wording之上义词和下义词.ppt

Writing skills:Wording superordinate (上义词）& hyponym（下义词）,Please translate the following sentence into English: 他铅笔盒里有五支笔.,笔 bi ?,铅笔 pencil 钢笔 pen / fountain pan 圆珠笔 ball-point pen 毛笔 writing brush 画笔 painting brush 鸭嘴笔 drawing pen / ruling pen 蜡笔 (wax) crayon 粉笔 chalk,他铅笔盒里有五支笔。 只有弄清楚那五支具体是什么笔，才能翻译出来，如： Hes got two pencils, two ball-point pens and one pen in his pencil-box.,general VS. specific,某一类事物的总名称被叫做“上义词” (superordinate)， 在总名称下一个个具体的事物叫做“下义词”(hyponym)。,Example,Flower,Chinese -English,必须弄清中、英之间有没有对应的词。 如果有对应的词，更好；如果没有相对应的词，我们可以用下义词代替，有时也可用上义词取代。 一种情况是，有些在中文里是总称的词，而英语里却没有，如上面所说的“笔”，在英语里就构不成一类。 再比如汉语中的“车”(包括各种汽车、自行车、人力车、手推车、童车等)、“牛”(包括水牛、黄牛、牦牛、奶牛等)、“果品”(包括鲜果、干果、蜜饯等)、“皮”(包括各种兽皮、树皮、果皮等)之类的词，在英语里都没有对应的总称。,English-Chinese,She is my sister.,有时候中、英在分类上是交叉的。 例如，英语的table和 desk在汉语里都是“桌子”，但这并不等于“桌子”就是table / desk，例如coffee table和 end table 在汉语中却是“茶几”。 汉语里的“绿”、“蓝”、“青”是三个颜色，相对而言，英语里只有green和blue两个词，所以“青”字到底应该译为green还是blue要看情况而定，如“青天”是blue sky，“青菜” 却是green vegetables，而the Blue Nile习惯上译为“青尼罗河”。,More samples,walk stagger(蹒跚) plod(迈着艰难的脚步行走；跋涉)loiter(游荡；闲逛)urk(潜行) creep(爬行) stroll(闲逛；溜达) trudged(艰难地走；吃力地走 scramble(攀爬) lurch(跌跌撞撞) limp(跛行；一拐一拐地走) prowl(蹑足行走) crawl(爬行) march(迈进) rush(快步走),Sample Analysis,A:Where are you going? B. Railway station. A. Why do you go there? B. To meet a person. 使用上义词，也可以规避一些不愿让对方知道的事情。比如街上碰到一个熟人，对方打招呼,During writing,在英文写作中要写主题句，主题句除了其他要素之外，还必须包括一个乃至多个上义词，这是因为，主题句是全段或全文中语义内容最为概括的句子。它的语义内容必须涵盖全段获全篇。,Life in Caves,Most large caves have three distinct zones, and each zone is home to a different kinds of natural life. In the innermost part of the cave, the darkness is complete and the temperature never varies. Without light no green plants can live, and animals have no need for eyes. The next zone, although still dark and moist, has a variable temperature. Animals that otherwise live outside inhabit this zone seasonally. The third zone, called the twilight zone, begins wherever light from the cave entrance can first be seen. A few green plants can grow in this zone. Most animals in this zone use the cave as shelter from the outdoors. In each zone the plant and animal life adapts to the meager resources of its home.,这一段的第一句话是全段的主题句。它包括了三个上义词：most (large) caves, three, 和natural life。Most large caves肯定包括大多数较大的洞穴，“三”显然涵盖了“二”或“一”；natural life（自然生命）在语义逻辑上当然包括了洞穴中的动植物。