高中英语Module5CloningSectionⅣOtherPartsoftheModule教学案外研版.docx

Module 5 Cloning Section Other Parts of the Module原文呈现读文清障Cloning and DNAMany people think that the science of genetics and cloning is recent. Its certainly true that in 1953, Watson and Crick, two scientists at Cambridge University, England, discovered the structure of the acid DNA a transparenttwisting ladder made of the fundamentalcomponents of life. But in fact, it was in 1866 that Mendel first recorded the results of growing pea plants. He understood that both the parent plants had influenced the genetic makeup of the new plant.In 1973, biochemists Cohen and Boyer discovered a procedure to use enzymes chemicals formed in the body to unzip the DNA, to cut outa sequence ofgenes， and finally to insert them into the host cell and combine with its DNA.genetics/dnetIks/n遗传学that引导主语从句，it作形式主语。acid/sId/adj.酸(性)的transparent/trnsprnt/adj.透明的twisting/twIstI/adj.扭曲的，弯曲的fundamental/fndmentl/adj.基本的，不可或缺的component/kmpnnt/n成分made of .是过去分词短语作后置定语。it was in .是强调句型，强调时间状语in 1866。makeupn构成，构造procedure/prsid/n程序，注意其后接了四个to do。enzyme/enzaIm/n酶chemical n化学物质unzip/nzIp/v解开cut out 切割出来，分离a sequence of 一系列的gene/din/n基因insert/Inst/v植入，插入the host cell宿主细胞combine with 与结合be combined with 被与结合/联合在一起克隆与DNA第12段译文许多人认为基因学与克隆是最近出现的。确实如此，在1953年，英国剑桥大学的两名科学家沃森和克里克发现了酸性DNA的结构一种透明的由生命基本元素构成的双螺旋结构。但是事实上，孟德尔在1866年第一个记录了种植豌豆的结果。他了解到植物的父本和母本都会影响子代的基因构成。1973年，生物化学家科恩和博耶发现了如下步骤：利用人体内形成的化学物质酶解旋DNA，截取一定顺序的基因片断，最后把它们植入宿主细胞，使之与其DNA结合。Cloning takes the DNA from a single cell to create a whole new individual. A clone is an organism which is geneticallyidentical to another one. But its now certain that no clone is an exact copy because of differences in experiences and upbringing.There are at least two teams of scientists which are trying to clone humans. Although controversial， there are many valid reasons to do so. An Italian doctor wants to offer cloning as an optional treatment for couples who find it difficult to have children. But anyone who was a clone of one of their parents would be under unknown psychological pressure throughout their childhood.individual n个体organism/nIzm/n有机体genetically adv.遗传地(be) identical to 和一样，与一致its now certain that .是固定句式，表示“是确定的”。upbringing/pbrII/n抚育，养育which引导定语从句，修饰two teams of scientists。controversial/kntrvl/adj.有争议的valid/vlId/adj.有确实根据的，有效的optional/pnl/adj.可选择的find itadj.to do sth.是固定句式，it是形式宾语，adj.是宾补，to do sth.是真正的宾语。under .pressure 处于的压力之下第34段译文,克隆是从一个单细胞中提取DNA来创造出一个全新的个体。克隆体从遗传角度而言是与另一个生物个体完全相同的有机体。但是现在确定的是由于在经历和养育方面的差异，没有任何一个克隆体是完全的复制物。,至少有两组科学家正在试图克隆人类。尽管存在争议，这样做也有很多正当的理由。一位意大利医生想把克隆作为难以怀孕的夫妇的一种选择性治疗方案。然而来自父母中任何一方的克隆人都会在他们的整个童年生活中处在一种未知的心理压力下。Another reason is to reproduce the talents of exceptional human beings. But an Einstein clone might choose a path in life which is contradictory to the one the original Einstein chose. He may even possess new vices instead of existing virtues！A further reason is to obtain a supply ofstem cells. Stem cells in embryos are very flexible and can develop into every other type of cell in the body. For example, it could help someone recover from a disease, repair human tissue， or help them walk again after an accident. These stem cells would need to come from an embryo taken from the clone of someone. But the embryo would then be wasted, which many people find unacceptable. What is clear is that some voluntary code of practice among scientists has to be agreed. If not， compulsory government regulations will have to control cloning.reproduce/riprdjus/v复制，使再现exceptional/Iksepnl/adj.特别的，非凡的，卓越的contradictory/kntrdIktri/adj.相反的the one后省略了引导定语从句的that，因为此处that作chose的宾语。vice/vaIs/n缺点，弱点virtue/vtu/n道德上的优点，善行a supply of 大量的stem cell干细胞embryo/embri/n胚胎flexible/fleksbl/adj.易适应的recover v复原，恢复，康复，常与from搭配。tissue/tIu/n(生理)组织过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰an embryo。which引导非限制性定语从句作find的宾语。code/kd/n法规，规则what引导主语从句； that引导表语从句。If not(If it is not)是省略句。compulsory/kmplsri/adj.强制的，强迫的regulation/rejleIn/n法规，条例第56段译文另一个原因是复制非凡的人的天资。但是克隆出来的爱因斯坦或许会选择一条与“原版”爱因斯坦截然相反的生活道路。他甚至会有新的缺点而不是已有的优点！,更深层的原因是获得大量的干细胞。胚胎里的干细胞很容易适应，可能会发展成为体内任何其他类型的细胞。例如，它可以帮助人们从疾病中恢复，修复人体组织，或帮他们在事故后重新行走。这些干细胞会需要来自某个人的克隆体的胚胎。然后这个胚胎就没用了，这是许多人都无法接受的。很明显，在科学家中一些不成文的职业规范必须获准。否则，强制性的政府条例必须控制克隆。A fourth reason for cloning is that some scientists and farmers think it would be handy to clone, for example, a prize cow which can resist bacteria or disease, or to sow a cloned crop which can resistrot or pests. But to rely on a few cloned animals or crops would restrict the biodiversity of the breed.Finally, the latest research into DNA has helped solve crimes by analysing the suspectssaliva which they spit at a crime scene or the dirt under their fingernails.handy/hndi/adj.方便的，便利的bacteria/bktIri/n细菌sow/s/v播种resist/rIzIst/v抵抗rot/rt/n(细菌引起的)腐败病，腐蚀病pest/pest/n害虫rely on依靠，依赖biodiversity/baIdaIvsti/n生物多样性breed/brid/n(动植物的)品种research常与into, about, on等介词搭配。analyse/nlaIz/v分析suspect/sspekt/n嫌疑人saliva/slaIv/n唾液，口水fingernail/fIneIl/n手指甲第78段译文进行克隆的第四个原因是，有些科学家和农场主认为，克隆很方便实惠，比如，克隆能够抵御细菌或疾病的优质奶牛，种植能够抵抗枯病或虫害的克隆作物。但是仅仅依赖少数几种克隆动植物会限制生物品种的多样性。,最后，对DNA的最新研究有助于通过分析嫌疑犯遗留在犯罪现场的唾液或指甲缝里的污物来解决犯罪问题。原文呈现读文清障Jurassic Park Scientific Fact or Hollywood Fiction？Steven Spielbergs successful scifi adventure filmfollows two dinosaur experts Dr Alan and Dr Ellie Sattler as they are invited by the eccentric millionaire John Hammond to visit his new amusement park on an island off Costa Rica before it opens to the public. By cloning DNA taken from prehistoric mosquitoes, Hammond has created living dinosaurs for his new Jurassic Park. Accompanied by Hammonds two grandchildren， they are sent on a tour through Jurassic Park in computercontrolled cars. But a tropical storm hits the island,knocking out the power supply， and an employee destroys the security systemso that he can steal dinosaur embryos and sell them. The dinosaurs start to get out of control .Hollywood fiction 好莱坞科幻片scifi/saI faI/adj.科幻的scifi adventure film科幻历险片/电影eccentric/IksentrIk/adj.(人、行为等)古怪的，反常的Costa Rica哥斯达黎加prehistoric adj.史前的take from从提取，此处是过去分词形式作后置定语。accompany/kmpni/v.陪伴，陪同Accompanied by .是过去分词短语作方式状语。on a tour观光，旅行computercontrolled adj.电脑控制的hit(strike) vt.袭击，侵袭knock out摧毁knocking out the .是现在分词短语作结果状语。the security system安全系统so that .是目的状语从句，so that意为“以便”。get out of control摆脱控制侏罗纪公园科学事实还是好莱坞科幻片？第1段译文继两位恐龙专家艾伦和埃利萨特勒博士应古怪的百万富翁约翰哈蒙德之邀，参观了他位于哥斯达黎加外岛屿上的尚未对公众开放的新的游乐场之后，史蒂文斯皮尔博格成功地拍摄了科幻历险片。通过克隆从史前的蚊子身上提取的DNA，哈蒙德为他的新侏罗纪公园创造出了活恐龙。在哈蒙德的两个孙子的陪伴下，他们被送到电脑控制的车中进行环绕侏罗纪公园的旅行。但是一场热带风暴袭击了岛屿，摧毁了电力供应，并且一个雇员破坏了安全系统以便偷出恐龙胚胎去卖。恐龙开始摆脱控制So, since it is possible to clone sheep， is it possible to clone dinosaurs? Or is this just Hollywood? First, any DNA that has been taken from a preserved mosquito is only 40 million years old. Dinosaurs are at least 60 million years old, so even if any DNA was found， the mosquitoes need to be much older, and as far as we know， mosquitoes that old do not exist.Second, although it is possible to find preserved mosquitoes, only one male has been recovered. In fact， only females can absorb the DNA of another creature. Also, there is no way of knowing if the DNA was from a dinosaur or not. Since there has been no previous discovery of dinosaurs, there is nothing to compare the new sample with.since引导原因状语从句；从句中it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式短语。preserve v保存，保护that引导定语从句，修饰先行词any DNA。at least (at the least)至少even if (even though)引导让步状语从句。as far as we know据我们所知that adv.那么，那样(用来加强语气，相当于so)in fact事实上absorb/bzb/v吸收be absorbed in全神贯注于there is no way of knowing .无法知道； if the DNA was from a dinosaur or not是宾语从句。previous adj.以前的sample/smpl/n样本compare .with .把与相比较compared with/to与相比 第23段译文这样看来，既然可以克隆羊，那有可能克隆恐龙吗？还是这只是好莱坞科幻片？首先，任何取自被保存的蚊子的DNA只有4千万年之久。恐龙至少是6千万年前的，所以，即使发现任何DNA，蚊子也需要年代更久远些，而据我们所知，年代那么久远的蚊子是不存在的。,其次，即使可能找到被保存的蚊子，但仅仅发现了一只雄性蚊子。事实上，只有雌性蚊子才能吸取另一种生物的DNA。而且，也无法知道这DNA是否来自于恐龙。既然没有以前发现的恐龙，也就无法与新的样本进行比较。Thirdly, dinosaur DNA would not be intact after the long period of time since their extinction. When life ends, DNAbreaks down and does not repair itself.Many questions also arise in the cloning of dinosaurs. Some of these questions are: What will be needed to raise a baby dinosaur from childhood successfully? What kinds of conditions do dinosaurs need to survive？ What are the diets of dinosaurs? What kinds of care would dinosaurs need in their adult lives? What would be done to protect humans from dinosaurs and vice versa？ What ethical and human rights issues are raised by cloning？intact/Intkt/adj.完好无损的，完整的extinction n灭绝break down分解arise/raIz/v(问题、困难等)发生，出现raise vt.养育survive v生存survivor n幸存者protect .from .保护免受(侵害)vice versa反过来也一样，反之亦然ethical adj.道德的human rights人权raise issues提出问题第45段译文第三，在灭绝了这么久之后，恐龙的DNA不会完好无损。生命结束后，DNA分解且无法自我修复。,在克隆恐龙上也产生了许多问题。一些问题是：将一个小恐龙成功地养大需要做些什么？恐龙存活需要什么样的条件？恐龙吃些什么？恐龙在成年生活中需要什么样的照顾？该做些什么去保护人类免受恐龙的伤害或保护恐龙免受人类的伤害？克隆会带来什么样的道德和人权问题？So cloning dinosaurs seems scientifically impossible. The world is not ready for it and the materialsthat are needed are not yet available. Even if it was possible to bring dinosaurs back to life they probably could not survive in the present day environment. Temperature, air, disease, and plants are all different today than in the era of dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are used to a completely different world and would find great difficulty living here. The only place that dinosaurs seem to exist today is in Hollywood.scientifically adv. 科学上地，从科学意义上说that引导定语从句，修饰先行词the materials。available adj.可利用的，可得到的bring . back to life使复活in the era of在时代be used to习惯于，to为介词。find difficulty (in) doing sth.发现做某事有困难that引导定语从句，修饰先行词the only place。第6段译文因此，克隆恐龙从科学上说似乎是不可能的。世界对此毫无准备，而且所需的物质原料也无法获得。即使真有可能让恐龙复活，它们也不一定能在目前的环境中存活。现在的温度、空气、疾病和植物也与恐龙时代的全然不同。恐龙习惯了一个完全不同的世界，并且会发现很难在这里活下来。今天，恐龙能生存的唯一地方似乎只有好莱坞。Step 1True (T) or False (F)Passage on Pages 64651The science of genetics and cloning is recent._F_2Cloning can make a new individual out of a single cell._T_3A clone has its advantages and disadvantages._T_Passage on Page 674Dinosaurs died out before mosquitoes._T_Step 2Choose the best answers according to the passages.Passage on Pages 64651Stem cells can be used to_.Adevelop into enzymesBsolve crimesCcreate prize winning animalsDhelp people recover from diseasesPassage on Page 672Which of the following statements is TRUE?ADinosaurs died out after mosquitoes began to exist.BJurassic Park is only fiction.CThere are still proper conditions for dinosaurs to exist today.DCloning dinosaurs is possible.Passage on Page 693In BraveNewWorld，which of the following types of clones are leaders of society?ABetas.BEpsilons.CAlphas. DAlphas and Betas.4It seems that people in BraveNewWorld_.Alove their nation very muchBhate their nation very muchCdont have any feelingsDare satisfied with their own positions5How does the government control the society?ABy teaching them what to like or dislike and giving them drugs to make them happy.BBy dividing the whole society into five classes.CBy giving equal rights to the five types of people.DBy strong and cruel methods.答案：15DBCDA一、这样记单词记得准写得对记得快记得多.基础词汇1.identicaladj.完全相同的，同一的2.curev. 治愈3.fundamentaladj. 基本的，不可或缺的，重要的4.controversialadj. 有争议的5.virtuen. 道德上的优点，善行6.handyadj. 方便的，便利的7.suspectn. 嫌疑人8.absorbv. 吸收9.arisev. (问题、困难等)发生，出现.拓展词汇1.genen基因geneticadj.基因的，遗传基因的；遗传学的geneticsn遗传学2.beneficialadj.有益的，有用的benefit n利益；救济金v.有益于，对有益3.imaginaryadj.假想的，虚构的imaginative adj.富于想象力的imagination n想象力；幻觉imagine v想象，设想4.incredibleadj.难以置信的credible adj.可信的credit n信誉，信用5.flexibleadj.易适应的，灵活的flexibility n适应性，灵活性6.optionaladj.可选择的option n选择opt v选择，挑选7.regulationn法规，条例regular adj.有规律的；固定的regulate v调整，控制；校对8.resistv抗拒，抵抗；忍住resistance n抗拒，反对，阻力resistant adj.对有抵抗力，抵制的9.analysev分析analysis n分析10.accompanyv陪同；陪伴company n陪同，陪伴companion n伙伴，同伴11.violencen暴力violent adj.粗暴的；猛烈的1.cure v治愈联想treat vt. 治疗heal vt. 治愈2.upbringing n. 抚育，养育词块family/home upbringing 家庭教育moral upbringing 道德教育3.fundamental adj. 基本的，不可或缺的，重要的同义basic adj. 基本的；基础的；初级的essential adj. 本质的；必要的；重要的4.virtue n. 道德上的优点，善行联想quality n. 品质character n. 品质5.handy adj. 方便的，便利的同义convenient adj. 方便的，便利的6.suspect n. 嫌疑人v. 怀疑联想doubt v. 怀疑，不确定比较两者都可以接that从句作宾语，但含义不同：前者的意思是“疑为非”； 后者的意思是“疑为是”。7.arise (arose, arisen) v. (问题、困难等)发生，出现联想raise vt. 升起，举起rise vi. 上升，升起8.incredible adj. 难以置信的联想in前缀形容词集合informal 非正式的incorrect 不正确的indirect 间接的incomplete 不完整的independent 独立的invisible 看不见的9.beneficial adj. 有益的，有用的串记Cycling is highly beneficial to our health. That is to say, we can get much benefit from cycling.二、这样记短语记牢固定短语多积常用词块1.by mistake错误地2.treat .as . 把当成对待3.a sequence of 一系列的4.(be) identical to 和一样，与一致5.rely on依靠，依赖6.as follows 如下7.knock out摧毁8.get out of control摆脱控制9.as far as we know 据我们所知10.break down分解11.vice versa 反过来也一样，反之亦然12.bring .back to life 使复活1.valid reasons 合理的理由2.under unknown psychological pressure 处于莫名的心理压力下3.throughout their childhood他们的整个童年4.recover from a disease 从疾病中恢复5.after an accident 事故之后6.open to the public 向公众开放7.repair itself 自我修复8.in their adult lives 在他们的成年生活中9.in the present day environment 在现在的环境中10.600 years in the future 将来600年11.in society 在社会中三、这样记句式先背熟再悟通后仿用1.If not, compulsory government regulations will have to control cloning. 否则，强制性的政府条例必须控制克隆行为。 if not“如果不，否则；要不”，该结构是if条件状语从句的省略结构。Are you ready？If_not,_Im going without you. 你准备好了吗？否则，我就自己去了。2.The reason whyBraveNewWorld is still so famous is that it describes a terrifying future world that is becoming more and more possible. 勇敢新世界仍然如此出名是因为它描述了一个越来越可能出现的恐怖的未来世界。The reason why .is that .“的原因是”，why引导定语从句，that引导表语从句。The_reason_why he didnt get the job was that his English was not very good. 他没有得到这份工作的原因是他英语不好。3.Again, the government wants people to be happy so thatthey will not try to change society. 再者，政府希望人们快乐，这样他们就不会试图改变社会。so that“以便，为了”， 引导目的状语从句。Please read aloud so_that I can hear you. 请大声朗读，好让我能听到。1(教材P61)In what way are Sheep A and Sheep Bidentical?A羊和B 羊在哪些方面完全相同？identical adj.完全相同的，同一的be identical in在方面极其相似be identical to/with 与完全一样/极其相似identify v. 识别，认同，一致identity n. 同一性；一致；身份The pearls are absolutely identical in size and colour.珍珠的大小和颜色都一模一样。Its really interesting that your coat is identical to/with mine. 你的外套和我的完全一样，真是太有趣了！He was too far away to be able toidentify faces.他离得太远，没法识别面孔。2(教材P61)Cloning will be beneficial to humans.克隆将有益于人类。beneficial adj.有益的，有用的 (1)be beneficial to对有益的(2)benefit vt.&n. 有利于，使受益；利益benefit from 从中受益be of benefit to sb. 对某人有益for the benefit of 为了的利益This New EnglishChinese dictionary will be very beneficial to your English learning.这本新英汉词典对你的英语学习非常有好处。I have benefited a lot from extensive reading.广泛的阅读使我受益匪浅。It is said that Yoga is of great benefit to human health.据说瑜伽对人体健康有极大好处。3(教材P61)We could use cloning to cure illnesses.我们可以用克隆治愈疾病。cure(1)v.治愈，治好cure sb. of治愈某人的She says she can cure me, but I still doubt her. 她说她能治我的病，但我有点不相信她。I can give you some medicine to cure you of the disease.我可以给你些药来治好你的病。(2)n.治疗，治愈；治疗法；补救办法a cure for .疾病的治疗方法；问题的解决办法Prevention is better thancure.谚语预防胜于治疗。The best cure for sadness is a big smile. 治疗忧伤的一剂良方就是开怀大笑。辨析比较cure, treatcure“治疗，治愈”，强调治好疾病的结果，使病人恢复健康，有时可指突然的、戏剧性的痊愈。cure还可以指“矫正，纠正”，借喻指消除社会某种不良现象或个人恶习等treat“医治，治疗”，强调治疗的动作或治疗的过程，不涉及治疗的结果。treat还可作“对待，看待”讲选用上述单词填空The doctor treated her headache with a new medicine, but didnt cure her.4(教材P65). for example, a prize cow which can resist bacteria or disease .比如，克隆能抵御细菌或疾病的优质奶牛resist v抵抗，抗拒 (1)resist doing sth.反对做某事cant resist doing sth. 禁不住做某事(2)resistant adj. 对有抵抗力的，抵制的，反抗的be resistant to 对有抵抗力(3)resistance (to) n. 反抗，抵抗I have a sweet tooth and cant resist eating chocolate and ice cream. 我喜欢吃甜食，见到巧克力和冰淇淋就想吃。A healthy diet creates a body resistant to disease.健康饮食有助于增强身体内对疾病的抵抗力。You should exercise more to build up a resistance (resistant) to infection. 你应该多加锻炼以增强对疾病传染的抵抗力。名师点津resist作“忍受，忍得住”讲时，常用于否定句，后接动词需用v.ing形式。5(教材P65)But to rely on a few cloned animals or crops would restrict the biodiversity of the breed.但是仅仅依靠少数几种克隆动植物会限制生物品种的多样性。rely on (depend on)依靠，依赖，指望 rely on sb./sth. for sth.指望从某人/某物那里得到某物rely on sb./sth.to do/doing sth. 相信/指望某人/某物做某事rely on it that . 相信/指望Now that you are grownup, you should not rely on your parents. 既然你长大了，就不应该依靠你的父母。You can rely on me to_keep/keeping (keep) your secret.你可以相信我会为你保守秘密的。You may rely on it that he will come to meet you.你放心好了，他会来见你的。名师点津rely on it that中，it为形式宾语，不作翻译，that从句才是真正宾语。6(教材P65)Finally, the latest research into DNA has helped solve crimes by analysing the suspects saliva which they spit at a crime scene or the dirt under their fingernails.最后，对DNA的最新研究有助于通过分析嫌疑犯遗留在犯罪现场的唾液或指甲缝里的污物来解决犯罪问题。suspect n嫌疑人vt.怀疑；猜想s