honetics小学英语教师培训.ppt

Phonetics for more,By Vi. English Department, Puer University.,音素和国际音标 1什么是音素(phonemes)：音素是语音的最小单位。 2音素的分类：元音和辅音。 3音素的个数：共48个，元音音素20个，辅音音 素28个。 4什么是音标：记录音素的符号叫做音标。 5什么是国际音标：国际音标是由国际语音 协会规定的一 套音标, 用来记录世界各主要语言的语音。 6.重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。,元音和辅音的定义： 发音时声带振动，呼出的气流通过口腔时不受阻碍，这样形成的语音称为元音。 不论声带振动与否，发音时呼出的气流通过口腔或鼻腔时受到一定的阻碍，这样形成的语音称为辅音。 发音时声带不振动的辅音称为清辅音。 发音声带振动的辅音称为浊辅音。,音标的书写规则,1. 音标必须写在括号里，常用的音标括号有斜头和平头两种，其上端不顶第一线，大致与大写字母相齐，下端在第三格的中下，下端也不顶第四线； 2. 一定要注意：ai和au不要写成Ai和Au 。在打字的时候，不要用a来代替A,把A打成a，也不要用g来代替G，把GE:l打成gE:l； 3. 音标没有书写体，也没有大小写，因此书写时必须和印刷体一样，直上直下，没有斜度，其书写规格如下所列。,元音音标学习,元音概述：元音是有噪音的语音。形成元音时，声带振动，气流经由咽腔和口腔逸出时，不受到任何阻碍，没有可以听得到的摩擦声。英语里共有20个元音（单元音1个，双元音个）。 元音之间的差异，是由发音时各发音器官所采取的不同位置形成的。所谓“不同位置”，指的是舌头的高低与前后，牙床的开合程度，以及唇形的大小和圆扁。但其中决定的因素是舌头的位置：舌头是在口腔的前部、中部或者后部，决定所发的音是前元音、中元音还是后元音；舌身隆起的高度以及舌的哪一部分隆起最高，决定发出的元音是开口元音、半开元音、合口元音、还是半合元音。牙床开合的程度是由舌位的高低所决定的，而双唇的圆扁和大小对形成不同的元音也有相当的影响。因此，描述一个元音的发音部位，主要是描述它的舌位和唇形。,辅音（28个）,英语音标48音素 发音一般方法及练习,/i:/,发音要诀 (1)舌尖抵下齿，舌前部尽量抬高。 (2)双唇扁平，牙床几乎半合。 (3)这是长元音，发音时嘴角向旁伸，做微笑状，并要有一定的延长。,发音练习,me mi: see si: sea si: meet mi:t heat hi:t need ni:d free fri: feel fi:l bee bi: ,We/wi:/我们 me/mi:/ 我（宾格） she /i: /她 knee/ni:/膝盖 Tree/ tr i:/树 Chinese/taini:z/ Sheep/i:p/羊 three /ri:/三 canteen/cnti:n/ These/i:z/这些,朗读下面的句子,(1)A friend in need is a friend indeed. (2)Which would you like, black tea or green tea? (3)Can you see the green tree? (4)There is a key on the seat. (5)Do you like to eat meat?, /,发音要诀 （1）舌尖抵下齿，舌前部抬高，音短促。 （2）双唇扁平，牙床半合，上下齿之间可放入一个小指尖。口腔肌肉松弛。,注意事项/与/i:/发音的不同,（1）这是两个不同的音素， /i:/不是/的单纯加长。它们的发音口腔部位不完全相同。 （2）发/音时，口腔肌肉松弛；发/i:/时口腔肌肉紧张。 （3） /是短元音，发音短促； /i:/是长元音，发音细长。,发音练习,Milk/milk/ 牛奶 hit/hit/打，击中 minute/minit/分钟 city/siti/城市 fish/fi / 鱼 hill/hil/小山 window/wind/窗 happy/hpi/快乐 fit /fit/ 适合的 thin/ in/瘦的 rabbit/rbit/兔子 live/liv/居住 is/iz/ 是 this/ is/这个 music/mju:zik/音乐 his/hiz/ 他的 fifteen/fifti:n/十五,朗读下面的句子,(1)This is a pig. (2)Jim is as thin as a pin. (3)Dick often sits on the hill. (4)Bill lives in this village. (5)It is a pity, this city is too noisy.,练习：听音辩词,1. fit feet 2. ship sheep 3. hit heat 4. read rid 5. speed spit 6. sleep slip 7. deem- dim 8. leadlid,1. fit feet 2. ship sheep 3. hit heat 4. read rid 5. speed spit 6. sleep slip 7. deem- dim 8. leadlid,/e/,发音要诀 （1）舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬高。 （2）双唇中常，上下齿间可容下一食指，口腔肌肉松弛。 注意事项 （1）发/e/ 音时，口不能张得太大。 （2）要避免舌头随便移动，从而发成其他的双元音。 发音练习,朗读下面的单词,leg le tell tel desk desk bed bed bread bred ,Leg/leg/腿 egg/eg/鸡蛋 Bed/bed/床 desk/desk/桌子 Pen/pen/笔 elephant/elifnt/大象 get/get/获得 seven/sevn/七 Yes/jes/是的 eleven/levn/十一,/,/,/,/,/,/,/,/,/,/,/,/,b,e,d,b,e,l,t,p,e,t,e,g,g,l,e,g,d,e,s,k,床,腰带,宠物,蛋,腿,书桌,朗读下面的句子,(1)It is never too late to mend. (2)He has already passed the test. (3)Fresh vegetables are good for our health. (4)So many men, so many minds. (5)Lets get ready for the lesson., /,发音要诀 （1）舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬高，音短促。 （2）双唇向两边平伸，成扁平形。上下齿间可容两指宽度。口腔肌肉松弛。,发音练习,/,/,/,/,/,/,/,/,b,a,t,c,a,t,c,a,p,b,l,a,c,k,蝙蝠/球拍,猫,帽子,黑色的,p,朗读下面的句子,(1)As a matter of fact, the man is fat. (2)The cat catches a fat rat. (3)A fat man ran after a black cat. (4)She has a black bag. (5)Mack comes back very late.,听音辩词,听音，选出听到的单词 1. pet cat bat red 2. back pack glad get 3. dad dead red rat 4. heat head hat hit,听音，选出听到的单词 1. pet cat bat red 2. back pack glad get 3. dad dead red rat 4. heat head hat hit,听音，把有共同元音音素的词归类 /e/ - /-,听音，把有共同元音音素的词归类 /e/ - wet bet dead mess /- apple black at mad,/:/,发音要诀： /:/是长元音。发音时口张大，舌身压低往后缩，舌后部稍微抬起，它是48个因素里嘴型张得最大的音。 注意事项：从汉语拼音“a”出发，并保持正确的舌高、舌位和口型。 舌部略抬，气流从口腔流出，振动声带，同时发生部位靠后，发a:音； a:是长音，发音长度是短音的两倍。,发音练习,art :t hard h:d star st: ,card k:d dark d:k arm :m start st:t ,朗读下面的句子,(1)There is a large park near the farm. (2)A fast car passed through the park. (3)Her father is counting the stars in a dark house. (4)He didnt pass the exam, for its rather hard. (5)Her father put the card into the basket.,/,发音要诀：发音时舌尖轻触下齿，舌中部稍微抬起，唇形稍扁，张口较大。这个音和汉语的“啊”有点像，但不拖长音，音一出来就停止。 注意事项 发/ 时，声音要短促，不能拖泥带水。,发音练习 fun fn bus bs must mst cut kt ,luck lk sun sn son sn duck dk ,朗读下面的句子,(1)What colour is this bus? (2)Her son loves nothing but money. (3)Its Sunday, but you must get up now. (4)Her cousin cut her finger last Monday. (5)He doesnt have enough money, but he is going to take his mother to visit the Great Wall.,听音辩词,1. bud bad bed bath 2. fan far fun fat 3. laugh love last half 4. heart hut heart hat 5. ran run rough laugh,听音辩词,1. bud bad bed bath 2. fan far fun fat 3. laugh love last half 4. heart hut heart hat 5. ran run rough laugh,把有相同元音音素的单词连线,class rough some cart are heart,/ /a:/,把有相同元音音素的单词连线,class rough some cart are heart,/ /a:/,/,发音时声带振动，舌放平，舌尖轻抵下齿底部，舌中部略抬起，但比发长音/ :/ 时低些。发这个音，双唇呈扁平口型，但比发/ :/ 音时略张开些。 注意事项 /不出现在重读音节中，在词首或词中时发音较模糊，在词尾时适当拖长。,发音练习,ago u panda pnd brother br ,sister sist winter wint river riv breakfast brekfst ,朗读下面的句子,(1)Her younger sister is a teacher. (2)Did you forget the famous writers name? (3)After supper, he went to visit his younger brother. (4)There is an eraser under the computer. (5)The second picture drew by my brother is very beautiful,/ :/,发音时舌身放平，舌中部略隆起，双唇向两边拉，扁平。（美式发音中，这个因后面会带r这个音，类似中文里的儿化音）,发音练习,her h: bird b:d work w:k /:n/ /n:s/ /s:v/ /h:t/ /b:d/ /t:m/,/h:/ /s:/ /h:d/,shirt :t girl :l skirt sk:t ,朗读下面的句子,(1)The early bird catches the worm. (2)There are thirteen girls in the third picture. (3)Please turn to page thirty and read the first dialogue. (4)The nurse in a dirty skirt is feeding the bird. (5)He has written thirty poems this term., /,发音时双唇收圆，舌后部向上抬起，口型张大稍微呈圆形，但没有发/:/时紧张，且音相对更短。,发音练习,hot ht fox stop stp dog not nt pot box bks clock sorry sri job what wt top,hot dog top job clock shop odd jobs on the rocks,朗读下面的句子,(1)I got a job as a pop song singer. (2)Barking dogs do not bite. (3)-Whats this? -Its a clock. (4)There are many hot dogs in the shop. (5)The dog stopped on the top of the hill.,/:/,发音时双唇呈圆形，舌后部向上抬起，双唇向外稍凸，和汉语里的“喔”口型类似。,发音练习,door d: law l: call k:l more m: small sm:l story st:ri tall t:l,horse four small floor call more morning,朗读下面的句子,(1)Look before you leap. (2)Its warm today. (3)Please open the door. (4)George saw a door on the wall. (5)Your daughter who is tall has bought four balls.,听音，写出每组单词共同的元音音素,1. more north short before ( ) 2. cotton not hot lot ( ) 3. law draw pawn dawn ( ) 4. dog lock knock dock ( ),听音，写出每组单词共同的元音音素,1. more north short before (/:/) 2. cotton not hot lot (/) 3. law draw pawn dawn (/:/) 4. dog lock knock dock (/),The pot calls the kettle black. / /:/ 乌鸦笑猪黑。, /,发音时，舌身后缩，舌后部向上抬起，双唇呈圆状，向外突出，但嘴型松弛，自然。,put put book buk good ud look luk cook kuk foot fut ,发音练习,wood could sugar took wool push,朗读下面的句子,(1)The classroom is full of books. (2)She is a good-looking cook. (3)More sugar should be put in the coffee. (4)He is looking for a good book. (5)I sometimes cook with a book near my right foot.,/U:/,发音时，舌后部尽量抬起，舌位较/ 高，双唇收圆突出，口型相对/稍小。,发音练习,shoe u: food fu:d cool ku:l room ru:m noodle nu:dl ,tool true tooth mood rule moon movie,bring food to school prove to be true to pull out a tooth go to see a movie He bought some fruit for the group.,听音，找出听到的单词,1. pot pull pool put 2. good god get food 3. fool food full foot 4. hook food look foot 5. tool took tall talk,听音，找出听到的单词,1. pot pull pool put 2. good god get food 3. fool food full foot 4. hook food look foot 5. tool took tall talk,国际英文26个字母及发音音标,26个英文字母及发音音标如下: A a ei B b bi: C c si: D d di: E e i: F f ef G g di: H h eit I i ai J j dei K k kei L l el M m em N n en O o eu P p pi: Q q kju: R r a: S s es T t ti: U u ju: V vvi: W w dblju: X x eks Y y wai Z z zi:zed,以上我们可以看出,英语字母中有一些含有共同的元音音素.如: 1)含元音音素ei 字母: Aa Hh Jj Kk 音标: ei eit dei kei 2) 含元音音素i: 字母: Bb Cc Dd Ee 音标: bi: si: di: i: 字母: Gg Pp Tt Vv 音标: di: pi: ti: vi: 3) 含元音音素e 字母: Ff Li Mm Nn 音标: ef el em en 字母: Ss Xx Zz 音标: es eks zed,4) 含元音音素ju: 字母: Uu Qq Ww 音标: ju: kju: dblju: 5) 含元音音素ai 字母: Ii Yy 音标: ai wai,合口双元音 /e/ /a/ / /a/ /,双元音发音时，都是从前一个元音滑动到后一个元音。合口双元音发音时，口由开到合。特点是前一个元音发的较清楚，较长，后面的元音发的较模糊，较短。,/e/,make meik date deit data deit cake keik wait weit name neim lake leik table teibl ,/a/,fly flai cry krai my mai kind kaind buy bai ,/,boy bi toy ti oil il noise niz voice vis ,/a/,out aut now nau how hau house haus mouth mau,/,coat kut cold kuld boat but know nu old uld low lu No go So Old Home Those rose,集中双元音/ /e/ /,发音时，特点是口型从合到开的双元音称之为集中双元音。,/,ear i near ni clear kli here hi media mi:di beer bi deer di ,/e/,air hair h share pear p hardware h:dw ,/,tour tu poor pu sure u,辅音（28个）,爆破音：pb, t d , k g 摩擦音： s z ，/f/v/，/, , /h/,/r/ 破擦音：t d , tr dr, ts dz 鼻音：/m/n/ 舌边音/旁流音： /l/ 半元音： /j/w/,pp pen picture jeep map bb bike bus book box t t ten two boat meet dd desk down bird good kk cake Kate thank clock g g good girl egg bag s s sit see yes class z z is his these zero,辅音字母：,/f/ fine five four family face floor friend,/v/ very seven have love glove over eleven,/ thin think thank three thirteen thirty tenth,/ this that these those there father mother,/m/ my map am game,/n/ nine new ten son,/ morning wrong think thank,/h/ he hat here hill,/r/ red right brown room,/j/ yes you your yellow,/w/ we woman where white,/l/ Look Hello Floor family, cash k share she i: sheep ip shop p fish fi usual ju:ul leisure le pleasure ple,tr tree tri: try trai train trein true tru: truth tru: trade treid train trein dr dry drai draw dr: drum drm dream dri:m dress dres driver draiv ,t cheap ti:p search s:t chair te watch w:t match mt d job db orange rind Japan dpn just dst message mesid ,音节和音调,音节,1个音节 ease one two down step stress write fish blow,两个音节 easy seven sent