月直播：语言学复习指导.ppt

An Introductory Course to Linguistics,Guidance for General Review Chu Xiuwei,本课程的教学目标： 通过本课程的学习，学生能初步了解或掌握语言学的基本知识，学会分析语料，了解如何进行语言学研究，由此为进一步的语言学习或研究奠定基础；同时，学生能了解语言的本质、掌握语言习得，特别是外语的教与学的实质及相关研究的科学成果，以利于更好地从事英语的学或教。本课程不要求学生死记硬背术语概念和研究结论，但要求学生基本上理解领会语言学的基本知识，并能初步运用语言学的理论知识对某些语言现象和外语教学中的一些问题做出一定的解释。,1 复习大纲,据此，本课程期末考试命题以胡壮麟、姜望琪等编的语言学教程（修订版）为依据，旨在考核应试者是否理解掌握现代语言学各个主要研究领域的基本概念、基本理论和原则、研究方法，以及所取得的主要研究成果，是否能运用语言学的理论知识对某些语言现象（主要是英语语言现象）和外语教学中的一些问题做出一定的解释。考试内容除了语言学的一些核心基本概念、理论外，主要是与外语的教与学直接或间接相关的知识点。 所以，在复习过程中，学生应以把握语言学研究的整体架构为主要目标，同时特别注意各章节中的重点和或难点。,1 复习大纲,现将各章节中的重点、难点陈列如下，其中表示是重点内容，要求学生理解掌握并能运用于相关分析；表示是难点，要求学生理解基本概念；表示即是难点又是重点。 Chapter 1: Invitations to Linguistics The design features of language, Functions of language, Branches of linguistics, Important distinctions in linguistics ,1 复习大纲,Chapter 2 Speech Sounds Scope of phonetics, Phonetic transcription, Classification of English speech sounds, Phonetics and phonology, Phone, phoneme and allophone, Minimal pair, phonemic contrast, and complementary distribution, Phonological processes,1 复习大纲,Chapter 3 Lexicon The definition and identification of words, The classification of words, The creation of new words or expressions, Defining morphology, Morpheme, morph and allomorph, Types of morphemes, Word-formation,1 复习大纲,Chapter 4 Syntax Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations, Immediate constituent analysis, Endocentric and exocentric constructions, The innateness hypothesis, Transformational rules,1 复习大纲,Chapter 5 Meaning Denotation and connotation, Sense and reference, Sense relations between words, Componential analysis, Sentence meaning Chapter 6 Pragmatics Sentence-meaning versus utterance-meaning, Performatives and constatives, Indirect speech act, The cooperative principle, Conversational implicature,1 复习大纲,Chapter 7 Language, Culture and Society The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, Why teach culture in language class? The evaluation of varieties of (a) language, Varieties of language, Communicative competence, Bilingualism and diglossia Chapter 8 Language and Computer CAI/CAL vs. CALL, Machine translation (MT) , Corpus and corpus linguistics,1 复习大纲,Chapter 9 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching The relation of linguistics to foreign language teaching, Major factors in syllabus design, The research focus in language education, The significance of linguistics in language learning, Error analysis, The significance of testing, Requirements of a good test,复习大纲,2 考试样题及答案,本课程试题题型采用单项选择题、语言学术语与解释选择搭配题、语言学文献阅读理解题、简答题和论述题五种，各种题型所占比例为： 单项选择题（共10题），20%； 语言学术语与解释选择搭配题（共10题），15%； 阅读理解题（1篇短文共5个问题），10%； 简答题（共1题），10%； 论述题（共1题），15%。 满分70分；考试时间为80分钟。考试采用闭卷形式，答题一律用英语。 下面的样题只是为大家展示试题的样例。这里提醒大家一定要认真复习课件内容并完成复习思考题。,2 考试样题及答案,西南师范大学网络教育学院期末考试样题 专业： 英语 2008年 月 A卷 课程名称【编号】： 语言学导论 【0181】 闭卷 考试时间：80分钟 满分：70分 答案必须做在答题卷上，做在试卷上不予记分。 . In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question, or would best complete the sentence. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET. (20%) In the following sounds, _ is a voiced stop. A. b B. t C. p D. k,2 考试样题及答案,2. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as _. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 3. The semantic components of the word “boy” can be expressed as _. A. +human, +male, +adult B. +human, -male, +adult C. +human, -male, -adult D. +human, +male, -adult 4. Conjunctions, preposition, pronouns and articles can be classified as _. A. lexical words B. grammatical words C. pro-forms D. content words 5. If two sounds are of no distinctive value, but are varieties of the same phoneme, they are called _. A. phones B. speech sounds C. allophones D. morphs Keys: ACDBC,2 考试样题及答案,Column A 1. duality of structure 2. free morphemes 3. endocentric construction 4. International Phonetic Alphabet 5. Psycholinguistics 6. the syntagmatic relation 7. derivational morphemes 8. regional dialect 9. sequential rules 10. presupposition,. Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET. (10%),2 考试样题及答案,Column B A. the study of the relationship between language and mind. B. the bound morphemes which are conjoined to other morphemes (or words) to derive or form a new word C. the organization of language into two levels: a lower level of sounds which combine to form a higher level of meaningful units D. a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. E. linguistic varieties used by people living in different regions. F. the rules which govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. G. one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents H. the kind of meaning which the speaker doesnt assert but assumes the hearer can identify from the sentence I. the morphemes which can constitute words by themselves J. the one between one item and others in a linear sequence, or between elements which are all present,2 考试样题及答案,Keys: 1. C 2. I 3. G 4. D 5. A 6. J 7. B 8. E 9. F 10. H,2 考试样题及答案,. READING COMPREHENSION. Read the following passages; choose the correct answer for each question and write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%) Passage One (Questions 1-5) As everyone knows, words constantly take on new meanings. Since they do not necessarily, nor even usually, take the place of the old ones, we should picture this process as the analogy of a tree throwing out new branches which themselves throw out subordinate branches. The new branches sometimes overshadow and kill the old one but by no means always. We shall again and again find the earliest senses of a word flourishing for centuries despite a vast overgrowth of later senses which might be expected to kill them.,2 考试样题及答案,When a word has several meanings historical circumstances often make one of them dominant during a particular period. Thus “station” is now more likely to mean a railway-station than anything else; “speculation” more likely to bear its financial sense than any other. Until this century, “plane” had as its dominant meaning “a flat surface” or “a carpenters tool to make a surface smooth”, but the meaning “an aeroplane” is dominant now. The dominant sense of a word lies uppermost in our minds. Whenever we meet the word, our natural impulse is to give it that sense. We are often deceived. To an old author the word may mean something different. One of many aims is to make the reading of old books easy as far as certain words are concerned. If we read an old poem with insufficient regard for the change of the dictionary meanings of words we wont be able to understand the poem the old author intended. And to avoid this, knowledge is necessary.,2 考试样题及答案,We see good words or good senses of words losing their edge or more rarely getting a new edge that serves some different purposes. “Verbicide”, the murder of a word, happens in many ways. Inflation is the commonest: those who taught us to say “awfully” for “very”, “tremendous” for “great”, and “unthinkable” for “undesirable” were verbicides. I should be glad if I sent any reader away with a sense of responsibility to the language. It is unnecessary to think we can do nothing about it. Our conversation will have little effect, but if we get into print - perhaps especially if we are leader-writers or reporters - we can help to strengthen or weaken some disastrous words, can encourage a good and resist a bad Americanism. For many things the press prints today will be taken up by a great mass of people in a few years.,2 考试样题及答案,1. The main idea of the first paragraph is _. only old words take on new meaning B. a tree throws out new branches as the words pick up new meanings C. words obtain new meanings from time to time D. it is possible for the old words to lose their old senses 2. By mentioning the tree throwing out new branches, the author hopes to _. A. stress the natural phenomena B. picture the process of growth of new branches C. explain what the analogy is D. illustrate his view in a clearer way 3. We are often cheated by some words in that _. A. their dominant meanings have not been determined B. sometimes they mean something different from their dominant meanings,2 考试样题及答案,C. our natural impulse makes a mistake D. the dominant sense of a word is not accurate in our minds 4. In the authors view, if someone taught us to say “awfully” for “very”, _. A. we were advised not to accept it B. we were getting a new edge for a different purpose C. we saw an example of a good word being misused D. we saw a word serving for a different purpose 5. The main idea of the last paragraph is that _. A. we can do nothing about it unless we get into print B. we should take responsibility to the language if necessary C. our conversation has little effect on the situation because we havent got into print D. a great mass of people will accept what the press prints so that we can encourage the good and resist the bad. Keys to 1-5: CDBCD,2 考试样题及答案,IV. SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS: Answer the following question in 100 to 120 words. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%) How are the English words classified? ANSWER: 1) According to their variability, words can be classified into variable and invariable words. Variable words are those words which can take inflective endings; invariable words are those that cannot. 2分 2) According to their grammatical and semantic properties, words can be classified into lexical and grammatical words. 1分 3) According to their membership words can be classified into c1osed-class and open-class words.1分 A closed class is one whose membership is in principle fixed or limited. Conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns, and articles belong to this class.1分 An open class is one whose membership is in principle indefinite or unlimited. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, and interjections belong to this class.1分,2 考试样题及答案,4) According to their similarities in terms of inflections and distribution or by analyzing their various grammatical, semantic and phonological properties, words in a language can be grouped into different classes, i.e. word classes. 2分Word class is close to the notion of parts of speech in traditional grammar. In English, nine or ten word classes are established. 1分 总体印象分：1分,2 考试样题及答案,V. ESSAY QUESTION. Develop the following topic into an essay of 120 to 160 words. Writ