农业产业有关的所有力量团结起来。农民、政府、加工企业、零售企业、投资商、运输企业以及出口商等都要充分发挥自己的作用。各方对农业产业发展的总目标要各司其职，并从为我们的子孙后代创造最好的环境的角度审视各自的作用。,To move towards a new vision for the agrofood industry and to develop strategies aiming at sustainable environment and stability in ecological systems, we must forge a close partnership which brings together everyone involved in the industry. Farmers, governments, processors, distributors, input suppliers, transporters, and exporters all have a role to play, who have to check out their responsibilities to the overall objective of the industry, and to recognize their role from maximizing environmental opportunity for our future generations.,10.2 Translation for popular science,科普读物,科普读物是普及科学常识的读物,它包括对宇宙万物的各种自然现象的解释及自然科学中各学科的基本知识,涉及的面十分广博,诸如物理、化学、天文、地理、生物、医学等无所不包。 形式: 科学小丛书、百科全书、科普文摘、科学传记等。 读者对象: 青少年 内容上: 常识性知识性和趣味性溶为一体,语言通俗易懂、深入浅出、语句简短、多用普通词汇。,Principle for Translation of Popular Science,Be faithful to the original style Interesting scientific knowledge revealed by simple, lively words in target language to stimulate readers to read,The Beginning of Astronomy,Early men were also greatly interested in the stars they saw twinkling in the sky at night. What they did realize was that the stars were also present during the daytime, but their light was not visible because of the brilliance of the sun. How did they discover this?,There is one event which does enable us to see the stars in the daytime. It is the total eclipse of the sun, when the moon passes in front of the sun and hides it from view. When this happens, the sky becomes dark enough for the stars to be seen. Total eclipses of this kind do not occur very often and are not likely to be seen from the same area more than once every fifty-four years. One can imagine what an awe-inspiring sight it must have been for an early man, who would remember the event for the rest of his life.,So man watched the movements of the sun, the moon and the stars and wondered about them. It was practicing the oldest branch of science - astronomy.,早期天文学,古人也对夜晚所见天空中闪烁的群星怀有浓厚的兴趣。他们知道白天星星也在那里,只是看不见它们闪光,因为太阳光太强了。人们怎样会发现这一点的呢?,只有一种情况能让我们在白天看见星星,那就是日全食。月亮走到太阳前面,把它遮住。这时天空变暗,便可看见星星了。这种日全食并不常见,同一地区也许每隔五十四年只会碰上一次。我们可以想象,对于古人来说,这该是一种多么令人心惊胆战的景象啊,他们一生永远也不会忘记。,人类就是这样观察太阳、月亮和星体的运动,并产生疑问的,人们在思考它们是什么,以及他们在干什么的时候,其实就是在从事对科学的最古老的学科 - 天文学的研究。,Lie-detector camera looks into your eyes,A new heat-detecting camera can catch a liar in the act - at least 75% of the time, according to a small scientific study out today. If additional tests confirm its ability, the lie-detector camera might one day be used by airport security to apprehend terrorists before they get on an airplane, says researcher James Levine of the Mayo Clinic.,But one critic questions whether the camera would ever be reliable enough to be used on a large scale, or whether it could spot someone who plans to commit a crime. Levines group reported their early findings in todays Nature. Levine and his colleagues enlisted 20 U.S. Army recruits to help test the camera, which records the heat patterns that are created when blood rushes to the human face. The researchers told eight of the recruits in the study to commit a mock crime. They were told to stab a mannequin, rob it of $20, then lie about the “crime.“ The remaining 12 people in the study knew nothing about the fake crime.,The researchers took all 20 people into an interrogation room. They asked them whether they had stolen $20 and then recorded their answers with a standard polygraph test and the new camera. The camera caught six out of eight liars as they were lying - the same lie-detecting ability as the polygraph test. The camera also correctly identified 11 of the 12 people who were telling the truth - a slightly better rate than the polygraph. The study is so small that it cant be used as proof of the cameras ability to catch a thief or a liar, Levine says. Still, he is hopeful that the camera is recording a subtle flushing of the face that may automatically occur when someone lies.,That flushing may not be caught by the naked eye, but the camera shows a bright red-orange-yellow zone that represents blood rushing to the eyes. “When someone lies, you get an instantaneous warming around the eyes,“ he says. Levine speculates that people who lie are afraid of getting caught. That fear triggers a primitive response to run away. Blood goes to the eyes so that the liar can more efficiently map out an escape route, he says. Levine says it may take years before the camera would be ready for a test at a large U.S. airport.,Alan Zelicoff, a senior scientist at the Center for National Security and Arms Control at the Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, says that even if the camera works as well as it did in this study, it would mistakenly label lots of people as liars. At a busy U.S. airport, those mistakes could mean a thousand passengers a day who would get pulled aside by security - a move that would probably mean lots of missed flights and irate passengers, he says. USATODAY,测谎摄像机看透眼睛,今日公布的一项小型科研表明，一种新型的热检测摄像机，至少在75%的检测中能当场捉住说谎者。 梅约医院的研究人员James Levine说，如果另外的试验也能证实该机的性能，总有一天，机场保安会运用这种测谎摄像机去逮捕企图登机的恐怖分子。,但是，一位批评者质疑该摄像机在大规模使用时是否可靠，或它是否真能准确地找出企图犯罪的人。 Levine在今天的自然杂志上报告了他们的初步研究结果。 Levine和他的同事选出20名美军新兵参与试验该摄像机，该试验记录着当血涌上人脸时所形成的热图形。研究人员让8名受试的新兵模拟犯罪，叫他们刺伤人体模型，从中抢走20美元，然后说谎来掩盖这次“罪行“。其余12名受试新兵则对这次模拟犯罪一无所知。,研究人员把20名受试者带入审讯室，审问他们是否偷了20美元，然后用标准测谎仪和新型摄像机记录他们的回答。 摄像机从正在说谎的8人中鉴别出6人说了谎，该机的测谎能力与测试仪相同。摄像机也从12位说实话者中正确地识别出11人，稍强于测谎仪。 Levine说，该研究刚刚起步，该机还不能作为捉住小偷或说谎者的证据，但他希望该机能记录人们在说谎时所自发产生的微微脸红。,肉眼看不到这种脸红，但摄像机可显示一个明亮的红-橙-黄带，它代表人的血液涌到了眼睛上。他说：“当某人说谎时，眼睛周围立即会出现发热。“ Levine推测说，说谎的人害怕被捉住，这种恐惧引起要逃跑的本能反应，血冲到眼睛是为了有助于说谎者更好地找到逃跑线路。 Levine说，可能还要花几年时间，才能将该摄像机投放在美国大型机场做检测用。,在阿尔布开克市的国家实验室的国家安全和军备控制中心，资深科学家Alan Zelicoff说，既使这种摄像机如同它在本次试验中做得一样好，它也可能将许多人误认为说谎者。 他说，在繁忙的美国机场，这种错误将意味着每天有1千名乘客被保安扣压，这一举动可能造成许多航班误点，并激怒乘客。今日美国,In-class Practice,This is our planets final frontier. An inner world where only the most adventurous dare to go. Planet Earth: The Complete series 4 Caves Beneath our feet are countless miles of cave shafts and passages. The Cave of Swallows in Mexico, 400 meters to the bottom, deep enough to engulf the Empire State Building, yet these depths were first explored only two years before man landed on the moon. Today, caves remain the least explored places on Earth.,However, human beings are seldom the first to reach these black, damp places. Here live some of the strangest and least known animals on the planet. This galaxy of little lights is created by thousands of living creatures. Any animal that lives in a cave has to cope with complete blackness.,But in New Zealand, some have turned this darkness to their advantage. A silken strand is lowered from the ceiling alongside hundreds of others. Beautiful though these threads are, they have a sinister purpose. This is a cave glow-worm. To trap its prey, it goes fishing with a line of silk. The silk comes from glands in the glow-worms mouth and is loaded with droplets of mucus. Each glow-worm produces dozens of these threads. Once its lines are set, the glow-worm hangs from a mucous hammock and waits like a patient angler.,But the glow-worm doesnt leave anything to chance. That ghostly blue light is the result of a chemical reaction taking place inside a special capsule in its tail. The light literally shines out of its backside. Its a lure for attracting prey. Insects seem irresistibly drawn towards the source and then get trapped by the sticky lines. Once stuck, there is no escape.,Now its just a matter of reeling in the line and slowly consuming the catch alive. By ensnaring the insects that hatch in this cave, these glow-worms have solved the biggest challenge that permanent cave-dwellers face, finding a regular and reliable source of food.,In-class Practice,这里是地球上最后的边缘地带，一个只有最勇敢者才能涉足的地底世界。 行星地球4：洞穴迷宫 我们脚下有着绵延不绝的洞窟和隧道。墨西哥境内的燕子洞，深达400多米，足以吞没整座帝国大厦。这是世界上最大的深洞。然而，人类直到登月前两年，才第一次进入这个深渊。今天，洞穴仍是地球上人类最少涉足的地方。,但是，人类决非这个阴暗潮湿地界的第一位到访者。这里住着一些地球上最奇异和最鲜为人知的动物。这“满天星斗”其实是几千个小动物发出的荧光。住在洞穴里的动物都必须适应彻底黑暗的环境。,但是，在新西兰，有些动物却能利用黑暗条件。一根坚韧的丝从天顶上垂下，边上还有好几百根。虽然这些丝看起来很漂亮，它们却是阴险的陷阱。这是一种洞穴萤火虫。它利用一根根的丝来诱捕猎物。丝产生于萤火虫口中的腺体，上面缀着一串黏液滴。每条萤火虫都会吐很多根这样的丝。当一排排丝架设完毕后，萤火虫使用黏液将自己吊起来，然后像一位耐心的钓鱼者似的等待猎物上钩。,不过，萤火虫并不会听天由命。这些诡异的蓝光是一种化学反应的结果。由尾部的一个特殊腔囊产生。这些从尾部发散出来的荧光，正是用来吸引猎物的诱饵。昆虫总是禁不住光源的诱惑，结果被这些粘乎乎的丝拿住了。一旦被粘住，根本没有逃脱的机会。现在，它只需要收起丝线，然后慢慢吃掉尚且活着的猎物。通过诱捕洞穴内羽化的昆虫，这些萤火虫成功地解决了终生穴居动物面临的最大难题，即找到长期而可靠的食物资源。,Translation Practice,From Chinese to English,人类对水的需求量不断增加，同时，由于污染、地下水枯竭和浪费用水的缘故，水的供应量不断减少。现在迫切需要制定新的战略，以免发生淡水匮乏现象。淡水匮乏将导致农业减产，家庭和工业部门无水可用，并将破坏环境，导致与水有关的健康问题恶化。,Demand of human beings for waters is ever increasing while, due to pollution, shrinking underground water and waste of water, water supply is decreasing. The pressing imperative at present is to formulate new strategies to avoid the depletion of fresh water. Shortage of water will lead to the reduction of farm crops, lack of water in families and industries, destroy the environment and worsen water-related health problems.,In recent years Chinas average annual amount of freshwater resources has been 2,800 billion cum (cubic meter), ranking sixth in the world; but the amount of freshwater resources per capita is only one-fourth the world average. China is rich in land mineral resources, but the amount per capita is less than half the figure per capita worldwide.,究竟什么是机器人？其定义多种多样，因此，对不同国家所拥有的机器人的数量进行比较，往往变得十分困难。为了提供一个普遍接受的定义，国际标准化组织在其ISO 8373中将机器人定义为：“可自动控制、重复编程的、多种用途操作器，该操作器的编程可在三个或三个以上坐标轴上进行，既可以固定在某个地方，也可移动，用于工业自动化领域。”,国际标准化组织的定义以外，美国、日本等国家也有不同的定义。例如日本机器人的种类就很多，因为在日本许多机器都被看作是机器人。,There are many variations in definitions of what exactly is a robot. Therefore, it is sometimes very difficult to compare numbers of robots in different countries. To try to provide a universally acceptable definition, the International Organization for Standardization gives a definition of robot in ISO 8373, which defines a robot as “an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications.”,In spite of t