《倒装主谓省略虚拟》PPT课件.ppt

第一讲 倒装 考点提示： 1. 部分倒装 （助动词倒装） 2. 完全倒装（主谓倒装）,一、部分倒装 （助动词倒装）,1. 句首为否定词或否定意义的词语时，句子要部分倒装。这些词包括： not, not only, not until, never, little, seldom, hardly, no sooner . 等 By no means should he be left alone. Not until I reminded him of the letter did he realize his mistake. Not only did they lose all the money, but they also came close to losing their lives. No sooner had his father started lunch than the door bell rang. Hardly had his father started lunch when the door bell rang.,注意： In no time the enemy came.,2. only 在句首引导状语，主句要部分倒装。 Only in this way can it be done. Only the boy knows the truth. 3. So do ( am ) I . Nor ( Neither ) do ( am ) I . So that So small was the mark that I can hardly see it. Thats a real bird, Tom. Look! So it is. (惊异的赞同),4. if 从句中如有 were ( had , should ) , if省去后，要部分倒装。 What would they have done had it been a child? 5. as 引导的让步状语从句，要部分倒 装（表语、状语倒装）。 Child as he is, he knows a lot about painting.,二、完全倒装（主谓倒装） 1. 由 here , there , now , then, in, out, up, away , down 引导的句子，要完全倒 装, 谓语动词主要是 go, come, fly 等表 示位置移动的动词，如果主语是代词则 不倒装。 The door burst open and in rushed the crowd. Away they went, every man, into the darkness.,2. 介词短语作状语在句首，句子要完全倒装。 South of the city lies a very big steel factory. In this chapter will be found a partial answer. Under the tree was lying a wounded man.,1) 考查 Not until 结构 。 例题 1 Not until all the fish died in the river _ how serious the pollution was. (NMET95) A. did the villagers realize B. the villagers realized C. the villagers did realize D. didnt the villagers realize 答案是 A,2) 表示否定意义的副词置于句首 例题 2 I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in all my life _ so happy ! (2000春) A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt 答案是 D 例题 3 Little _ about his own safety, though he was in danger himself. (94上海) A. does he care B. did he care C. he cares D. he cared 答案是 B,例题 4 Not a single song _ at yesterdays party. (2000上海卷) A. she sang B. sang he C. did she sing D. she did sing 答案是 C,3) 考查以 so, nor (neither) 开头的句子 例题 5 David has made great progress recently. _ and _. (97上海) A. So he has, so have you B. So he has, so you have C. So has he, so have you D. So has he, so you have 答案是 A,例题 6 Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother ? I dont know, _. (NMET 91) A. nor dont I care B. nor do I care C. I dont care neither D. I dont care also 答案是 B,4. 以only + 状语开头的句子 例题 7 Only when the war was over _ to his hometown. (2001春上海卷) A. did the young soldier return B. the young soldier did return C. returned the young soldier D. the young soldier returned 答案是 A,例题 8 _ can you expect to get a pay rise. (2001春) A. With hard work B. Although work hard C. Only with hard work D. Now that he works hard 答案是 C,5) 考查 so that 句型 例题 9 So difficult _ it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English well. (2001上海) A. I have felt B. have I felt C. I did feel D. did I feel 答案是 D,第二讲 主谓一致 考点提示： 1. 集体名词作主语 2. 单、复数同形的名词作主语 3. 表示度量、金额、时间、书名等复 数名词 4. 由连接词连接的名词作主语 5. 代词作主语,一、主谓一致的种类,1语法形式上的一致 主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式； 主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。,2意义上一致 （1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义上为复数，谓 语动词用复数。如： The crowd were shouting. 单数形式代表复数内容的词有： people, police, cattle 等 （2）主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓 语动词用单数。如： The news was so surprising. 形复意单的单词有 news 和一些以 s 结尾 的学科名称，如: physics, politics 等。,3就近原则 所谓就近原则就是谓语动词的单、复 数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词与靠近它的主 语一致。,二、主谓一致的应用,1名词作主语 （1） 某些集体名词，如 family，team 等作主 语时， 如果作为一个整体看待， 谓语动词用单 数形式， 如果就其中一个个成员而言， 谓语动 词用复数形式。如： The crew was made up of ten strong men. The crew are paid to do all the work on the ship. 这类名词有： audience，class，club，company， party， enemy， crowd， crew, team， group， government 等,（2）某些集体名词，如people，police，cattle 等，只当复数看待，谓语动词须用复数。如: The police are searching for the thief （3）单、复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词 应根据意义决定单、复数。如： A Sheep is over there The best fish swim near the bottom. （4）表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复 数名词时，谓语用单数形式。如: Three years has passed since then.,（5）不定代词 each，every, no 所修饰的名 词即使以 and 或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语 动词仍用单数形式。如： Every boy and every girl has a book （6）如果主语有more than one 或many a 构成，尽管从意义上看是复数内容，但 它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。如： More than one child has read the book Many a teacher has been there 但是，“more + 复数名词 + than one” 结构 之后，谓语动词一般多用复数形式。如： More boys than one are against your plan,(7) 一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具 作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式，如： glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes 等。但如果主语 用 a kind of，a pair of, a series of 等加名词构 成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。例如: A pair of trousers was on the bed (8) this kind of book (= a book of this kind) 单数 this kind of men 单数 men of this kind 复数 these kind of men 复数 例如： This kind of men is dangerous Men of this kind are dangerous,(9) 单、复数同形名词作主语时， 按意义一致的 原则，用作单数意义时，谓语用单数，反之谓语 动词用复数。 这类名词有：means (方法), works (工厂）, Chinese， Japanese 等。例如： The glass works was set up in 1998. （这家玻璃厂建于1998年。) The (These) glass works are near the railway station. (这些玻璃厂在火车站附近。) 当它们前面有 a，such a， this，that 修饰时, 谓语用单数; 有 all, such, these, those 修饰时, 谓 语用复数。,(10) 如果名词词组中心词是 all，most， half, rest 等词语，所指的是复数意义，谓 语动词用复数形式；反之用单数。例如： All of my classmates like music All of the water is gone,2由连接词连接的名词作主语 (1) 用 and 或 both and 连接并列主语，谓语 动词通常用复数形式。如： Water and bread are what I want. Walking and riding are good for your health. 但是，并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一 事物或同一概念时， 谓语动词用单数形式， 这 时 and 后面的名词没有冠词。如： The tenth and last chapter is the most interesting. Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit A knife and fork is on the plate,(2) 当主语后面跟有 as well as，as much as，no less than，along with，with，like，rather than，together with，but, except，besides，including 等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。如： The teacher as well as the students was sitting in the hall, listening to the radio.,(3) 以or，either or，neither nor，not only but also 等连接的名词作主语时，谓 语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则。如: Tom or his brothers are going to talk to the manager Are you or he to blame?,3代词作主语 (1) 名词性物主代词作主语时，取决于它所代替的 是单数还是复数名词。例如： Theirs (=Their language) is easy to learn. Your books are old, while mine are new. (2) such，the same 起指示代词作用时，应根据其 所指的内容来决定单、复数。例如： Such is our plan Such are his words,(3) 关系代词 who，that，which 等在定语从句中 作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数 一致。如： I, who am your friend, must tell the truth to you. Some of the information that has been received comes from an unknown planet. (4) 疑问代词 who，what，which 作主语时，谓 语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复 数。如： Who is shouting next door? Who live in the building? （知道有很多人） Which is/are your rubber(s)?,(5) 不定代词 any，either, neither， none，all, some 等作主语时，有以下两种情况： 单独作主语时，视其在文中的意义，动词可 用单数或复数形式。例如： Now all has been changed All are present at the meeting,4分数、量词作主语 (1) “分数或百分数 + 名词” 构成的短语以及由 “a lot of，lots of, plenty of, half of + 名词” 构 成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中 of 后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语后面 的名词是中心词，而短语中前面表示量的词是 修饰语。例如： Lots of damage was done to the company. About three-fifths of the buildings surface is painted red. Eighty percent of the students are here for a visit.,和这种情况类似的还有 “a number of + 名词复数”，但是，“the number of + 名词” 的中心词却是 number, 试比较： A Number of the cars new The number of the cars running on the streets is quite large. 注意： large quantities of 修饰可数或不可数名 词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数， 例如： Quantities of food/ books were put on the table.,(2) a great deal of, a large amount of 修饰 不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词 通常用单数； large amounts of 修饰不可 数名词， 其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常 用复数，例如： A large amount of money was spent on books. Large amounts of information were supplied to the villagers.,(3) 表示数量的 one and a half 后，名词要用 复数形式，但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词 用单数形式。例如： One and a half apples was left on the table (4) half of，(a) part of 修饰可数名词单数及 不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数；修饰可数 名词复数时谓语动词用复数。,5名词化的形容词作主语 如果主语由 “ the + 形容词 (或过去分词) ” 结构担任时，谓语通常用复数，这类词有： the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the old, the young , the unemployed ， the wounded, the sick 等；但也有少数的过去分词与定冠词 连用时指个体，则用单数。例如： The rich are to help the poor. The wounded was a young boy,6从句作主语 (1) 单个从句作主语时通常用作单数，多个从句 作主语时则用作复数；由what引导的主语从句， 谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内容是复 数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。例如： What we need is more time and more materials. What we need are teachers.,(2) 在 “one of + 复数名词 + who/that/which” 引 导的从句结构中，关系代词 who/that/which 的 先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是 one, 因此, 从句中的动词应该是复数形式。例如： This is one of the most interesting books that I have bought. 但是当 one 之前有 the only 等修饰语时，关 系代词的先行词是 one, 而不是靠近它的复数名 词，因此从句中的动词应是单数形式。例如： Tom was the only one of the students who was late.,第三讲 省略 考点提示： 1. 并列句的省略 2. 复合句中的省略 3. 不定式中的省略,一、并列句与复合句中的省略 1. 并列句的省略 Bob is writing his report, but Janet hasnt (written her report). Some went to the south, others （went） to the north. In 1974, the number of students in our school was about two hundred, and in 1998, （the number of students in our school was) over two thousand. 一般不可以说： Paul likes poetry and I know Peter novels.,2. 复合句中的省略 （1） 主句中的省略 Are you determined to go? Unless my parents do not agree. What if World War III should break out? = What would happen if World War III should break out?,（2） 从句中的省略 They will be arriving either before (the show begins) or after the show begins. Dont speak until (you are) spoken to. If (it is) carefully done, the experiment will be successful. If necessary, the stone can be removed and replaced. It might rain, but I dont think it will. Someone has used my bike, but I dont know who. The glass was broken by someone, but I dont know by whom.,(3) 比较级结构中的省略现象 Mary has known Peter better than she has (known) John（部分谓语） I didnt buy as many books for children as did Tom. （ did 替代谓语部分并倒装） John is better than (he was) when I last visited him. （主谓） Is Peter more successful than Tom? Oh no, he isnt half so successful. （省as, than整句） The others worked harder than John but not as successfully (as John).,注意以下省略主语的结构： The numbers were smaller than expected. I dont think this is any better than was ordered. The flat was not as good as was expected. They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as could be. He drove faster than was wise. They bought far more radios than is necessary.,难以确定省略成分： This meat is better than what we had last week. Thats more than the workers could stand. 不同质的不可省略： The box is wider than it is tall. The girl was as clever as she was beautiful.,二、祈使句中的省略 Off with your hat (=Take off your hat)! Up with your hand！ (Get) Out of my room!,三、习惯用语中 My arguments are as follows. We went there as usual. Come as soon as possible. Out of sight, out of mind.,四、不定式中的省略 （1）在下列固定搭配中用不带 to 不定式： Dont let slip such a good opportunity to learn. He let go (of) the rope. （2）在 help (或 help + 宾语) 之后可用带 to 不 定式，也可用不带to不定式： Can I help (to) carry it for you? （3）在 had better, would rather, would sooner, might (just) as well, rather than 之后也用 不带 to 不定式。 例如： Id rather / sooner stop now. We might (just) as well not have a car at all. Lets finish the work now rather than leave it till tomorrow.,（4）不定式符号的单独使用 为了避免重复前面已经出现的动词，可以用不定式符号来代替不定式结构。 这种不定式符号的单独使用主要见于口语。 例如： Would she like to go to see the movie? Shed love to. I planned to make full use of the machine, but I dont know how to. Why didnt you finish the task on time? You were told to.,也常用于某些情态动词或半助动词之后。 例如： A: Do they often come here? B: No, but they used to. A: Has she read the book yet? B: No, but shes going to.,如果不定式是 be 或 have，通常保留 be 或 have 例如： A: Arent you the manger? B: No, and I dont want to be! A: He hasnt finished yet. B: Well, he ought to have. 如果不定式是完成体的被动态，还要保留 been。例如： A: Were they informed of the delay of the plane? B: No. A: Oh, they should have been.,第四讲 虚拟语气 考点提示： 1. 虚拟语气在条件句中的用法 （时态） 2. 虚拟语气用在as if 引导的从句中 （时态） 3. 虚拟语气用在动词wish后面的从句中（时态） 4. 虚拟语气用在 Its time/ would rather 后面的 从句中 （常用过去式） 5. 虚拟语气用在 suggest 等动词及其变化形式 后面的从句中 (由should构成) 6. 虚拟语气用在 Its strange/ necessary 等后面 的从句中 (由should构成) 7. 虚拟语气用于表示婉转或礼貌,虚拟语气表示说话人认为他所 说的话是和事实相反的主观设想或 主观愿望，也指一种怀疑，空想或 猜测，在口语中还用于表示语气婉 转或礼貌。,一、使用虚拟语气的条件句 虚拟语气主要用在虚拟条件状语从句及其 表示结果的句中，表示根本不存在的情况或实 现可能性很小的假设。 下表列出的是主从句中的动词形式：,主句谓语动词形式,从句谓语动词形式,过去式（to be 一般用were）,should / would + do,过去式（to be 一般用 were） 或should + d（较常用） 或were to + do,should / would + do,had + done,should/ would + have done,1. 表示与现在事实相反的情况： If the weather were fine, they would go for a swim. 如果天气好，他们就去游泳了。 （事实：现在天气并不好） If it were not raining now, I should not be staying at home. 如果现在不下雨，我不会呆在家里的 。,2. 表示对将来情况的主观推测： If there were a storm tomorrow, what would you do? 如果明天有暴风雨，你们怎么办？ （事实：明天一般不会有暴风雨） If she should come. I should (would) ask her for help. 万一她来的话我就请她帮忙。 （事实：她来的可能性很小，如果用came或 were to come，则可以肯定她不会来了）。,3. 表示与过去事实相反的情况： If I had taken his advice, I should (would) not have made such a mistake. 如果我听了他的忠告，我就不会犯这样的错 误了。（事实：我当初没有听他的忠告） If they had known her address, they would have written to her. 要是他们知道她的信址，他们早就给她去信 了。（事实：他们并不知道她的信址）,注意：关于使用虚拟语气的条件在学习和运 用中还应掌握以下三点： (1) 在虚拟条件句的主句中，should, would都 能用情态动词的过去式 could（能够）或 might （或许可以）来代替，只是意义略有不同。如： If it should rain, the crops could be saved. 如果下一场雨，庄稼就能得救了。 （事实：看来不象会下雨） If he had lived to this day, he might have done a lot more for our country. 如果他活到今天，或许可以为国家做更多的 贡献。 （事实：他没有活到今天）,(2) 虚拟条件句的假设情况有时不用 if 从句 表示，而用其他方式表示；有时假设情况甚 至被省略。 With your help, we could have done better. 有你帮助的话，我们本来是可以做得更好 的。 （事实：没有你的帮助） 比较： If you had helped us, we could have done better.,(3) 如果 if 从句的谓语部分含有 should, had 或 were, 在书面语言里常可将 if 省略, 而把 should, had 或 were 放到从句主语的前面。例如： Should it happen, what would you do? 如果真发生这样的事，你怎么办呢？ （事实：这样的事几乎不可能发生） Had he recognized me he would have come over. 如果他认出了我，早就走过来了。 （事实：他并没有认出我） Were I in his place, I might think differently. 如果我处于他的地位，我可能会有不同的想 法。（事实：我现在并非处于他的地位）,三、虚拟语气用在 as if 引导的从句中，也适 用于so that、if only、wish 句式。 She looked after me as if I were her child. 她照顾我就好象我是她的亲生子女似地。 （事实：我并不是她的子女） He walked silently so that he might not be noticed. If only I were not so nervous! How I wish I were not so nervous! (要是我不那么紧张多好！),四、虚拟语气用在 Its time, would rather 后面的从句中，表示一种建议: Its high time he were at the meeting. I would rather they came tomorrow.,五、虚拟语气用在 “ suggest ” 等动词或其变化 形式后面的从句中 虚拟语气用在有suggest（建议）, propose （建议）， ask（请求）, demand（要求）， insist（坚持），order（命令）, warn（警告） request, advise, decide 等动词（或相应的形容 词或名词）后面的从句中，谓语动词的形式是 “should + 动词原形” 或 动词原形。例如： I ask only that justice (should) be done. 我只是请求伸张正义。 His suggestion was that we (should) put the match off. 他的建议是把比赛延期。,六、虚拟语气用在 It is strange等后面的从 句中虚拟语气用在 It is strange 后面的主语 从句中表示强烈的情绪， 谓语动词 一般用 should + 动词原形” 的形式，表示“应该”或 “竟然”，还常用necessary,important,a pity, impossible, natural, funny、surprising 等。 It is strange that he (should) have so many friends. 真奇怪，他居然有这么多朋友。 It is a pity that they (should) miss the match. 实在遗憾，他们竟错过了这场比赛 。 It is necessary that you (should) be ready by five. 你必须五点钟准备好。,七、虚拟语气常用来表示婉转或礼貌地陈 述自己的看法、表示感叹或情绪，谓语动 词用 would (should, could, might) + 动词 原形” 的形式。注意某些 “should (would, could, might) + 完成式” 的形式，例如: I should think you are right. 我想你是对的。 Perhaps you could do better this way. 这样做或许会好一些。 Might I ask you a question now? Would you kindly post the letter for me? 可否劳驾代我把这信寄掉？,You should have followed his advice. They didnt come. I really neednt have bought so many cards! 我真没必要买那么多牌！ How should I know that ? Why should you be so late today?,第五讲 交际英语 考点提示： 1. 熟悉日常英语会话，注意上下文语境 2. 正确理解和掌握交际英语中的省略形式,一、熟悉日常英语会话，注意上下文语境 （1） 运用体面、有礼貌的生活用语 （2） 符合讲英语的国家的风俗和语言习惯 （3） 掌握教科书上的英语常用语, Can I speak to Mr Black? _ . A. Who are you, please? B. Yes, I am. C. May I ask whos calling, please? D. Theres no Mr Black here.,（C）,二、正确理解和掌握交际英语中的省略形式 Ill be away on a business trip. Would you mid looking after my cat? Not at all. _. (95) A. Ive no time B. Id rather not C. Id like it. D. Id be happy to,(D),第六讲 常用习语 考点提示： 1. 熟练掌握习语的意义及用法 2. 注意近义习语的辨析 3. 第三册生词表上的全部习语 4. 考试说明上的全部习语,All: above all 尤其, 最主要的 after all 终归, 到底 in all 总计 all alone 仅仅一个人 all along 始终, 一直都; 一路, 沿途 all right 俚语不错; 好, 行; all too 总是太, 过 all too soon 总是太早 for good and all 永远,Bring : bring about 造成; 带来, 引起 bring back 使回忆起; 使恢复; 送回, 还回, 拿回, 带回 (bring sb. back to health 使某人恢复健康 bring down 把(人)毁掉; 打倒; 使落下跌落; 射落, 击落, 打下; 削减; 降低 bring in 收获(农作物等); 挣得(报酬等) ; 带来, 引入; 生(利); bring on 引起(议论等), 导致; 使发展 bring up 抚养, 培养 ; 提出(问题等); 呕吐,Call : call at (a place) 访问(某家); (车船)停靠(某地) call back 喊回, 叫转来, 召唤; 回一个电话 call for 请求, 要求, 提倡, 号召; 招募; 去拿(物件); 去接(某人) call in 回收(通货等); 请, 叫(医生等); call off 叫开; 转移开(注意力等); 命令停止, 宣告终止; 取消 call on upon 访问; 指名要(某人)去干(某事); 请求; 号召(某人)去干(某事) call up 召唤; 召集, 动员; 打电话给,Come : come about 发生 come across 穿过; (偶然)遇见 come along 一道来; 祈使语气请过来, 快一点儿 come down 下来; (物价)下跌; 传下来 (from) come for 来取(物); 来迎接(人) come in 进入; 当选; 当权; 流行起来; 到成熟期; (比赛中) 获得名 come into 进入, 开始 (come into notice 使人 注目, 引起注意 come into sight 被人看见, 出现 come into use 开 始应用 come into the world 出世),come off (扣子、齿、发) 脱落, (油漆)剥落 come on 进步; 发