大三上学期英美概况BritishHistory.ppt

Guide to English-Speaking Countries,英语国家概况,英语国家概况,Chapter 2 History,The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,英语国家概况,The Rise and Fall of the British Empire,Transition to the Modern Age,II,III,CONTENT,The Founding of the Nation,I,1.1 Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxons,1.1.1 Prehistoric Period (history undocumented) 9,000 years ago part of E-Continent 3,000 BC Iberians (Stonehenge),Stonehenge(巨石阵) It is the most famous prehistoric monument in Britain and is situated on Salisbury Plain in the county of Wiltshire. People began building Stonehenge about 5,000 years ago, dragging each stone into place.,Stonehenge and its Statue,1.1 Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxons,The name of BritainBritons Tribal society Celtic Language (Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh),1.1.2 Celtic Britain (8th5th Century BC),First invasionIn August 55 BC, Julius Caesar invaded Britain SecondCaesars second raid in 54 BC Third and finalIn 43 AD, Emperor Claudius, final and successful Roman invasion of Britain LeftGermanic attack in Rome, forcing all Roman troops to leave Britain, and thus ending the Roman occupation of the island.,1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD5th Century),Gaius Julius Caesar,I came, I conquered,Hardians Wall, civil districts（民政区） and military districts（军事区）,Hardian Wall,Capable administrators & good builders (towns and cities & roads) Building of London River Thames “London Bridge” Building of roads Government system “ster”, “cester”, “shire”,1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD5th Century),Influence of the Roman Conquest,Roman civilization: fine buildings/ new roads and new ways to cultivate the land/ government system.,1.1.4 The Anglo-Saxon Invasion (5th8th Century),Germanic people (the Jutes from Jutland, Angles from South of Denmark and Saxons from Germany) English (language of the Angles) dominant language (old English) The living area became larger. a famous legendary person: King Arthur and his “round table” Roman Christianity St. Augustine brings Christianity to Britain from Rome and becomes Archbishop of Canterbury,In about 7 century/ the Heptarchy(七国）：East Anglia, Kent, Essex, Sussex, Northumbria, Wessex and Mercia),King Arthur and his Excalibur,The Round Table The large wooden table in the Great Hall at Winchester dates from no earlier than the thirteenth century, when it may have been made at the command of King Edward III,1.1.5 Danish Invasion (8th Century1066),the Vikings (from the Scandinavian countries: Norway, Denmark and Sweden) Alfred the Great, king of Wessex The warring period / lead the people fight back enemies. A peace treaty: the eastern and northern part of the island was to be subject to the Danish law and come to be known as the Danelaw ( at the battle of Wedmore) The Father of the British Navy From 1016 to 1042, under the rule of Danish kings. In 1042, the English throne was returned to the Anglo-Saxons Prose literature,King Edward,Westminster Abbey and Poets corner Jeffery Chaucer, the first distinguished poet buried there.,Westminster Abbey, built in1052, by the penultimate King of England, the Edward the Confessor (1042-1066),1.1.5 Danish Invasion (8th Century1066),The Norman Conquest,Origin: northern France Its country- Normandy The Norman Conquer England in 1066 the war between William and Harold in 1066 the death of Edward the battle of Hastings William the conqueror, the first Anglo-Norman King.,In 1066, Edward chose Harold of Wessex to be King in his place. Duke William, often referred to as William the Conquer, challenged Harolds succession, won the Battle of Hastings, and was crowned King.,1.1.6 The Norman Conquest,Duke William,Norman Cavalier,Influence of the Norman Conquest,Government, system, feudalism Compel the sub-vassals to take oaths to him directly as well as to their immediate overlords. Made administration of justice directly dependent to his crown. Appointed the Norman bishops and made himself the head of bishops. London Tower National survey about population and resources. Norman way of life, French Civilization imposed on the English ( middle English/ pig pork , shipmutton),To be continued,Norman way of life, French Civilization imposed on the English (Middle English) This is the last invasion of England by foreigners.,In 1067, William started building the Tower of London, the great fortress which demonstrated his power and dominated the city of London.,1.1.6 The Norman Conquest,Scotland,Historical Glories: a unified country and culture/ Hardrians Wall 6th century, northern Ireland people invaded the south-west, the Scots 9th century, experienced Viking raids which led Scottish people form an independent state/ Macbeth, William Shakespear Auld Lang Syne (Robert Burns, Scots dialect) Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde (Robert Louis Stevenson): dual nature of man superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottish identity,Wales (I) Self-consciousness: industry, commerce, language (Welsh- celtic), only brought into UK from 1536 (II) Politics: Plaid Cymru (Party of Wales); 38 MPs Northern Ireland (Ulster) Political Troubles: Easter Rising (1916, leaders executed) IRA (1919, Irish Republican Army) Sinn Fein Irish independence became inevitable,solution,Reasons: 1)Religion difference Catholic : most Irish people Protestant: most British people 2)government encouragement 3) The idea