2012年中考英语真题考点(主谓一致、情态动词、非谓语动词)总结--2012年的真题及答案.doc

第十二章 主谓一致一、语法一致主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。1、 当and或both.and.连接两个或多个名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。2、不定代词either,neither,each one,the other,another,no one,anyone,anything等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。3、由Each.and.,each.,every.and.,every.作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。4、主语后面有with,together with , along with , as well as ,except , but,besides,like,such as等表示连带成分时，谓语动词的单复数由这些词前面的主语来决定，即主语是单数，谓语用单数；主语是复数，谓语用复数。Eg. Look! A women with 12 children is waiting for a bus. All except Tom have passed the driving text.5、某些只有复数形式的名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数,如trousers,pants,shoes,gloves,glasses,scissors等。 Eg. My shoes are in the box.6、 由“a pair(a kind,a series.) +of +名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数；“pairs(kinds.)+of+名词复数”作主语。谓语动词用复数。7、 不定式或动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Eg. Doing morning exercises is good for your eyes. 8、 一个从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。9、 分数作主语时，不是看分数本身，而是看这个分数所修饰的名词。如果修饰的是不可数名词或可数名词单数，谓语动词用单数，如果是复数名词，则谓语动词用复数。Eg. In our class two thirds of the students are girls. Three quarters of the information on the internet is written in English.二、意义一致谓语动词用单数还是复数，主要看主语所表达的概念。1、由and连接两个主语时,如果把这两个主语作为个体来考虑时,谓语动词用复数;如果把这两个主语看作一个整体时,谓语动词就用单数.Eg. The singer and the dancer come from Hongkong. The singer and dancer comes from Hongkong.2、 集体名词（class，family，audience,group,team,club等）作主语时，当它表示整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当它表示组成整体的个体成员时，谓语动词用复数。Eg. All my family enjoy skiing. Our class is not big. The class are waiting for a new teacher now.3、 People,police等群体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Eg. The police are looking for the lost boy now.4、 一些名词如maths, physics,politics（政治）,news ,the United States等，其形式上虽以-s结尾，但表示的确是一门学科或一种事物，谓语动词用单数。Eg. The United States is a developed country.5、 当表示度量，距离，金额，时间等数量词作主语时，常把这个数量词看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。Eg. Twenty years is not a long time.三、就近原则1、 在 or, eitheror, neithernor，not onlybut also, not but句型中，其谓语动词和邻近的那个主语保持一致。Eg. Not only his family but also he likes Zhang Yimous movies.2、 在there be 和here be 结构中，谓语动词通常和靠近be的名词来决定谓语的单复数形式。4、 倒装句1、 so + 助动词/be动词/情态动词 +主语 ,用于肯定句 Neither + 助动词/be动词/情态动词 +主语，用于否定句这两个结构表示所说的情况同样适用于后面的人或物。2、 以here,there,out,in,down,away等表示方位的副词开头的句子中，如果主语是名词，要用倒装；如果主语是代词，就不必倒装。Eg. There goes the bell. Here it is.第十三章 情态动词一、情态动词的特征1）情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。2）情态动词除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。3）情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即第三人称单数不加-s。4）情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。Need I.? Yes,you must. No,you neednt.5）情态动词后面必须加动词原形。常见的情态动词有：can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , need等,另外,have to、had better也当作情态动词使用。 2、 情态动词的用法1、 can/could的用法：1） 表能力，“能，会”Can you play football?2) 表推测，常用于否定句和疑问句中 It cant be Toms.3) 表请求或允许，“可以”，多用于口语You can go home now.4) could是can的过去式，表过去的能力5) Can引导的一般疑问句： Can .? Yes,.can./No,.cant.6) 区分can 和be able to 表能力时，两者可以互换；can只用于一般现在时和一般过去时（could），其他时态用be able to 2、may/might 的用法1)表示允许或请求，“可以”May I come in? 用于主语是第一人称的一般疑问句时： May I .? Yes,you may./No,you mustnt/cant.2) 表示推测可能，也许，用于肯定句 He may come tomorrow.3) may 放在句首，表示祝愿 May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你！4) might 表示推测时，不表示时态，只是可能性比may 小。5) Can/may表允许或请求时，一般可互换。6)may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为不妨。例如： If that is the case, we may as well try.如果情况确实如此，我们不妨试一试。3、 must 的用法 1） 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要，“必须，应该”2） 表示推测，“一定”，一般用于肯定句。否定句和疑问句用can，否定句也可用may3） Must开头的一般疑问句： Must I .? Yes,you must. No,you neednt/dont have to.4)区分have to /must(1)两词都是必须的意思，have to 表示客观的需要，must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。（客观上需要做这件事）He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事） (2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。例如：He had to look after his sister yesterday. 他昨晚只得照顾他姐姐。3） 否定结构中：dont have to表示不必，mustnt表示禁止。例如：You dont have to tell him about it.你不一定要把此事告诉他。You mustnt tell him about it.你不得把这件事告诉他。 4、should 和ought to 除了上述的用法，两者还可表示想必一定，按理应该的意思。例如：I ought to be able to live on my salary. 靠我的薪水，想必也能维持了。It ought to be ready now. 想必现在准备好了吧。They should be there by now, I think. 现在他们该到那儿了。The poems should be out in a month at most. 诗集估计最多还有一个月就要出版了。5、had better表示最好，相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。例如：It is pretty cold. Youd better put on my coat. 天相当冷。你最好穿上我的外套。Shed better not play with the dog. 她最好不要玩耍那条狗。6、would rather表示宁愿 would rather dowould rather not dowould rather than 宁愿而不愿。还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示宁愿、宁可的意思。例如：If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school. 如果有选择的余地，我宁可辍学离开这个学校。I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home. 我宁愿呆在这儿，而不愿回家。7、will和would 注意：1）would like；would like to do = want to 想要，例如：Would you like to go with me? 想和我一块去吗？2）Will you?Would you like? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。例如：Would you like some cake? 吃点蛋糕吧。3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, wont you是一种委婉语气。Wont you sit down? 你不坐下吗？8、带to 的情态动词 带to 的情态动词有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to （=must）, be able to，为六个。它们的疑问、否定形式应予以注意：Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month? 他们必须在月底前付帐单吗？She didnt use to play tennis before she was fourteen.在她十四岁前，她不会打网球。You ought not to have told her all about it.你不应该告诉他所有这件事。Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do 等助动词协助。9、need和dare 这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。1） 实义动词：need（需要, 要求） need + n. / to do sth.2） 情态动词：need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为need not。例如：Need you go yet? 你要走了吗？Yes, I must. / No, I neednt.是的，我要走了/不，不急着走。3、 情态动词表推测1、 非常确定某事时，表“一定是，肯定是”，用must+动词原形2、 表否定推测时，表“不可能”，用cant3、 不确认某事是否真实时，用could/might，表“可能，或许”第十四章 非谓语动词定义：在句中起名词、形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是做谓语的动词形式。 构成：（to）+动词原形 动词不定式 作用：除谓语外的任何成分 构成：V-ing非谓语动词 动名词 作用：主、宾、表、定 构成：v-ing/v-ed 分词 作用：表、补、定、状动词不定式1、 动词不定式的构成动词不定式的基本形式：to+动词原形，to有时可以省略。其否定形式是：not+to+动词原形动词不定式具有动词的特点，即可以有自己的宾语和状语，但他没有人称和数的变化。2、 动词不定式的句法功能1、 动词不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语放在句末，其结构为：It+is+adj.+(for/of sb.)+动词不定式 It is useful to learn English well. It is important for us to protect the environment.注意：在kind,good,nice,clever等形容人的品质的形容词后，用of。It is very kind of you to help me.2、 动词不定式作宾语（1） 一些谓语动词只能用不定式作宾语，常见的是表示命令、打算或希望的词，如：would like, want, wish, hope, decide, plan, expect等。 Would you like to see a film this evening?(2) find, think等后跟不定式作宾语时，常用it作形式宾语 I find it easy to read English every day.(3) 常见的后跟不带to的结构有：why not.,had better, would rather, could/would you please (not). I would rather stay in the room.3、 动词不定式作宾语补足语 动词不定式作宾语补足语时，与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：tell, ask, want, would like, encourage.注意：一些使役动词和感官动词用动词不定式作宾补时，要省略to。如：一感（feel），二听（hear,listen to）,三让（let,make,have）,四看（look at, see, watch, notice）,五帮（help）4 动词不定式作定语（1） 动词不定式作定语时，应放在名词之后。它与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。（2） 如果是不及物动词，且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系，要在不定式后加上适当的介词。 There is nothing to worry about.（3） 动词不定式常和疑问词what,when,where,how连用，相当于一个宾语从句。 The teacher is telling the students what to do.动名词1、 动名词的构成：V-ing2、 动名词的用法1、 动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数 Eating too much is bad for your health.2 动名词作宾语，表示习惯性动作或抽象动作 I like playing basketball very much.3 动名词作表语，多数情况下，可转换成作主语。 His hobby is collecting stamps.=Collecting stamps is his hobby.4、 动名词作定语，只表示它所修饰的词的用途，所属关系等，置于被修饰词之前。 She is in the reading room.分词1、 分词的构成分词有现在分词和过去分词。现在分词是V-ing，过去分词是V-ed。现在分词有主动、进行之意。过去分词有被动、完成之意。2、 分词的句法功能1 分词作定语，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词。 Do you know the girl standing under the tree?2 分词作状语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语。 The students went out of the classroom,talking and laughing.3 分词作表语，现在分词表主语的性质；过去分词表某种状态。 The boy was too frightened to move.4 分词作补语，现在分词表主动关系，过去分词表被动关系。 He will have his hair cut after school. I heard him singing in the classroom.注意：有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别1） forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）2） stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事3） remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）remember doing记得做过某事(已做)4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔5） try to do努力、企图做某事try doing试验、试一试某种办法6) mean to do打算，有意要mean doing意味着7） go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）8） propose to do 打算（要做某事）proposing doing建议（做某事）9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念10) need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)” 第十二章 主谓一致1、Ms Wang is an excellent teacher. in our class loves her ASomeone BNo one CEveryone DAnyone2、_ something wrong with my bike. Can I use yours?A. It is B. It was C. There is D. There was3、Why are you late, Jim? Because there a lot of traffic when I came here.A. is B. are C. was D. were4、He _ his classmates. A. get along well with B. get well with C. is getting along well with D. is get well with5、Each of the club members ready to help those who were in trouble. A. is B. are C. was D. were6、David, there _ a dictionary and some books on your desk. Please put them away. A. is B. are C. have 7、Thanks to the organization, some money given to the poor children. A. was B. were C. are8、A woman with two children _ along the street at the moment. A. is walking B. are walking C. walk D. walks 9、Judy with her brother _ computer games when her mother came back.A. were playing B. are playing C. was playing D. is playing10、Summer holiday is coming, Li Lei with his father _ to go to Shanghai. A. want B. will want C. wants11、In our hospital, the number of women doctors _ larger and larger. A. is B. are C. be D. been12、 Both Li Lei and Han Meimei fond of the TV program A Bite of China. I am also deeply moved by its stories! A. is B. am C. was D. Are13、Between the two hills _a deep river. A. are B. have C. has D. is14、There _many students on the playground at the moment. A. is B. are C. was D. were15、Mum, Im hungry. _ no milk in the fridge. Oh, Ill go and buy some at once. A. There is B. It is C. There are 16、A number of volunteers willing to teach in Chinas rural areas.Yes, the number is getting . A. is; bigger and bigger B. are; bigger and biggerC. is; more and more D. are more and more17、 Look! _ some juice in the glass. AThere is BThere are CThere have DThere has18、Jenny and Janes _ coming to my office. Can you help to find the girls?No problem. They will be here_.A. mothers are; in a moment B. mother is; at the momentC. mothers are; right away D. mother is; in a moment19、- How soon can you finish this job?- Two days enough for me to finish the work. I need a week. A. isnt B. arent C. is20、_that pair of _a little cheaper?A.Is; glass B.Are; glass C.Is; glasses D.Are; glasses21、-Which would you prefer, orange juice or coffee?-Either_OK, but I prefer coffee _milk. A.are; with B.is; with C.are; to D.is; to 22、Do you like reading books?Yes. Each of us to do more reading in and after class.A. are encouraged B. encourage C. is encouraged D. is encouraging 23.May I speak to Mr Wang? Sorry. He_ a speech now. Please call later. A. givesB. gaveC. will giveD. is giving24.May I speak to the headmaster? He _ a meeting now. Can I take a message? A. is havingB. hadC. has D. will have25.- Our classroom _ every day. - So it is. Its our duty to keep it clean and tidy. A. cleans B. is cleaning C. is cleaned26.Have you ever been to Shanghai?Yes. I _ there with my father last year.A. went B. have been C. have gone27.I saw Mr. Smith in the office at ten yesterday morning. Thats impossible. He _ an English party with us then. A. has B. had C. was having D. has had28.-You were not in when I went to see you yesterday.-Oh, I _ for a friend from England at the airport at that moment. A. had waited B. was waiting C. am waiting D. have waited29. Alice in Wonderland _ for 15 days and many of us like the film very much. A. begins B. has begun C. began D has been on30.There a football match and a concert this weekend. Which one would you like to go? A. isB. areC. will be D. will have31.I called you this morning, but nobody answered it.Oh, we _ some running in the park.A. are doingB. were doingC. have doneD. did32.I hear Mr. Zhang has gone to Beijing for a meeting. Really? Do you know when he _?A. leavesB. was leavingC. has left D. left33.Mum, when can I watch TV? As soon as your homework _.A. finishB. finishedC. is finished D. will be finished34. Sam, come downstairs, please. I need your help. Sorry，mum. I on the phone. A. am talking B. talked C. was talking D. have talked35.A new club in our school at the beginning of this year and now it has many members. A. starts B. is started C. has started D. was started36.I dont remember when and where I _ this umbrella.A.buyB.have bought C.will buyD.bought37.Wheres Lisa,Eric?She _ to the library.A.goes B.had goneC.has goneD.would go38.Whats his brother?He is a teacher.He_ maths at a school.A.taught B.has taughtC.teachesD.will teach39.More money _ when we use both sides of paper.A. will save B. was saved C. has saved D. will be saved40.Jack, ., or you will get heavier. A. doesnt play sports any more B. doesnt eat so much meat C. dont play sports any more D. dont eat so much meat答案：1-5 CCCCC 6-10 AAACC 11-15 A1DDBA 16-20 BADAC21-25DCDAC 26-30 ACBDC 31-35 BACAD 36-40DCCDD第十三章 情态动词1. You _ stop when the traffic light turns red. A. can B. had better C. needD. must2. When winter comes, days get_.A. long and longB. short and short C. longer and longerD. shorter and shorter3. Mum, must I stay there the whole day? No, you_. You_ come back after lunch, if you like. A. mustnt; can B. neednt; must C. neednt; may4. “Whose notebook is this?” “It _ Jims. It has his name on it.” A. cant be B. must be C. can be5. Theres enough time for you to go to the airport. You_ hurry now. A. should B. needntC. mustD. cant6.Mum, must I wash the dishes right now?No, you _. A. shouldntB. wouldntC. mustntD. neednt7.Is that your teacher? That_ be Mr. Wang. He has gone to Japan with his wife. A. cantB. mustntC. may not8.I swim here? Im sorry. Childrenswim alone here. A. Must; cantB. May; mustC. Can; mustntD. Cant; can9.You can hardly swim，_you?_But my mother says shell teach me during my summer holiday Acant；No Bcan；NoCcant；YesDcan；Yes10.Is that your teacher? That _be Mr.Wang. He has gone to Japan with his wife. A.cant B. mustntC. may not11. Lisa is a little poor at Chinese. I think she needs _it every day. A. practice to speakB. to practice speakingC. practice speaking12.Is that girl under the tree Mary?No, that _be Mary. She is in New York. A. canB. mustntC. cant 13. -.Is Maria knocking at the door?-It_be her. She is in Australia now. A.may not B.neednt C.mustnt D.cant 14. Shall we take a taxi? No, we . Its not far from here. A. cant B. mustntC, shouldnt D. neednt15.You _ be happy with the strong public support youve received.Yes,youre right.Im really excited. A.may B.can C.must D.need16. Tom, you _ play with the knifeYou_ hurt yourselfA. wont; cant B. mustnt; may C. shouldnt; must D. cant; should17.Jim, can you _ this word in Chinese? Yes, I can_ a little Chinese. A. speak; say B. say; speak C. tell; speak D. talk; say18. My brother won the first prize in speech competition. Congratulations! You be excited about that! A. need B. must C. would D. can19. In competition, as in life, you _ not always win. A. may B. shall C. must20. That man _ be my English teacher. He has gone to Canada. A. neednt B. mustnt C. cant21. Must we wear our school uniform this afternoon?No, you . All of us will go on an outing. A. mustnt B. cantC. neednt D. couldnt22.Meng Fei had his arm broken while recording If You Are the One in Beijing. Really? Then perhaps he host TV programs for some time. A. neednt B. mustnt C. shouldnt D. cant23. -Have you decided which senior high school to choose? -Not yet. I go to Moonlight School. A. must B. may C. need D. should24.I hear youve got a